Biological responses to electromagnetic fields

FASEB Journal

Volumn 12, Issue 6, 1998, Pages 395-420

  Lacy Hulbert, Adam ^a,b   Metcalfe, James C ^a   Hesketh, Robin ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Cell proliferation; ELF EMFs; Geomagnetic field; Growth factors; Protein kinase C; Tumor development

Indexed keywords

ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATASE; CALCIUM; DNA; FREE RADICAL; GROWTH FACTOR; ORNITHINE DECARBOXYLASE; PROTEIN KINASE; URIDINE;

CANCER RISK; CELL PROLIFERATION; CHILDHOOD LEUKEMIA; DNA DAMAGE; ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD; HUMAN; MUTAGENICITY; NONHUMAN; ONCOGENE; POPULATION EXPOSURE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; TUMOR PROMOTION;

EID: 0031917003     PISSN: 08926638     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.12.6.395     Document Type: Review

References (166)

1. Bassett, C. A. (1993) Beneficial effects of electromagnetic fields. J. Cell. Biochem. 51, 387-93
2. Swanson, J., and Renew, D. C. (1994) Power frequency fields and people. Engin. Sci. Educ. J. 71-80
3. Merchant, C. J., Renew, D. C., and Swanson, J. (1994) Exposure to power-frequency magnetic fields in the home. J. Radiol. Protect. 14, 77-87
4. Wertheimer, N., and Leeper, E. (1986) Possible effects of electrical blankets and heated water beds on fetal development. Bioelectromagnetics 7, 13-22
5. Jackson, J. D. (1992) Are the stray 60-Hz electromagnetic fields associated with the distribution and use of electric power a significant cause of cancer? Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89, 3508-3510
6. Wertheimer, N., and Leeper, E. (1979) Electrical wiring configurations and childhood cancer. Am. J. Epidemiol. 109, 273-384
7. Henshaw, D. L., Ross, A. N., Fews, A. P., and Preece, A. W. (1996) Enhanced deposition of radon daughter nuclei in the vicinity of power frequency electromagnetic fields. Int. J. Rad. Biol. 69, 25-38
8. Feychting, M., and Ahlbom, A. (1993) Magnetic fields and cancer in children residing near Swedish high-voltage power lines. Am. J. Epidemiol. 138, 467-481
9. Olsen, J. H., Nielsen, A., and Schulgen, G. (1993) Residence near high voltage facilities and risk of cancer in children. Br. Med. J. 307, 891-894
10. Verksalo, P. K., Pukala, E., Hongisto, M. Y., Valjus, J. E., Järvinen, P. J., Heikkilä, K. V., and Koskenvuo, M. (1993) Risk of cancer in Finnish children Living close to power lines. Br. Med. J. 307, 895-899
11. Ahlbom, A., Feychting, M., Koskenvuo, M., Olsen, J. H., Pukkala, E., Schulgen, G., and Verkasalo, P. (1993) Electromagnetic-fields and childhood-cancer. Lancet 342, 1295-1296
12. Gurney, J. G., Mueller, B. A., Davis, S., Schwartz, S. M., Stevens, R. G., and Kopechy, K. J. (1996) Childhood brain tumour occurrence in relation to residential power line configurations, electric heating sources and electric appliance use. Am. J. Epidemiol. 143, 120-128
13. Preston Martin, S., Navidi, W., Thomas, D., Lee, P. J., Bowman, J., and Pogoda, J. (1996) Los Angeles study of residential magnetic fields and childhood brain tumors. Am. J. Epidemiol. 143, 105-119
14. Linet, M. S., Hatch, E. E., Kleinerman, R. A., Robison, L. L., Kaune, W, T., Friedman, D. R., Severson, R. K., Haines, C. M., Hartsock, C. T., Niwa, S., Wacholder, S., and Tarone, R. E. (1997) Residential exposure to magnetic fields and acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children. New Engl. J. Med. 337, 1-7
15. Savitz, D. A., Wachtel, H., Barnes, F. A., John, E. M., and Tvrdik, J. G. (1988) Case control study of childhood cancer and exposure to 60 Hz magnetic fields. Am. J. Epidemiol. 128, 21-38
16. Tomenius, L. (1986) 50-Hz electromagentic environment and the incidence of childhood tumours in Stockholm county. Bioelectromagnetics 7, 191
17. London, S. J. (1991) Exposure to residential electric and magnetic fields and risk of childhood leukaemia. Am. J. Epidemiol. 134, 923-937
18. Li, C. Y., Theriault, G., and Lin, R. S. (1996) Epidemiological appraisal of studies of residential exposure to power frequency magnetic fields and adult cancers. Occup. Environ. Med. 53, 505-510
19. National Radiological Protection Board (1992) Electromagnetic fields and the risk of cancer: Report of an advisory group on non-ionising radiation. Doc. NRPB 3, 1-138
20. National Radiological Protection Board (1994) Electromagnetic fields and the risk of cancer: Supplementary report by the advisory group on non-ionising radiation. Doc. NRPB 5, 77-81
21. Theriault, G., Goldberg, M., Miller, A. B., Armstrong, B., Guenel, P., Deadman, J., Imbernon, E., To, T., Chevalier, A., Cyr, D., and Wall, C. (1994) Cancer risks associated with cccupational exposure to magnetic-fields among electric utility workers in Ontario and Quebec, Canada, and France - 1970-1989. Am. J. Epidemiol. 139, 550-572.
