Bias in discrepant analysis: When two wrongs don't make a right

Journal of Clinical Epidemiology

Volumn 51, Issue 3, 1998, Pages 219-231

  Miller, William C ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA   (United States)

Author keywords

Chlamydial infections; Diagnostic tests; Discrepant analysis; Sensitivity; Sexually transmitted diseases; Specificity

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; DIAGNOSTIC TEST; PRIORITY JOURNAL; STANDARD; STATISTICAL ANALYSIS;

BIAS (EPIDEMIOLOGY); DATA INTERPRETATION, STATISTICAL; DIAGNOSTIC TESTS, ROUTINE; HUMANS; REFERENCE STANDARDS; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES;

EID: 0031913032     PISSN: 08954356     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0895-4356(97)00264-3     Document Type: Article

References (38)

1. Boyko E, Alderman B, Baron A Reference test errors bias the evaluation of diagnostic tests for ischemic heart disease. J Gen Inter Med. 3:1988;476-481.
2. Thibodeau L Evaluating diagnostic tests. Biometrics. 37:1981;801-804.
3. Vacek P The effect of conditional dependence on the evaluation of diagnostic tests. Biometrics. 41:1985;959-968.
4. Deneef P Evaluating rapid tests for streptococcal pharyngitis. The apparent accuracy of a diagnostic test when there are errors in the standard of comparison Medical Decision Making. 7:1987;92-96.
5. Loeffelholz MJ, Lewinski CA, Silver SR, Purohit AP, Herman SA, Buonagurio DA, Dragon EA Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in endocervical specimens by polymerase chain reaction. J Clin Microbiol. 30:1992;2847-2851.
6. Bauwens JE, Clark AM, Loeffelholz MJ, Herman SA, Stamm WE Diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis urethritis in men by polymerase chain reaction assay of first-catch urine. J Clin Microbiol. 31:1993;3013-3016.
7. Jaschek G, Gaydos CA, Welsh LE, Quinn TC Direct detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in urine specimens from symptomatic and asymptomatic men by using a rapid polymerase chain reaction assay. J Clin Microbiol. 31:1993;1209-1212.
8. Schachter J, Stamm WE, Quinn TC, Andrews WW, Burczak JD, Lee HH Ligase chain reaction to detect Chlamydia trachomatis infection of the cervix. J Clin Microbiol. 32:1994;2540-2543.
9. Lee HH, Chernesky MA, Schachter J, Burczak JD, Andrews WW, Muldoon S, Leckie G, Stamm WE Diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis genitourinary infection in women by ligase chain reaction assay of urine. Lancet. 345:1995;213-216.
10. Bassiri M, Hu HY, Domeika MA, Burczak J, Svensson LO, Lee HH, Mardh PA Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in urine specimens from women by ligase chain reaction. J Clin Microbiol. 33:1995;898-900.
11. Wiesenfeld HC, Uhrin M, Dixon BW, Sweet RL Diagnosis of male Chlamydia trachomatis urethritis by polymerase chain reaction. Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 21:1994;268-271.
12. Ching S, Lee H, Hook EW, rd Jacobs MR, Zenilman J Ligase chain reaction for detection of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in urogenital swabs. J Clin Microbiol. 33:1995;3111-3114.
13. Smith KR, Ching S, Lee H, Ohhashi Y, Hu HY, Fisher HC, rd Hook EW, rd Evaluation of ligase chain reaction for use with urine for identification of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in females attending a sexually transmitted disease clinic. J Clin Microbiol. 33:1995;455-457.
14. Chapin-Robertson K, Reece EA, Edberg SC Evaluation of the Gen-Probe PACE II assay for the direct detection of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in endocervical specimens. Diag Microbiol Infect Dis. 15:1992;645-649.
15. Schue V, Green GA, Monteil H Comparison of the ToxA test with cytotoxicity assay and culture for the detection of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea disease. J Med Microbiol. 41:1994;316-318.
16. De Girolami PC, Hanff PA, Eichelberger Ket al. Multicenter evaluation of a new enzyme immunoassay for detection of Clostridium difficile enterotoxin A. J Clin Microbiol. 30:1992;1085-1088.
