The Doyne Lecture. Congenital cataract: The history, the nature and the practice

Eye

Volumn 12, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 9-36

  Taylor, David ^a  

^a Hospital for Children   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMBLYOPIA; ANAMNESIS; CHILD; CONGENITAL CATARACT; CONSERVATIVE TREATMENT; CONTACT LENS; EARLY DIAGNOSIS; EPIKERATOPHAKIA; GENETIC HETEROGENEITY; HISTORY OF MEDICINE; HUMAN; INTRACAPSULAR CATARACT EXTRACTION; LENS IMPLANT; LENSECTOMY; MORPHOLOGY; PEDIATRIC SURGERY; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATION; REVIEW; SPECTACLES; TREATMENT PLANNING; VISUAL SYSTEM EXAMINATION;

EID: 0031909743     PISSN: 0950222X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/eye.1998.5     Document Type: Review

References (439)

1. Catford GV. Our founder, Robert Doyne. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 1976;96:285-9.
2. Lascaratos J, Marketos S. An historical outline of Greek ophthalmology from the Hellenistic period up to the establishment of the first universities. Doc Ophthalmol 1988;68:157-69.
3. Pott P. The chirurgical works of Percival Pott. Paternoster Row, London: Haws, W Clark and R Collins, 1775.
4. Saunders John Cunningham. A treatise on some practical points relating to the diseases of the eye. London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme and Brown, 1816.
5. Ziegler SL. Complete discission of the lens by the V-shaped method. J Am Med Assoc 1921;77:1100-2.
6. Gibson B. Practical observations on the formation of an artificial pupil, in several deranged states of the eye. London: Cadell and Davies in the Strand, 1811.
7. Scheie HG, Ewing MQ. Aspiration of soft cataracts. In: Hiles DA, editor. Infantile cataract surgery. Boston: Little, Brown, 1977:51-8.
8. Teale TP. On extraction of soft cataract by suction. Lancet 1984;ii:348.
9. Scheie HG. Aspiration of congenital or soft cataracts: a new technique. Am J Ophthalmol 1960;50:1048-56.
10. Rice NSC. Lens aspiration: a decade in retrospect. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 1977;97:48-51.
11. Streiff EB. L'éxtraction intracapsulaire chez les petits enfants et les enfants à l'alphachymotrypsine. Arch Soc Am Ophthalmol Optom 1956;2:305-7.
12. Dolcet-Buxeres L. Juvenile and congenital cataracts: a new surgical procedure. J Pediatr Ophthalmol 1966;3:24-5.
13. Collins ET. Developmental deformities of the crystalline lens. Ophthalmoscope 1908;6:577-583, 663.
14. Alexander GF. The immediate removal of congenital cataracts. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 1928;48:94-107.
15. Nutt AB. The surgical treatment of congenital cataract. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 1957;77:39-57.
16. Juler F. Amblyopia from disuse. Visual acuity after traumatic cataract in children. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 1921;41:129-39.
17. Von Noorden GK, Ryan SJ, Maumenee AE. Management of congenital cataracts. Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otol 1969;74:352-9.
18. Merin S, Crawford JS. Assessment of incomplete congenital cataract. Can J Ophthalmol 1972;7:56-62.
19. Beller RB, Hoyt CS, Marg E, Odom JV. Good visual function after neonatal surgery for congenital monocular cataract. Am J Ophthalmol 1981;91:559-65.
20. Deweese MW. A survey of the surgical treatment of congenital cataracts. Am J Ophthalmol 1962;53:853-7.
21. Prudhommeaux P. Le résultat óbtenu après opération pour cataracte congénitale. Bull Soc Ophtalmol Fr 1962;62:383-430.
22. Lorenz B, Wörle J, Friedl N, Boergen K-P. Monocular and binocular functional results in cases of contact lens corrected infant aphakia. In: Cotlier E, Lambert S, Taylor D, editors. Congenital cataracts. Austin, Texas: RG Landes, 1994:151-63.
23. Elsas FJ. Visual acuity in monocular pediatric aphakia: does epikeratophakia facilitate occlusion therapy in children tolerant of contact lens or spectacle wear? J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 1990;27:304-9.
24. Hiles DA. Visual results following infantile cataract surgery. In: Hiles D, editor. Infantile cataract surgery. Boston: Little, Brown, 1977:265-82.
25. Gelbart SS, Hoyt CS, Jastrebski G, Marg E. Long term visual results in bilateral congenital cataracts. Am J Ophthalmol 1982;93:615-21.
26. Bradford G, Keech R, Scott W. Factors affecting visual outcome after surgery for bilateral congenital cataracts. Am J Ophthalmol 1994;117:58-64.
27. Moore B. The cause of treatment failure in patients with unilateral congenital cataracts. In: Cotlier E, Lambert S, Taylor D, editors. Congenital cataracts. Austin, Texas: RG Landes, 1994:143-8.
28. Taylor DSI, Vaegan, Morris JA, Rodgers JE, Warland J. Amblyopia in bilateral infantile and juvenile cataract: relationship to timing of treatment. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 1979;99:170-5.
29. Bouzas A. Les résultats postopératoires de la cataracte congénitale. Arch d'Ophtalmol 1955;15:164-73.
30. Broendstrup P. Operative results obtained in bilateral infantile cataract. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh) 1945;23:175-94.
31. Yamamoto M, Bun JE, Okuda J. Visual functions after traumatic cataract in children. In: Henkind P, editor. Acta XXIV International Congress of Ophthalmology. Philadelphia: JB Lippincott, 1983.