22. Theriault, G., Goldberg, M., and Miller, A. B. (1994) Cancer risks associated with occupational exposure to magnetic-fields among electric utility workers in Ontario and Quebec, Canada, and France - 1970-1989. Am. J. Epidemiol. 139, 1053-1053
23. Guenel, P., Nicolau, J., Imbernon, E., Chevalier, A., and Goldberg, M. (1996) Exposure to 50-Hz electric field and incidence of leukemia, brain tumors, and other cancers among French electric utility workers. Am. J. Epidemiol. 144, 1107-1121
24. Miller, A. B., To, T., Agnew, D. A., Wall, C., and Green, L. M. (1996) Leukemia following occupational exposure to 60-Hz electric and magnetic fields among Ontario electric utility workers. Am. J. Epidemiol. 144, 150-160
25. Savitz, D. A., and Loomis, D. P. (1995) Magnetic-field exposure in relation to leukemia and brain cancer mortality among electric utility workers. Am. J. Epidemiol. 141, 123-134
26. Floderus, B., Persson, T., Stenlund, C., Wennberg, A., Ost, A., and Knave, B. (1993) Occupational exposure to electromagnetic-fields in relation to leukemia and brain-tumors - a case-control study in Sweden. Cancer Causes & Control 4, 465-476
27. Harrington, J. M., McBride, D. I., Sorahan, T., Paddle, G. M., and van Tongeren, M. (1997) Occupational exposure to magnetic fields in relation to mortality from brain cancer among electricity generation and transmission workers. Occup. Environ. Med. 54, 7-13
28. Pool, R. (1990) Is there an EMF-cancer connection? Science249, 1096-1098
29. Tomlinson, I. P. M., Novelli, M. R., and Bodmer, W. F. (1996) The mutation rate and cancer. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 14800-14803
30. Zipfel, P. F., Irving, S. G., Kelly, K., and Siebenlist, U. (1989) Complexity of the primary response to mitogenic activation of human T cells. Mol. Cell. Biol. 9, 1041-1048
31. Almendral, J. M., Sommer, D., MacDonald-Bravo, H., Burckhardt, J., Perera, J., and Bravo, R. (1988) Complexity of the early genetic response to growth factors in mouse fibroblasts. Mol. Cell. Biol. 8, 2140-2148
32. Fearon, E. R., and Vogelstein, B. (1990) A genetic model for colorectal tumorigenesis. Cell 61, 759-767
33. Brown, K., Buchmann, A., and Balmain, A. (1990) Carcinogen-induced mutations in the mouse c-Ha-ras gene provide evidence of multiple pathways for tumour progression. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87, 538-542
34. Barbacid, M. (1987) Ras genes. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 56, 779-827
35. Minna, J. D. (1988) Autocrine growth factor production, chromosomal deletions and oncogene activation in the pathogenesis of lung cancer. Lung Cancer 4, 6-10
36. Nafziger, J., Desjobert, H., Benamar, B., Guillosson, J. J., and Adolphe, M. (1993) DNA mutations and 50 Hz electromagnetic fields. Bioelectrochem. Bioenerg. 30, 133-141
37. Tabrah, F. L., Mower, H. F., Batkin, S., and Greenwood, P. B. (1994) Enhanced mutgenic effect of a 60 Hz time-varying magnetic field on numbers of azide-induced TA100 revenant colonies. Bioelectromagnetics 15, 85-93
38. Cadossi, R., Bersani, F., Cossarizza, A., Zucchini, P., Emilia, G., Torelli, G., and Francheschi, C. (1992) Lymphocytes and low-frequency electromagnetic fields. FASEB J. 6, 2667-2674
39. Cohen, M. M., Kunska, A., Astemborski, J. A., McCulloch, D., and Pasekewitz, D. A. (1986) Effect of low-level 60 Hz electromagnetic fields on human lymphoid cells: I. Mitotic rate and chromosome breakage in human peripheral lymphocytes. Bioelectromagnetics 7, 415-423
40. Cohen, M. M., Kunska, A., Astemborski, J. A., McCulloch, D., and Pasekewitz, D. A. (1986) Effect of low-level 60 Hz electromagnetic fields on human lymphoid cells: II. Sister chromatid exchanges in peripheral lymphocytes and lymphoblastoid cell lines. Mutat, Res. 172, 177-184
41. L Frazier, M. E., Samuel, J. E., and Kaune, W. T. (1984) Viabilities and mutation frequencies of CHO-K1 cells following exposure to 60-Hz electric fields. 232nd Hanford Life Sciences Symposium, pp. 255-267, Richland, Oregon