17. Pfyffer GE, Kissling P, Wirth R, Weber R Direct detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in respiratory specimens by a target-amplified test system. J Clin Microbiol. 32:1994;918-923.
18. Vuorinen P, Miettinen A, Vuento R, Hallstrom O Direct detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in respiratory specimens by Gen-Probe Amplified Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Direct Test and Roche Amplicor Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Test. J Clin Microbiol. 33:1995;1856-1859.
19. Vlaspolder F, Singer P, Roggeveen C Diagnostic value of an amplification method (Gen-Probe) compared with that of culture for diagnosis of tuberculosis. J Clin Microbiol. 33:1995;2699-2703.
20. Crouch CF Enzyme immunoassays for IgG and IgM antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii based on enhanced chemiluminescence. J Clin Pathol. 48:1995;652-657.
21. Pronovost AD, Rose SL, Pawlak JW, Robin H, Schneider R Evaluation of a new immunodiagnostic assay for Helicobacter pylori antibody detection. Correlation with histopathological and microbiological results J Clin Microbiol. 32:1994;46-50.
22. Graham DY, Evans DJ Jr., Peacock J, Baker JT, Schrier WH Comparison of rapid serological tests (FlexSure HP and QuickVue) with conventional ELISA for detection of Helicobacter pylori infection. Am J Gastroenterol. 91:1996;942-948.
23. Edelstein PH, Bryan RN, Enns RK, Kohne DE, Kacian DL Retrospective study of Gen-Probe rapid diagnostic system for detection of legionellae in frozen clinical respiratory tract samples. J Clin Microbiol. 25:1987;1022-1026.
24. Knigge KM, Babb JL, Firca JR, Ancell K, Bloomster TG, Marchlewicz BA Enzyme immunoassay for the detection of group A streptococcal antigen. J Clin Microbiol. 20:1984;735-741.
25. Roseff SD, Campos JM Detection of cytomegalovirus antibodies in serum using the TranSTAT-CMV and CMV Scan assays. Am J Clin Pathol. 99:1993;539-541.
26. Zweygberg Wirgart B, Landqvist M, Hokeberg I, Eriksson BM, Olding-Stenkvist E, Grillner L Early detection of cytomegalovirus in cell culture by a new monoclonal antibody, CCH2. J Virol Methods. 27:1990;211-219.
27. LeBar WD, Resek CM, Crist AE Jr., Sautter RL Comparison of a rapid latex agglutination assay and a fluorescent-antibody technique for the detection of herpes simplex antibody. Diag Microbiol Infect Dis. 11:1988;21-24.
28. Dascal A, Chan-Thim J, Morahan M, Portnoy J, Mendelson J Diagnosis of herpes simplex virus infection in a clinical setting by a direct antigen detection enzyme immunoassay kit. J Clin Microbiol. 27:1989;700-704.
29. Cromien JL, Himmelreich CA, Glass RI, Storch GA Evaluation of new commercial enzyme immunoassay for rotavirus detection. J Clin Microbiol. 25:1987;2359-2362.
30. Sambourg M, Goudeau A, Courant C, Pinon G, Denis F Direct appraisal of latex agglutination testing, a convenient alternative to enzyme immunoassay for the detection of rotavirus in childhood gastroenteritis, by comparison of two enzyme immunoassays and two latex tests. J Clin Microbiol. 21:1985;622-625.
31. Dennehy PH, Gauntlett DR Evaluation of a new enzyme immunoassay (TESTPACK rotavirus) for the detection of rotavirus in fecal specimens. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 11:1988;201-203.
32. Wester JP, Holtkamp M, Linnebank ERet al. Non-invasive detection of deep venous thrombosis. Ultrasonography versus duplex scanning Eur J Vasc Surg. 8:1994;357-361.
33. Hadgu A The discrepancy in discrepant analysis. Lancet. 348:1996;592-593.
34. Hadgu A Bias in the evaluation of DNA-amplification tests for detecting Chlamydia trachomatis. Stat Med. 16:1997;1391-1399.
35. Ransohoff DR, Feinstein AR Problems of spectrum and bias in evaluating the efficacy of diagnostic tests. N Engl J Med. 299:1978;926-930.
36. Begg CB, Greenes RA Assessment of diagnostic tests when disease verification is subject to selection bias. Biometrics. 39:1983;207-215.
37. Diamond GA Affirmative actions. Can the discriminant accuracy of a test be determined in the face of selection bias? Med Decision Making. 11:1991;48-56.
38. Walter SD, Irwig LM Estimation of test error rates, disease prevalence and relative risk from misclassified data. A review J Clin Epidemiol. 41:1988;923-937.