32. Vaegan, Taylor DSI. Critical period for deprivation amblyopia in children. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 1979;99:432-9.
33. Birch EE, Stager DR. The critical period for surgical treatment of dense congenital unilateral cataract. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1996;37:1532-8.
34. Von Noorden GK. Recent advances in amblyopia: the mechanisms of amblyopia, their relation to management of congenital cataract. Ophthalmic Digest 1976;3946 (July). B Boyd.
35. Rice NSC, Taylor DSI. Congenital cataract: a cause of preventable blindness. BMJ 1982;285:581-2.
36. Taylor DSI, Rice NSC. Congenital cataract, a cause of preventable blindness. Arch Dis Child 1982;57:165-7.
37. Taylor DSI. Cataracts in children. J R Soc Med 1985;78:1-3.
38. Hing S, Speedwell L, Taylor DSI. Lens surgery in infancy and childhood. Br J Ophthalmol 1990;74:73-8.
39. Birth Defects Monitoring Program (BDMP). Birth Defects Monitoring Program (BDMP)/Commission on Professional and Hospital Activities (CPHA). Surveillance data 1988-1991. Teratology 1993;48:658-75.
40. Metropolitan Atlanta Congenital Defects Program. Metropolitan Atlanta Congenital Defects Program (MACDP) Surveillance Data 1988-1991. Teratology 1993;48:695-709.
41. Stoll C, Alembik Y, Dott B, Roth MP. Epidemiology of congenital eye malformations in 131 760 consecutive births. Ophthalmic Paediatr Genet 1992;13:179-86.
42. Köhler L, Stigmar G. Vision screening of four-year-old children. Acta Pediatr Scand 1973;62:17-27.
43. Stewart-Brown SL, Haslum MN. Partial sight and blindness in children of the 1970 birth cohort at 10 years of age. J Epidemiol Community Health 1988;42:17-23.
44. Stayte M, Reeves B, Wortham C. Ocular and vision defects in preschool children. Br J Ophthalmol 1993;77:228-32.
45. Stayte M, Johnson A, Wortham C. Ocular and visual defects in a geographically defined population of 2-year-old children. Br J Ophthalmol 1990;74:465-8.
46. Stambolian D. Galactose and cataract. Surv Ophthalmol 1988;32:333-19.
47. Endres W, Shin YS. Cataract and metabolic disease. J Inherit Metab Dis 1990;13:509-16.
48. Sardharwalla IB, Wraith JE, Bridge C, Fowler B, Roberts SA. A patient with severe type of epimerase deficiency galactosaemia. J Inherit Metab Dis 1988;11 (Suppl 2):249-51.
49. Brivet M, Abadie V, Soni T, Cheron G, Dufier JL. Inexplicable infantile cataracts and partial maternal galactose disorder. Arch Dis Child 1986;61:445-9.
50. Stevens RE, Datiles MB, Srivastava SK, Ansari NH, Maumenee AE, Stark W. Idiopathic presenile cataract formation and galactosaemia. Br J Ophthalmol 1989;73:48-51.
51. Harley JD, Mutton P, Irvine S, Gupta JD. Maternal enzymes of galactose metabolism and the 'inexplicable' infantile cataract. Lancet 1974;ii:259-71.
52. Vetter V, Shin YS. Lens sorbitol dehydrogenase deficiency in a patient with congenital cataract. Eur J Paediatr 1995;154:389-91.
53. Kjellman B, Gamstrop I, Brun A, Ockerman P-A, Palmgren B. Mannosidosis: a clinical and histopathologic study. J Pediatr 1969;75:366-73.
54. Gabilan JC, Chaussain JL. L'association hypoglycemie idiopathique et cataracte chez l'enfant. Arch Franc Ped 1969;26:633-40.
55. Wilson WA. Ocular findings in ketotic hypoglycemia. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 1969;67:355.
56. Merin S, Crawford JS. Hypoglycemia and infantile cataract. Arch Ophthalmol 1971;86:495-8.
57. McKinna AJ. Neonatal hypoglycemia: some ophthalmic observations. Can J Ophthalmol 1966;1:58-9.
58. Hochman HI, Mejlszenkier JD. Cataracts and pseudotumour cerebri in an infant with vitamin D deficiency rickets. J Pediatr 1977;90:252-4.
59. Kohn BA. The differential diagnosis of cataracts in infancy and childhood. Am J Dis Child 1976;130:184-92.
60. Merin S, Crawford JS. The etiology of congenital cataracts: a survey of 386 cases. Can J Ophthalmol 1971;6:178-82.
61. Duncan G, Williams MR, Riach RA. Calcium, cell signalling and cataract. Prog Ret Eye Res 1994;13:623-52.
62. Cotlier E, Rice P. Cataracts in the Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol 1971;72:955-9.
63. Finlay SC, Finlay WH, Monsky DM. Cataracts in a girl with features of Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome. J Pediatr 1969;75:706-7.
64. Cenedella RJ. Cholesterol and cataracts. Surv Ophthalmol 1996;40:320-37.
65. Goss-Sampson M, Russell-Eggitt I, Lloyd C. Oxidative damage and cataract formation. In: Cotlier E, Lambert S, Taylor D, editors. Congenital cataracts. Austin, Texas: RG Landes, 1977:49-53.
66. Lloyd IC, Goss-Sampson M, Jeffrey BG, Kriss A, Russell-Eggett I, Taylor DSI. Neonatal cataract: aetiology, pathogenesis and management. Eye 1992;6:184-96.