42. Livingstone, G. K., Gandi, O. P., Chatterjee, I., Witt, K., and Rod Roti, J. L. (1986) Reproductive integrity of mammalian cells exposed to 60 Hz electromagnetic fields. (Report submitted to New York State power lines project)
43. Rosenthal, M., and Obe, G. (1989) Effect of 50 Hz electromagnetic fields on proliferation and on chromosomal alterations in human peripheral lymphocytes untreated or pre-treated with chemical mutagens. Mutat. Res. 210, 329-335
44. Tofani, S., Ferrara, A., Anglesio, L., and Gilli, G. (1995) Evidence for genotoxic effects of resonant ELF magnetic fields. Bioelectrochem. Bioenerg. 36, 9-13
45. Nordenson, I., Mild, K. H., andersson, G., and Sandström, M. (1994) Chromosomal aberrations in human amniotic cells after intermittent exposure to fifty hertz magnetic fields. Bioelectromagnetics 15, 293-301
46. Galt, S., Wahlström, J., Hammenius, Y., Holmquist, D., andjohannesson, T. (1995) Study of effects of 50Hz magnetic field on chromosome aberrations and the growth related enzyme ODC in human amniotic cells. Bioelectrochem. Bioenerg. 36, 1-8
47. Saalman, E., Önfelt, A., and Gillstedt-Hedman, B. (1991) Lack of c-mitotic effects in V79 Chinese hamster cells exposed to 50 Hz magnetic fields. Bioelectrochem. Bioenerg. 26, 335-338
48. Hintenlang, D. E. (1993) Synergistic effects of ionizing radiation and 60 Hz magnetic fields. Bioelectromagnetics 14, 545-551
49. Batchelor, S. N., McLauchlan, K. A., and Shkrob, I. A. (1992) Reaction yield detected magnetic resonance and magnetic field effect studies of radical pairs containing electronically excited organic radicals. Mol. Physics 77, 75-110
50. Batchelor, S. A., Kay, C. W. M., McLauchlan, K. A., and Yeung, M. T. (1993) Electron spin polarisation (CIDEP) and magnetic field effects (MFE) in systems involving sulfur-centered radicals. J. Phys. Chem. 97, 4570-4572
51. Hamilton, C. A., Hewitt, J. P., and McLauchlan, K. A. (1988) High resolution studies of the effects of magnetic fields on chemical reactions. Mol. Physics 65, 423-438
52. Batchelor, S. N., Kay, C. W. M., McLauchlan, K. A., and Shkrob, I. A. (1993) Time-resolved and modulation methods in the study of the effects of magnetic-fields on the yields of free-radical reactions. J. Phys. Chem. 97, 13250-13258
53. Harkins, T. T., and Grissom, C. B. (1994) Magnetic field effects on B12 ethanolamine ammonia lyase: Evidence for a radical mechanism. Science 263, 958-960
54. Roy, S., Noda, Y., Eckert, V., Traber, M. G., Mon, A., Liburdy, R., and Packer, L. (1995) The phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-induced oxidative burst in rat peritoneal neutrophils is increased by a 0.1 mT (60 Hz) magnetic-field. FEBS Lett. 376, 164-166
55. Mnaimneh, S., Bizri, M., and Veyret, B. (1996) No effect of exposure to static and sinusoidal magnetic fields on nitric oxide production by macrophages. Bioelectromagnetics 17, 519-521
56. Rannug, A., Ekstrom, T., Mild, K. H., Holmberg, B., Gimenezconti, I., and Slaga, T. J. (1993) A study on skin tumour-formation in mice with 50 Hz magnetic field exposure. Carcinogenesis 14, 573-578
57. Rannug, A., Holmberg, B., Ekstrom, T., Mild, K. H., Gimenezconti, I., and Slaga, T. J. (1994) Intermittent 50 Hz magnetic field and skin tumour promotion in SENCAR mice. Carcinogenesis 15, 153-157
58. McLean, J. R. N., Stuchly, M. A., Mitchell, R. E. J., Wilkinson, D., Goddard, M., Lecuyer, D. W., Schunk, M., and Callery, E. (1991) Cancer promotion in a mouse skin model by a 60 Hz magnetic field. Bioelectromagnetics 12, 273-288
59. Stuchly, M. A., McLean, J. R., Burnett, R., Goddard, M., Lecuyer, D. W., and Mitchell, R. E. (1992) Modification of tumour promoters in the mouse skin by exposure to an alternating magnetic field. Cancer Lett. 65, 1-7
60. Mevissen, M., Stamm, A., Buntenkotter, S., Zwingelberg, R., Wahnschaffe, U., and Loscher, W. (1993) Effects of magnetic fields on mammary tumour development induced by 7, 12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene in rats. Bioelectromagnetics 14, 131-144