67. Varma SD, Chand D, Sharma YR, Kuck JF, Richards RD. Oxidative stress on lens and cataract formation: role of light and oxygen. Curr Eye Res 1984;3:35-57.
68. Augusteyn RC. Mechanisms of cataract formation in the human lens. London: Academic Press, 1981.
69. Bunce GE, Hess JL. Lenticular opacities in young rats as a consequence of maternal diets low in tryptophan and/or vitamin E. J Nutrit 1976;106:222-9.
70. Bras A, Monteiro C, Rueff J. Oxidative stress in trisomy 21: a possible role in cataractogenesis. Ophthalmic Paediatr Genet 1989;10:271-7.
71. Nordmann J, Klethi J, Gerhard J-P. Observations concernant les cataracts congénitales et post-natales précoces. Bull Soc Franc Ophtalmol 1970;70:168-70.
72. Alden ER, Kalina RE, Hodson WA. Transient cataracts in low-birth-weight infants. J Pediatr 1973;82:314-8.
73. McCormick AQ. Transient cataracts in premature infants: a new clinical entity. Can J Ophthalmol 1968;3:202-6.
74. Yanoff M, Fine BS, Schaffer DB. Histopathology of transient neonatal lens vacuoles. Am J Ophthalmol 1973;76:363-70.
75. Capone A, Drack AV. Transient lens changes after diode laser retinal photoablation for retinopathy of prematurity [letter]. Am J Ophthalmol 1994;118:533-5.
76. Gold RS. Cataracts associated with treatment for retinopathy of prematurity. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 1997;34:123-4.
77. Cartier M, Tsui L, Ball SP, Lubsen NH. Crystallin genes and cataract. In: Wright AF, Jay B, editors. Molecular genetics of inherited eye disorders. Switzerland: Harwood Academic, 1994:413-44.
78. McAvory JW. Developmental biology of the lens. In: Duncan G, editor. Mechanisms of cataract formation in the human lens. London: Academic Press, 1981:7-46.
79. Brakenhoff RH, Henskens HAM, van Rossum MWPC, Lubsen NH, Schoenemakers JGG. Activation of the gamma E-crystallin pseudogene in human hereditary Coppock-like cataract. Hum Mol Genet 1994;3:270-83.
80. Sparkes RS, Mohandas T, Heinzmann C, Gorin MB, Horwitz J, Law M, et al. The gene for the major intrinsic protein (MIP) of the ocular lens is assigned to human chromosome 12cen-q14. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1986;27:1351-4.
81. Barrett DJ, Sparkes RS, Gorin MB, Bhat SP, Spence MA, Marazita ML, et al. Genetic linkage analysis of autosomal dominant congenital cataracts with lens-specific DNA probes and polymorphic phenotypic markers. Ophthalmology 1988;95:538-44.
82. Bateman JB, Spence MA, Marazita ML, Sparkes RS. Genetic linkage analysis of autosomal dominant congenital cataracts. Am J Ophthalmol 1986;101:218-25.
83. Conneally PM, Wilson AF, Merritt AD, Helveston EM, Palmer CG, Wang LY. Confirmation of genetic heterogeneity in autosomal dominant forms of congenital cataracts from linkage studies. Cytogenet Cell Genet 1978;22:295-7.
84. Lund AM, Eiberg H, Rosenberg T, Warburg M. Autosomal dominant congenital cataract: linkage relations; clinical and genetic heterogeneity. Clin Genet 1992;41:65-9.
85. Ionides A, Berry V, Mackay D, Bhattacharya S, Shiels A, Moore A. Clinical and genetic heterogeneity in autosomal dominant cataract. Arch Ophthalmol 1998; in press.
86. Stabile M, Amoriello A, Capobianco S, Cavaliere ML, Conte N, De Rosa C, et al. Study of a form of pulverulent cataract in a large kindred. J Med Genet 1983;20:419-21.
87. Renwick SH, Lawler SD. Probable linkage between a congenital cataract locus and Duffy blood group locus. Ann Hum Genet 1963;27:67-84.
88. Eiberg H, Lund AM, Warburg M, Rosenberg T. Assignment of congenital cataract Volkmann type (CCV) to chromosome 1p36. Hum Genet 1995;96:33-8.
89. Lubsen NH, Renwick JH, Tsui L-C, Breitman ML, Schoenmakers JGG. A locus for a human hereditary cataract is closely linked to the gamma-cystallin gene family. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1987;84:489-92.
90. Rogaev EI, Rogaeva EA, Korovaitseva GI, Farrer LA, Petrin AN, Keryanov SA, et al. Linkage of polymorphic congenital cataract to the gamma-crystallin gene locus on human chromosome 2q33-35. Hum Mol Genet 1996;5:699-703.
91. Mackay DS, Ionides A, Berry V, Moore A, Battacharya S, Shiels A. A new locus for dominant 'zonular pulverulent' cataract on chromosome 13. Am J Hum Genet 1997;60:1474-8.
92. Marner E, Rosenberg T, Eiberg H. Autosomal dominant congenital cataract: morphology and genetic mapping. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh) 1989;67:151-8.
93. Berry V, Ionides ACW, Moore AT, Bhattacharya SS, Shiels A. A locus for autosomal dominant anterior polar cataract on chromosome 17p. Hum Mol Genet 1996;5:415-9.