61. Cossarizza, A., Monti, D., Bersani, F., Cantini, M., Cadossi, R., Saachi, A., and Franceschi, C. (1989) Extremely low frequency pulsed electromagnetic fields increase cell proiferation in lymphocytes from young and aged subjects. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 160, 692-698
62. Conti, P., Gigante, G. E., Cifone, M. G., Alesse, E., Fieschi, C., and Angeletti, P. U. (1985) Effect of electromagnetic field on two calcium dependent biological systems. J. Bioelect. 4, 227-236
63. Conti, P., Gigante, G. E., Alesse, E., Cifone, M. G., Fieschi, C., Reale, M., and Angeletti, P. U. (1985) A role for calcium in the effect of low frequency electromagnetic field on the blastogenesis of human lymphocytes. FEES Lett. 181, 28-32
64. Mooney, N. A., Smith, R., and Watson, B. W. (1986) Effect of extremely-low-frequency pulsed magnetic fields on the mitogenic response of peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Bioelectromagnetics 7, 387-394
65. Petrini, M., Polidori, R., Ambrogi, F., Vaglini, F., Zaniol, P., Ronca, G., and Conte, A. (1990) Effects of different low-frequency electromagnetic fields on lymphocyte activation. J. Bioelectromagnetics 9, 159-166
66. Cain, C. D., Thomas, D. L., and Adey, W. R. (1993) 60 Hz magnetic field acts as co-promoter in focus formation of C3H/ 10T1/2 cells. Carcinogenesis 14, 955-960
67. Reipert, B. M., Allan, D., and Dexter, T. M. (1996) Exposure to extremely low frequency magnetic fields has no effect on growth rate or clonogenic potential of multipotential haemopoietic progenitor cells. Growth Factors 13, 205-217
68. Reipert, B. M., Allan, D., Reipert, S., and Dexter, T. M. (1997) Apoptosis in haemopoietic progenitor cells exposed to low-frequency magnetic fields. Life Sci. 61, 1571-1582
69. Harland, J. D., and Liburdy, R. P. (1994) ELF inhibition of melatonin's and tamoxifen's action on MCF-7 cell proliferation. Annu. Rev. Res. Biol Effects of Electric and Magnetic Fields from the Generation, Delivery and Use of Electricity, Albuquerque, New Mexico
70. Blackman, C. F., Benane, S. G., and House, D. E. (1993) Evidence for direct effect of magnetic fields on neurite outgrowth. FASEB J. 7, 801-806
71. Bawin, S. M., and Adey, W. R. (1976) Sensitivity of calcium binding in cerebral tissue to weak environmental fields oscillating at low frequency. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 73, 1999-2003
72. Blackman, C. F., Benane, S. G., Kinney, L. S., House, D. E., and Joints, W. T. (1982) Effects of ELF fields on calcium ion efflux from brain tissue in vitro. Radiat. Res. 92, 510-520
73. Blackman, C. F., Benane, S. G., Rabinowitz, J. R., House, D. E., and Joines, W. T. (1985) A role for the magnetic field in the radiation induced efflux of calcium ions from brain tissue in vitro. Bioelectromagnetics 6, 327-337
74. Smith, S. D., McLeod, B. R., Liboff, A. R., and Cooksey, K. E. (1987) Calcium cyclotron resonance and diatom mobility, Bioelectromagnetics 8, 215-227
75. 2+ ion transport through patch-clamped cells exposed to magnetic fields. Bioelectromagnetics 16, 33-40
76. Parkinson, W. C., and Hanks, C. T. (1989) Search for cyclotron resonance in cells in vitro. Bioelectromagnetics 10, 129-145
77. 45Ca incorporation in human lymphocytes. Cell Calcium 8, 413-427
78. 2+-45 cyclotron resonance in human lymphocytes. J. Bioelect. 6, 13-22
79. Prasad, A. V., Miller, M. W., Carstensen, E. L., Cox, C., Azadniv, M., and Brayman, A. A. (1991) Failure to reproduce increased calcium uptake in human lymphocytes at purported cyclotron resonance exposure conditions. Radiat. Environ. Biophys. 30, 305-320
80. Coulton, L. A., and Barker, A. T. (1993) Magnetic fields and intracellular calcium: effects on lymphocytes exposed to conditions of 'cyclotron resonance'. Phys. Med. Biol. 38, 347-360
81. Lindström, E., Lindström, P., Berglund, A., Mild, K. H., and Lundgren, E. (1993) Intracellular calcium oscillations induced in a T-cell line by a weak 50-Hz magnetic-field. J. Cell. Physiol. 156, 395-398