94. Padma T, Ayyagari R, Murty JS, Basti S, Fletcher T, Rao GN, et al. Autosomal dominant zonular-cataract with suturai opacities localised to chromosome 17q11-12. Am J Hum Genet 1995;57:840-5.
95. Armitage M, Kivlin J, Ferell R. A progressive early onset cataract gene maps to human chromosome 17q24. Nature Genet 1995;9:37-40.
96. Kramer P, Yount J, Mitchell T, LaMorticella D, Carrero-Valenzuela R, Louvrien E, et al. A second gene for cerulean cataracts maps to the beta-crystallin region on chromosome 22. Genomics 1996;35:39-42.
97. Lewis RA, Nussbaum RL, Stambolian D. Mapping X-linked ophthalmic diseases. IV. Provisional assignment of the locus for X-linked congenital cataracts and microcornea to Xp22.2-22.3. Ophthalmology 1990;97:110-20.
98. Zhu D, Alcorn DM, Antonarakis SE, Levin LS, Huang PC, Mitchell TN, et al. Assignment of the Nance-Horan syndrome to the distal short arm of the X chromosome. Hum Genet 1990;86:54-8.
99. Moross T, Vaithilingam SS, Styles S, Gardner HA. Autosomal dominant anterior polar cataracts with a familial 2; 14 translocation. J Med Genet 1984;21:52-3.
100. Yokoyama Y, Narahara K, Tsuji K, Ninomiya S, Seino Y. Autosomal dominant congenital cataract and microphthalmia associated with a familial t(2;16) translocation. Hum Genet 1992;90:177-8.
101. Reese PD, Tuck-Muller CM, Maumenee IH. Autosomal dominant congenital cataract associated with chromosomal translocation. Arch Ophthalmol 1987;105:1382-4.
102. Rubin SE, Nelson LB, Pletcher BA. Anterior polar cataract in two sisters with an unbalanced 3;18 chromosomal translocation. Am J Ophthalmol 1994;117:512-5.
103. Costenbader FD, Albert DG. Conservatism in the management of congenital cataracts. Arch Ophthalmol 1957;58:426-30.
104. Parks MM, Johnson DA, Reed GW. Long-term visual results and complications in children with aphakia: a function of cataract type. Ophthalmology 1993;100:826-41.
105. Crawford JS. Conservative management of cataracts. In: Hiles DA, editor. Infantile cataract surgery. Boston: Little, Brown, 1977:31-5.
106. Collier M. Nouvel exemple de variabilité des types de cataracte congénitale dans une même famille. Bull Soc Ophtalmol Fr 1968;68:910-1.
107. Scott MH, Hejtmancik JF, Wozencraft LA, Reuter LM, Parks MM, Kaiser Kupfer MI. Autosomal dominant congenital cataract: interocular phenotypic variability. Ophthalmology 1994;101:866-71.
108. Wegener JK, Sogaard H. Persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous with resorportion of the lens. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh) 1968;46:171-5.
109. Boger WP, Peterson RA, Robb RM. Spontaneous absorption of the lens in the congenital rubella syndrome. Arch Ophthalmol 1981;99:433-4.
110. Smith G, Shun-Shin A, Bron A. Spontaneous reabsorption of rubella cataract. Br J Ophthalmol 1990;74:564-6.
111. Ehrlich LH. Spontaneous absorption of congenital cataract following maternal rubella. Arch Ophthalmol 1948;39:205-9.
112. Falls HF, Schull WJ. Hallermann-Streiff syndrome: a dyscephaly with congenital cataracts and hypotrichosis. Arch Ophthalmol 1960;63:419-20.
113. Soriano JM, Funk J. Bilateral spontaneous reabsorption of the lens in a case of Hallermann-Streiff syndrome. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd 1991;200:195-8.
114. Yamamoto Y, Hayaska S, Setogawa S. Family with aniridia, microcornea and spontaneously reabsorbed cataract. Arch Ophthalmol Strabismus 1988;106:502-5.
115. Ginsberg J, Bore KE, Fogelson MH. Pathological features of the eye in the oculocerebrorenal (Lowe) syndrome. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 1981;18:16-24.
116. Tripathi RC, Cibis GW, Tripathi BJ. Pathogenesis of cataracts in patients with Lowe's syndrome. Ophthalmolology 1986;93:1046-51.
117. Rogers NK, Strachan IM. Pierre Robin anomalad, maculopathy and autolvtic cataract. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 1995;32:391-2.
118. Stevens PR. Anterior lenticonus and the Waardenburg syndrome. Br J Ophthalmol 1970;54:621-3.
119. Gailloud C, Streiff EB. Cataracte en bouée de sauvetage. Ophthalmologica 1972;165:212-8.
120. Collins ET, Mayou MS. Pathology and bacteriology of the eye. 2nd ed. London: Heinemann, 1925.
121. Bartholomew RS. Sector shaped membranous cataract. J Pediatr Ophthalmol 1977;14:109-11.
122. Bouzas A. Anterior polar congenital cataract and corneal astigmatism. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 1992;29:210-2.
123. Jaafar MS, Robb RM. Congenital anterior polar cataract: a review of 63 cases. Ophthalmology 1984;91:249-54.
124. Nelson LB, Calhoun JH, Simon J, Harley R. Progression of congenital anterior polar cataracts in childhood. Arch Ophthalmol 1985;103:1842-3.
125. Dohlman CH. Familial cornea guttata in association with anterior polar cataracts. Acta Ophthalmol 1951;29:445-51.
126. Traboulsi EI, Weinberg RJ. Familial congenital cornea guttata with anterior polar cataracts [see comments]. Am J Ophthalmol 1989;108:123-5.