82. Korzhsleptsova, I. L., Lindström, E., Mild, K. H., Berglund, A., and Lundgren, E. (1995) Low-frequency Mfs increased inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate levels in the Jurkat cell-line. FEBS Lett. 359, 151-154
83. Walleczei J., Killoran, P. L., Stagg, R. B., and Adey, W. R. (1994) Single cell fluorescence imaging study of the intracellular calcium concentration in human jurkat T-cells under the influence of 50 Hz magentic fields, 16th Annual Meeting of Bioelectromagnetics Society, Copenhagen (abstr. 89)
84. 2+ uptake in rat thyrnocytes: dependence on mitogen activation. FEBS Lett. 271, 157-160
85. Liburdy, R. P., Callahan, D. E., Harland, J., Dunham, E., Sloma, T. R., and Yaswen, P. (1993) Experimental evidence for 60 Hz magnetic fields operating through the signal transduction cascade. Effects on calcium influx and c-MYC mRNA induction. FEBS Lett. 334, 301-308
86. Walleczek, J. (1992) Electromagnetic field effects on cells of the immune system: the role of calcium signaling. FASEB J. 6, 3177-3185
87. 2+) influx in human Jurkat T-cells: strict dependence on cell state. 16th Annual Meeting of Bioelectromagnetics Society, Copenhagen (abstr. 76)
88. 2+ influx in rat pituitary cells under exposure to a 50 Hz magnetic field. Bioelectromagnetics 17, 303-311
89. Byus, C. V., Pieper, S. E., and Adey, W. R. (1987) The effects of low-energy 60-Hz environmental fields upon the growth-related enzyme ornithine decarboxylase. Carcinogenesis 8, 1385-1389
90. Litovitz, T. A., Krause, D., and Mullins, J. M. (1991) Effect of coherence time of the applied magnetic field on ornithine decarboxylase activity. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 178, 862-865
91. Litovitz, T. A., Krause, D., Montrose, C. J., and Mullins, J. M. (1994) Temporally incoherent magnetic fields mitigate the response of biological systems to temporally coherent magnetic fields. Bioelectromagnetics 15, 399-409
92. Azadniv, M., Klinge, C. M., Gelein, R., Carstensen, E. L., Cox, C., Brayman, A. A., and Miller, M. W. (1995) A test of the hypothesis that a 60-Hz magnetic field affects ornithine decarboxylase activity in mouse L929 cells in vitro. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 214, 627-631
93. Greene, J. J., Skowronski, W. J., Mullins, J. M., and and, N. R. M. (1991) Delineation of electric and magnetic field effects of extremely low frequency electromagnetic radiation on transcription. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 174, 742-749
94. 3H-Uridme uptake in human leukemia HL-60 cells exposed to extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 189, 437-444
95. Phillips, J. L., Haggren, W., Thomas, W. J., Ishida, J. T., and Adey, W. R. (1992) Magnetic field induced changes in specific gene transcription. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1132, 140-144
96. Morris, J. D. H. (1984) Biochemical events in the mitogenic stimulation of 3T3 fibroblasts. Ph.D. thesis, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England
97. Goodman, R., Wei, L. X., Xu, J. C., and Henderson, A. (1989) Exposure of human cells to low-frequency electromagnetic fields results in quantitative changes in transcripts. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1009, 219-220
98. Goodman, R., and Shirley-Henderson, A. (1991) Transcription and translation in cells exposed to extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields. Bioelectrochem. Bioenerg. 25, 335-355
99. Wei, L. X., Goodman, R., and Henderson, A. (1990) Changes in level of c-myc and histone H2B following exposure of cells to low-frequency sinusoidal electromagnetic fields: evidence for a window effect. Bioelectromagnetics 11, 269-272
100. Goodman, R., Wei, L. X., Bumann, J., and Shirley-Henderson, A. (1992) Exposure to electric and magnetic (EM) fields increases transcripts in HL-60 cells: does adaptation to EM fields occur? Bioelectrochem. Bioenerg. 29, 185-192
101. Blank, M., Khorkova, O., and Goodman, R. (1993) Similarities in the proteins synthesised by Sciara salivary gland cells in response to electromagnetic fields and to heat shock. Bioelectrochem. Bioenerg. 31, 27-38
102. Gold, S., Goodman, R., and Shirley-Henderson, A. (1994) Exposure of simian virus-40-transformed human-cells to magnetic-fields results in increased levels of human T-anligen mRNA and protein. Bioelectromagnetics 15, 329-336
103. Lin, H., Goodman, R., and Shirley-Henderson, A. (1994) Specific region of the c-myc promoter is responsive to electric and magnetic fields. J. Cell Biochem. 54, 281-288
104. Weisbrot, D. R., Khorkova, O., Lin, H., Henderson, A. S., and Goodman, R. (1993) The effect of low-frequency electric and magnetic fields on gene expression in saccharomyces cerevisiae. Bioelectrochem. Bioenerg. 31, 167-177
105. Goodman, R., and Henderson, A. S. (1988) Exposure of salivary gland cells to low-frequency electromagnetic fields alters polypeptide synthesis. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 85, 3928-3932
106. Lacy-Hulbert, A., Wilkins, R. C., Hesketh, T. R., and Metcalfe, J. C. (1995) Cancer risk and electromagnetic fields. Nature (London) 375, 23
107. Lacy-Hulbert, A., Wilkins, R. C., Hesketh, T. R., and Metcalfe, J. C. (1995) No effect of 60 Hz electromagnetic fields on MYC or β-actin expression in human leukemic cells. Radiat. Res. 144, 8-17
108. Saffer, J. D., and Thurston, S. J. (1995) Cancer risk and electromagnetic fields. Nature (London) 375, 22-23
109. Saffer, J. D., and Thurston, S. J. (1995) Short exposures to 60 Hz magnetic fields do not alter MYC expression in HL60 or Daudi cells. Radiat. Res. 144, 18-25
110. Goodman, R., Blank, M., Lin, H., Dai, R., Khorkova, O., Soo, L., Weisbrot, D., and Henderson, A. (1994) Increased levels of hsp70 transcripts induced when cells are exposed to low frequency electromagnetic fields. Bioelectrochem. Bioenerg. 33, 115-120
111. Lin, H., and Goodman, R. (1995) Electric and magnetic noise blocks the 60 Hz magnetic field enhancement of steady state cmyc transcript levels in human leukemia cells. Bioelectrochem. Bioenerg. 36, 33-37
112. Kobayashi, A. K., Kirschvink, J. L., and Nesson, M. H. (1995) Ferromagnetism and EMFs. Nature (London) 374, 123
113. Hsu, C.-Y., and Li, C.-W. (1994) Magnetoreception in honey-bees. Science 265, 95-97
114. Blank, M. (1995) EMF studies. Science 270, 1104-1105
115. Goodman, R., Bumann, T., Wei, L. X., and Shirley-Henderson, A. (1992) Exposure of human-cells to electromagnetic-fields -effect of time and field-strength on transcript levels. ElectroMagnetobiol. 11, 19-28
116. Broude, N., Karabakhtsian, R., Shalts, N., Goodman, R., and Henderson, A. S. (1994) Correlation between the amplitude of plasma membrane fluctuations and the response of cells to electric and magnetic fields. Bioelectrochem. Bioenerg. 33, 19-23
117. Uckun, F. M., Kuiosaki, T., Jin, J., Jun, X., Morgan, A., Takata, M., Bolen, J., and Luben, R. (1995) Exposure of B-lineage lymphoid cells to low energy electromagnetic fields stimulates Lyn kinase. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 27666-27670
118. Kharbanda, S., Yuan, Z. M., Rubin, E., Weichselbaum, R., and Kufe, D. (1994) Activation of Src-like p56/p531yn tyrosine kinase by ionizing radiation. J. Biol. Chem. 269, 20739-20743
119. 2+-cyclotron resonance depresses pineal melatonin synthesis in vitro. Neurosci. Lett. 124, 213-215
120. Yost, M. G., and Liburdy, R. P. (1992) Time-varying and static magnetic fields act in combination to alter calcium signal transduction in the lymphocyte. FEBS Lett. 296, 117-122
121. Deibert, M. C., Mcleod, B. R., Smith, S. D., and Liboff, A. R. (1994) Ion resonance electromagnetic field stimulation of fracture healing in rabbits with a fibular ostectomy. J. Orthop. Res. 12, 875-885
122. Fitzsimmons, R. J., Ryaby, J. T., Magee, F. P., and Baylink, D. J. (1994) Combined magnetic fields increased net calcium flux in bone cells. Calcified Tissue Int. 55, 376-380