127. Thomas R, Gopal KS, George JA. Anterior dislocation of the pyramidal part of a congenital cataract. Ind J Ophthalmol 1985;33:51-2.
128. Brown N, Ellis P. Anterior polar pyramidal cataract presenting as an anterior chamber foreign body. Br J Ophthalmol 1972;56:57-9.
129. Govan JA. Ocular manifestations of Alport's syndrome: a hereditary disorder of basement membrane. Br J Ophthalmol 1983;67:493-503.
130. Jacobs M, Jeffrey B, Kriss A, Taylor D, Sa G, Barratt TM. Ophthalmologic assessment of young patients with Alport syndrome. Ophthalmology 1992;99:1039-44.
131. Arnott EJ, Crawfurd MD'A, Toghill PJ. Anterior lenticonus and Alport's syndrome. Br J Ophthalmol 1966;50:390.
132. Siedenberg K, Ludwig H. A newborn with posterior lenticonus [letter]. Am J Ophthalmol 1993;115:543-4.
133. Mohney BG, Parks MM. Acquired posterior lentiglobus. Am J Ophthalmol 1995;120:123-4.
134. Cheng KP, Hiles DA, Biglan AW, Pettapiece MC. Management of posterior lenticonus. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 1991;28:143-9.
135. Crouch ER Jr, Parks MM. Management of posterior lenticonus complicated by unilateral cataract. Am J Ophthalmol 1978;85:503-8.
136. Wright KW, Christensen LE, Noguchi BA. Results of late surgery for presumed congenital cataracts. Am J Ophthalmol 1992;114:409-15.
137. Mann I. Developmental abnormalities of the eye. 2nd ed. London: British Medical Association, 1957.
138. Khalil M, Saheb N. Posterior lenticonus. Ophthalmology 1984;91:1429-30.
139. Tyson HH. Lenticonus posterior. Arch Ophthalmol 1928;53:38-50.
140. Vogt A. Über Lenticonus axialis und periphericus posterior. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd 1926;77:709-10.
141. Von Hess C. Über excentrische Bildung des Linsenkernes und die Histologie des Lenticonus posterior. Dtsch Ophthalmol Ges 1986;301:301.
142. Marsh EJ. Slit lamp study of posterior lenticonus. Arch Ophthalmol 1927;56:128-36.
143. Kilty LA, Hiles DA. Unilateral posterior lenticonus with persistent hyaloid artery remnant. Am J Ophthalmol 1993;116:104-6.
144. Butler TH. Lenticonus posterior: report of six cases. Arch Ophthalmol 1930;3:425-36.
145. Gibbs ML, Jacobs M, Wilkie AOM, Taylor DSI. Posterior lenticonus: clinical patterns and genetics. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 1993;30:171-5.
146. Vivian AJ, Lloyd IC, Russell-Eggitt I, Taylor DSI. Familial posterior lenticonus. Eye 1995;9:119-23.
147. Bliek J, Traboulsi E, Maumenee IH. Familial posterior lenticonus and microcornea [letter]. Arch Ophthalmol 1992;110:1208-10.
148. Jain IS, Pillai P, Gangwar DN, Dhir SP, Kaul VK. Congenital cataract: etiology and morphology. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 1983;20:238-42.
149. Parks MM. Visual results in aphakic children. Am J Ophthalmol 1982;94:441-9.
150. Freeman RS, Rovick LP. Cloudy lenses and issues: a pedigree of unoperated congenital cataracts. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 1994;31:318-22.
151. Gitzelmann R. Hereditary galactokinase deficiency, a newly recognised cause of juvenile cataracts. Pediatr Res 1967;1:14-23.
152. Vogt A. Die Vorder axiale Embryonalkataract der menslichen Linse. Z Augenheilkd 1919;41:125-37.
153. DeJong PTVM, Bleeker-Wagemakers EM, Vrensen GFJM, Broekhuyse RE, Peerboom-Wynia JDR, Delleman JW. Crystalline cataract and uncombable hair. Ophthalmology 1990;97:1181-7.
154. Rennie AGR. The Whalsay cataract. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 1983;103:530-1.
155. Nettleship E, Ogilvie FM. A peculiar form of congenital cataract. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 1906;26:191-207.
156. Adams PH. Doyne's discoid cataract. Br J Ophthalmol 1942;26:152-3.
157. Rosen E. Coppock cataract and cataracta pulverulenta centralis. Br J Ophthalmol 1945;29:641-4.
158. Beigi B, O'Keefe M, Bowell R, Naughten E, Badawi N, Lanigan B. Ophthalmic findings in classical galactosaemia: prospective study. Br J Ophthalmol 1993;7:162-4.
159. Vogt A. Die Spezifität auder borener und erworbener starformer für die einzelnen Linzenzouene. Graefes Arch Ophthalmol 1922;108:219-28.
160. Pires da Cunha R, De Castro Moreira JB. Ocular findings in Down's syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol 1996;122:236-44.
161. Berk AT, Saatci AO, Ercal MD, Tunc M, Ergin M. Ocular findings in 55 patients with Down's syndrome. Ophthalmic Genet 1996;17:15-9.
162. Catalano RA. Down syndrome. Surv Ophthalmol 1990;34:385-98.
163. Ingersheim J. The relationship of lenticular changes in Mongolism. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 1951;49:595-624.
164. Jaeger EA. Ocular findings in Down's syndrome. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 1980;158:808-45.
165. Robb RM, Marchevsky A. Pathology of the lens in Down's syndrome. Arch Ophthalmol 1978;96:1039-42.
166. Brown N, Gardner RJM. Lowe syndrome: identification of the carrier state. Birth Defects 1976;12:579-95.
167. Johnson SS, Nevin NC. Ocular manifestations in patients and female relatives of families with the oculocerebrorenal syndrome of Lowe. Birth Defects 1976;12:567-72.
168. Cibis GW, Waeltermann JM, Whitcraft CT, Tripathi RC, Harris DJ. Lenticular opacities in carriers of Lowe's syndrome. Ophthalmology 1986;93:1041-5.
169. Lavin CW, McKeown CA. The oculocerebrorenal syndrome of Lowe. Int Ophthalmol Clin 1993;33:179-91.
170. Bercovitch L, Donaldson DD. The history of congenital sutural cataracts. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 1982;19:108-10.
171. Krill AE, Woodbury G, Bowman JE. X-chromosomal linked suturai cataracts. Am J Ophthalmol 1969;68:867-72.
172. Gunn RM. Peculiar coralliform cataract with crystals (?of cholesterine) in the lens. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 1895;15:119.
173. Nettleship E. Seven new pedigrees of hereditary cataracts. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 1909;29:188-211.
174. Polse KA, Harris MG, Rosen NJ. Familial congenital coralliform cataract. Am J Optom Physiol Optics 1974;51:770-3.
175. Happle R, Küchle H. Sectoral cataract: a possible example of Lyonisation. Lancet 1983:ii:919-20.
176. Gellis SS, Feingold M. The Stickler syndrome (hereditary arthro-ophthalmopathy). [Picture of the month]. Am J Dis Child 1976;130:65-6.
177. Seery CM, Pruett RC, Lieberfarb RM, Cohen BZ. Distinctive cataract in the Stickler syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol 1990;110:143-9.
178. Spallone A. Stickler's syndrome: a study of 12 families. Br J Ophthalmol 1987;71:504-9.
179. Mackenzie W. A practical treatise on the disease of the eye. London: Longman, Orme, Brown, Green and Longman, 1840.
180. Reese AB. Persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous. Am J Ophthalmol 1955;40:317-31.
181. 180a Goldberg MF. Persistent fetal vasculature: an integrated interpretation of signs and symptoms associated with persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous (PHPV). LIV Edward Jackson Memorial Lecture. Am J Ophthalmol 1997;124:587-626.
182. Kurz GH, Einaugler RB. Intralenticular hemorrhage following discission of congenital cataract. Am J Ophthalmol 1968;66:1163-5.
183. Madroszkiewicz M. An unusual case of congenital presence of blood in the lens. Ophthalmologica 1974;168:462-4.
184. Unoki K, Nakao K, Ohba N. Haemorrhage in the lens: spontaneous occurrence in congenital cataract. Br J Ophthalmol 1986;70:593-5.
185. Haddad R, Font RL, Reeser F. Persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous: a clinicopathologic study. Surv Ophthalmol 1978;23:123-42.
186. Karr DJ, Scott WE. Visual acuity results following treatment for persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous. Arch Ophthalmol 1986;104:662-7.
187. Brown NA, Sparrow JM, Bron AJ. Central compaction in the process of lens growth as indicated by lamellar cataract. Br J Ophthalmol 1988;72:538-44.
188. Gordon RA, Donzis PB. Refractive development of the human eye. Arch Ophthalmol 1985;103:785-9.
189. Doggart JH. Congenital cataract. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 1957;77:31-7.
190. Cordes FC. Galactosemia cataract: a review. Am J Ophthalmol 1960;50:1151-8.
191. Reiter C, Lasky MA. Galactose cataracts. Am J Ophthalmol 1952;35:69-75.
192. Bruck E, Rapoport S. Galactosemia in an infant with cataracts: clinical observations and carbohydrate studies. Am J Dis Child 1945;70:267.
193. Greenman L, Rathbun JC. Galactose studies in an infant with idiopathic galactose intolerance. Pediatrics 1948;2:666.
194. Burke JP, O'Keefe M, Bowell R, Naughten ER. Ophthalmic findings in classical galactosemia: a screened population. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 1989;26:165-8.
195. Hayasaka S, Shiono T, Konno T, Tateda H. Galactose cataract in Japanese patient. Jpn J Ophthalmol 1982;26:443-6.
196. Wilson WA, Donnell GN. Cataracts in galactosemia. Arch Ophthalmol 1958;60:215-22.
197. Gunn D. Notes on some forms of congenital cataract. Ophthalmic Rev 1898;17:129-43.
198. Hull D. Cataracts associated with metabolic defects. Proc R Soc Med 1969;62:694.
199. Keith CG. The aetiology of congenital and infantile cataracts. Aust J Ophthalmol 1974;12:126-34.
200. Hiles DA, Carter BT. Classification of cataracts in children. In: Hiles DA, editor. Infantile cataract surgery. Boston: Little, Brown, 1977:15-31.
201. Eckstein M, Vijayalakshmi P, Killedar M, Gilbert C. Aetiology of childhood cataract in South India. Br J Ophthalmol 1996;80:628-32.
202. Lambert SR, Drack AV. Infantile cataracts. Surv Ophthalmol 1996;40:427-58.
203. Hiles DA, Biglan AW. Indications for infantile cataract surgery. In: Hiles DA, editor. Infantile cataract surgery. Boston: Little, Brown, 1977:39-49.