123. Jenrow, K. A., Smith, C. H., and Liboff, A. R. (1995) Weak extremely-low-frequency magnetic fields and regeneration in the planarian Dugesia tigrina. Bioelectromagnetics 16, 106-112
124. Lednev, V. V. (1991) Possible mechanism for the influence of weak magnetic fields on biological systems. Bioelectromagnetics 12, 71-75
125. Chiabrera, A., Bianco, B., Tommasi, T., and Moggia, E. (1992) Langevin-Lorentz and Zeeman-Stark models of bioelectromagnetic effects. Acta Pharm. 42, 315-322
126. Blanchard, J. P., and Blackman, C. F. (1994) Clarification and application of an ion parametric resonance model for magnetic field interactions with biological systems. Bioelectromagnetics 15, 217-238
127. Hendee, S. P., Faour, F. A., Christensen, D. A., Patrick, B., Durney, C. H., and Blumenthal, D. K. (1996) The effects of weak extremely low frequency magnetic fields on calcium/calmodulin interactions. Biophys. J. 70, 2915-2923
128. Shuvalova, L. A., Ostrovskaya, M. V., Sosunov, V. A., and Lednev, V. V. (1991) Influence of a weak magnetic field under conditions of paramagnetic resonance on the rate of calmodulin-dependent phophorylation of myosin in solution. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USSR 317, 227-230
129. Markov, M. S., Wang, S., and Pilla, A. A. (1993) Effects of weak low frequency sinusoidal and DC magnetic fields on myosin phosphorylation in a cell free system. Bioelectrochem. Bioenerg. 30, 119-126
130. Coulton, L. A., Barker, A. T., andrea, J. E., and Walsh, M. P. (1997) The effect of static magnetic fields on the rate of phosphorlyation of myosin light-chain. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. In Press
131. Galt, S., Sandblom, J., Hamnerius, Y., Hojevik, P., Saalman, E., and Norden, B. (1993) Experimental search for combined AC and DC magnetic field effects on ion channels. Bioelectromagnetics 14, 315-27
132. Wang, K. W., and Hladky, S. B. (1994) Absence of effects of low-frequency, low-amplitude magnetic fields on the properties of gramicidin A channels. Biophys. J. 67, 1473-1483
133. Wang, K. W., and Hladky, S. B. (1994) An upper limit for the effect of low frequency magnetic fields on ATP-sensitive potassium channels. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1195, 218-222
134. Tsong, T. Y. (1992) Molecular recognition and processing of periodic signals in cells: study of activation of membrane ATPases by alternating electric fields. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1113, 53-70
135. Blank, M. (1992) NaK-ATPase function in alternating electric fields. FASEB J. 6, 2434-2438
136. Goodman, E. M., Greenebaum, B., and Marron, M. T. (1993) Altered protein synthesis in a cell-free system exposed to a sinusoidal magnetic field. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1202, 107-112
137. Goodman, E. M., Greenebaum, B., and Marron, M. T. (1994) Magnetic fields alter translation in Escherichia coli. Bioelectromagnetics 15, 77-83
138. Blank, M. (1987) The surface compartment model: a theory of ion transport focused on ionic processes in the electrical double layers at membrane protein surfaces. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 906, 277-294
139. Thomas, J. R., Schrot, J., and Liboff, A. R. (1986) Low-intensity magnetic fields alter operant behavior in rats. Bioelectromagnetics 7, 349-357
140. Parkinson, W. C., and Sulik, G. L. (1992) Diatom response to extremely low-frequency magnetic fields. Radiat. Res. 130, 319-330
141. Lawrence, A. F., and Adey, W. R. (1982) Nonlinear wave mechanisms in interactions between excitable tissue and electromagnetic fields. Neurol. Res. 4, 115-153
142. Lin, S. R., and Lu, P. Y. (1989) An epidemiologic study of child-hood cancer in relation to residential exposure to electromagnetic fields. Abstract from DOE/EPRI Contractors Meeting, Portland, Oregon
143. Fulton, J. P., Cobb, S., Preble, L., Leone, L., and Forman, E. (1980) Electrical wiring configurations and childhood leukemia in Rhode island. Am. J. Epidemiol. 111, 292-296
144. Myers, A., Clayden, A. D., Cartwright, R. A., and Cartwright, S. C. (1989) Childhood cancer and overhead powerlines: a case-control study. Br. J. Cancer 63, 977-978
145. Feychting, M., and Ahlbom, A. (1994) Magnetic-fields, leukemia, and central-nervous-system tumors in Swedish adults residing near high-voltage power-lines. Epidemiology 5, 501-509
146. Coleman, M. P., Bell, C. M. J., Taylor, H.-L., and Primic-Zakelj, M. (1989) Leukemia and residence near powerlines: A case-control study. Br. J. Cancer 60, 793-798
147. Severson, R. K., Stevens, R. G., Kaune, W. T., Thomas, D. R., Heuser, L., Davis, S., and Sever, L. E. (1988) Acute non-lymphocytic leukemia and residential exposure to power frequency magnetic fields. Am. J. Epidemiol. 128, 10-20
148. Youngson, J. H. A. M., Clayden, A. D., Myers, A., and Cartwright, R. A. A. (1991) A Case/control study of adult haematological malignancies in relation to overhead powerlines. Br. J. Cancer 63, 977-985
149. Wertheimer, N., and Leeper, E. (1982) Adult cancer related to electrical wiring near the home. Int. J. Epidemiol. 11, 345-355
150. Tynes, T., and Haldorsen, T. (1997) Electromagnetic fields and cancer in children residing near Norwegian high-voltage power lines. Am. J. Epidemiol. 145, 219-226
151. Marino, A. A. (1993) Electromagnetic fields, cancer, and the theory of neuroendocrine-related promotion. Bioelectrochem. Bioenerg. 29, 255-276
152. Hesketh, R. (1994) Oncogenes, Academic Press, New York
153. Nakanishi, O., Shibasaki, F., Hidaka, M., Homma, Y., and Takenawa, T. (1993) Phospholipase C-g1 associates with viral and cellular src kinases. J. Biol. Chem. 268, 10754-10759
154. Johansen, T., Bjorkoy, G., Overvatn, A., Diaz-Meco, M. T., Traavik, T., and Moscat, J. (1994) NIH 3T3 cells stably transfected with the gene encoding phosphatidylcholine-hydrolyzing phospholipase C from Bacillus cereus acquire a transformed phenotype. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14, 646-654
155. Barone, M. V., and Courtneidge, S. A. (1995) Myc but not Fos rescue of PDGF signalling block caused by kinase-inactive Src. Nature (London) 378, 509-512
156. McLauchlan, K. (1992) Are environmental magnetic fields dangerous? Physics World 92, 41-45
157. Conti, P., Gigante, G. E., Cifone, M. G., Alesse, E., Ianni, G., Reale, M., and Angeletti, P. U. (1983) Reduced mitogenic stimulation of human lymphocytes by extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields. FEBS Lett 162, 156-160
158. + breast cancer cell proliferation. J. Pineal Res. 14, 89-97
159. Phillips, J. L., and McChesney, L. (1991) Effect of 72 Hz pulsed magnetic field exposure on macromolecular synthesis in CCRF-CEM cells. Cancer Biochem. Biophys. 12, 1-7
160. Goodman, R., and Henderson, A. S. (1986) Sine waves enhance cellular transcription. Bioeletromagnetics 7, 23-29
161. Prasad, A. V., Miller, M. W., Cox, C., Carstensen, E. L., Hoops, H., and Brayman, A. A (1994) A test of the influence of cyclotron resonance exposures on diatom motility. Health Phys. 66, 305-312
162. Davies, M., Dixey, R., and Green, J. (1993) The uptake of calcium as indicated by changes in the motility of diatoms, Report to the National Grid Biological Effects Workshop, Royal Society, London
163. Davies, M., Dixey, R., and Green, J. (1994) The uptake of calcium as indicated by changes in the motility of diatoms, Report to the EMF Biological Trust, Royal Society, London
164. Reese, J. A., Frazier, M. E., Morris, J. E., Buschbom, R. L., and L, M. D. (1991) Evaluation of changes in diatom motility after exposure to 16-Hz electromagnetic fields. Bioelectromagnetics 12, 21-25
165. Lin, H., and Goodman, R. (1995) Electric and magnetic noise blocks the 60 Hz magnetic field enhancement of steady state cmyc transcript levels in human leukemia cells. Bioelectrochem. Bionerg. 36, 33-37
166. Karabakhtsian, R., Broude, N., Shalts, N., Kochlatyi, S., Good-man, R., and Henderson, A. S. (1994) Calcium is necessary in the cell response to EM fields. FEBS Lett. 349, 1-6