204. Kennerdell JS. Preoperative evaluation of the juvenile cataract. In: Hiles DA, editor. Infantile cataract surgery. Boston: Little, Brown, 1977:3-15.
205. Drummond GT, Scott WE, Keech RV. Management of monocular congenital cataracts. Arch Ophthalmol 1989;107:45-51.
206. McCulloch DL, Skarf B. Pattern reversal visual evoked potentials following early treatment of unilateral, congenital cataracts. Arch Ophthalmol 1994;112:510-8.
207. Nucci P, Brancato P. Pattern reversal visual evoked potentials following early treatment of unilateral congenital cataract [letter]. Arch Ophthalmol 1995;113:404-5.
208. Kriss A, Thompson D, Lloyd C, Jeffrey B, Russell-Eggitt I, Taylor DSI. Pattern VEP findings in young children treated for unilateral congenital cataract. In: Cotlier E, Lambert S, Taylor D, editors. Congenital cataracts. Austin, Texas: RG Landes, 1994:79-88.
209. Thompson DA, Moller H, Russell-Eggitt I, Kriss A. Visual acuity in unilateral cataract. Br J Ophthalmol 1996;80:794-8.
210. Lloyd IC, Dowler JGF, Kriss A, Speedwell L, Thompson DA, Russell-Eggitt I, et al. Modulation of amblyopia therapy following early surgery for unilateral congenital cataracts. Br J Ophthalmol 1995;79:802-6.
211. Lloyd C, Dowler J, Kriss A, Russell-Eggitt I, Taylor DSI. Preferential looking and the management of congenital cataract: new occlusion protocols. In: Cotlier E, Lambert S, Taylor D, editors. Congenital cataracts. Austin, Texas: RG Landes, 1994:93-101.
212. Lewis TL, Maurer D, Brent HP. Development of grating acuity in children treated for unilateral or bilateral congenital cataract. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1995;36:2080-95.
213. Mayer DL, Moore B, Robb RM. Assessment of vision and amblyopia by preferential looking tests after early surgery for unilateral congenital cataracts. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 1989;26:61-8.
214. Newton FH. Congenital cataracts: a review of 84 cases. Am J Ophthalmol 1961;52:368.
215. Black RK. The place of optical iridectomy in the treatment of developmental cataract. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 86:287-90.
216. Hammami H, Scouras J, Streiff EB. Cataractes congénitales: résultats opératoires et études statistiques sur une période de plus de 25 ans. Ophthalmologica 1972;164:422-39.
217. Guillaumat L. Les cataractes congénitales. Bull Soc Ophtalmol Fr 1970;83:65-91.
218. Sheppard RW, Crawford JS. The treatment of congenital cataracts. Surv Ophthalmol 1973;17:340-7.
219. Weber SW, Crawford JS, Arndt JH, Parker JS. Visual acuity after iridectomy or aspiration for congenital cataract: experimental and clinical studies. Can J Ophthalmol 1978;13:229-36.
220. Kugelberg U. Visual acuity following treatment of bilateral congenital cataracts. Doc Ophthalmol 1992;82:211-5.
221. Guo S, Nelson LB, Calhoun J, Levin A. Simultaneous surgery for congenital cataracts. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 1990;27:23-5.
222. Kushner BJ. Discussion (Simultaneous surgery for bilateral congenital cataracts). J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 1990;27:26-8.
223. Good WV, Hing S, Hoyt CS, Taylor DSI. Postoperative endophthalmitis in children following cataract surgery. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 1990;27:283-4.
224. Wheeler DT, Stager DR, Weakley DR. Endophthalmitis following pediatric intraocular surgery for congenital cataracts and congenital glaucoma. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 1992;29:139-41.
225. Zwaan J. Simultaneous surgery for bilateral pediatric cataracts. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers 1996;27:15-20.
226. D'Esposito M, Magli A, Daniele A. Functional recovery in paediatric cataract. Eur J Implant Refract Surg 1990;2:261-4.
227. Scheie HG, Rubinstein RA, Kent RB. Aspiration of congenital or soft cataracts: further experience. Am J Ophthalmol 1967;63:3-8.
228. Parks MM. Intracapsular aspiration. In: Hiles D, editor. Infantile cataract surgery. Boston: Little, Brown, 1977:59-74.
229. Taylor DSI. Choice of surgical technique in the management of congenital cataract. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 1981;101:25-38.
230. Parks MM. Management of the posterior capsule in congenital cataracts. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 1984;21:114-6.
231. Caputo AR, Guo S, Wagner RS, Constad WH. A modified extracapsular cataract extraction for pediatric cataracts. Ophthalmic Surg 1991;21:397-403.
232. Eustis HS, Walton RC, Ball SF. Pupillary block glaucoma following pediatric cataract extraction. Ophthalmic Surg 1990;21:413-5.
233. Tartarella MB, Kawakami LT, Scarpi MJ, Hayashi S, Bonomo PP. Aspectos cirúrgicos em cataracta congênita. Arq Bras Oftal 1995;58:24-8.
234. Kaufer G. Congenital cataract: a survey of 81 cases. J Pediatr Ophthalmol 1966;3:46-52.
235. Godde-Jolly D, Ruellan YM, Rozenbaum JP. Cataractes congénitales: 194 cas de phacophagie par voie antérieure. J Fr Ophtalmol 1982;5:761-70.
236. France TD. Management of the posterior capsule in congenital cataracts. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 1984;21:116-8.
237. Hiles DA, Atkinson CS. Surgery of bilateral and unilateral cataracts in children. In: Cotlier E, Lambert S, Taylor D, editors. Congenital cataracts. Austin, Texas: Landes, 1994:127-37.
238. Basti S, Ravishankar U, Gupta S. Results of a prospective evaluation of three methods of management of pediatric cataracts. Ophthalmology 1996;103:713-20.
239. Treister G, Machemer R. Pars plana approach for pupillary membranes. Arch Ophthalmol 1978;96:1914.
240. Peyman GA, Sanders DR, Rose M, Korey M. Vitrophage in management of congenital cataracts. Graefes Arch Ophthalmol 1977;202:305-8.
241. Peyman GA, Raichand M, Goldberg MF. Surgery of congenital and juvenile cataracts: a pars plicata approach with the vitrophage. Br J Ophthalmol 1978;62:780-3.
242. Green BF, Morin JD, Brent HP. Pars plicata lensectomy/vitrectomy for developmental cataract extraction: surgical results. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 1990;27:229-32.
243. Peyman GA, Riachand M, Oesterle C, Goldberg MF. Pars plicata lensectomy and vitrectomy in the management of congenital cataracts. Ophthalmology 1981;88:437-9.
244. Grossman SA, Peyman GA. Long-term visual results after pars plicata lensectomy-virrectomy for congenital cataracts. Br J Ophthalmol 1988;72:601-6.
245. Dietl RH, Stefani FH. Topographisch-chirurgische Anatomie der kindlichen Pars plana. Ophthalmologica 1986;193:1-9.
246. Morgan KS, Karcioglou ZA. Secondary cataracts in infants after lensectomies. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 1987;24:45-8.
247. Lambert SR, Fernandes A, Drews-Botsch C, Tigges M. Pseudophakia retards axial elongation in neonatal monkey eyes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1996;37:451-8.
248. Oliver M, Milstein A, Pollack A. Posterior chamber lens implantation in infants and juveniles. Eur J Implant Refract Surg 1990;2:309-14.
249. Christiansen S, Muñoz M, Capó H. Retinal hemorrhage following lensectomy and anterior vitrectomy in children. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 1993;30:24-7.
250. Mets M, Del Monte M. Hemorrhagic retinopathy following childhood cataract extraction [letter]. Arch Ophthalmol 1986;104:975-9.
251. Gieser SC, Apple DJ, Loftfield K, Richey MA, Rivera RP. Phthisis bulbi after intraocular lens implantation in a child. Can J Ophthalmol 1985;20:184-5.
252. Yamamoto M. Ophthalmic surgery and corneal endothelium. Fol Ophthalmol Jpn 1988;39:1311-8.
253. Goyal JI, Panda A, Angra SK. Corneal endothelial changes following pars plana lensectomy. Ind J Ophthalmol 1991;39:25-7.
254. Hiles DA, Biglan AW, Fetherolf EC. Central corneal endothelial cell counts in children. Am Intraoc Implant Soc J 1979;5:292-300.
255. Olsen T. The endothelial cell density after cataract surgery in young patients. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh) 1981;59:242-6.
256. Deluise VP, Cobo LM, Chandler D. Persistent corneal edema in the congenital rubella syndrome. Ophthalmology 1983;90:835-9.
257. Yamomoto M. Long-term prognosis of intraocular lens implantation in children. Eur J Implant Refract Surg 1990;2:291-3.
258. Chrousos GA, Parks MM, O'Neil JF. Incidence of chronic glaucoma, retinal detachment and secondary membrane surgery in pediatric patients. Ophthalmology 1984;9:1238-41.
259. Kohnen T, Pena Cuesta R, Koch DD. Secondary cataract formation following pediatric intraocular lens implantation: 6-month results. Germ J Ophthalmol 1996;5:171-5.
260. McDonnell PJ, Stark WJ, Green RW. Posterior capsule opacification: a specular microscopic study. Ophthalmology 1984;91:853-7.
261. Apple DJ, Soloman KD, Tetz MR, Assia EI, Holland EY, Legler UFC, et al. Posterior capsule opacification. Surv Ophthalmol 1992;37:73-116.
262. Liu CSC, Wormstone IM, Duncan G, Marcantonio JM, Webb SF, Davies PD. A study of human lens cell growth in vitro. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1996;37:906-14.
263. Frezzotti R, Caprossi A, Mastrangelo D, Hadjistilianou T, Tosi P, Cintorino C, et al. Pathogenesis of posterior capsular opacification. II. Histopathological and in vitro culture findings. J Cataract Refract Surg 1990;16:353-60.
264. Wormstone IM, Liu CSC, Rakic J-M, Marcantonio JM, Vrensen GFJM, Duncan G. Human lens epithelial cell proliferation in a protein-free medium. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1997;38:369-104.
265. Knight-Nanan D, O'Keefe M, Bowell R. Outcome and complications of intraocular lenses in children with cataract. J Cataract Refract Surg 1994;22:730-6.
266. Buckley E, Khombers L, Seaber J, Scalise-Gordy A, Mintzer R. Management of the posterior capsule during pediatric intraocular lens implantation. Am J Ophthalmol 1993;115:722-8.
267. Girard LJ. Aspiration-irrigation of congenital and traumatic cataracts. Arch Ophthalmol 1967;77:387-91.
268. Keech RV, Tongue AC, Scott WE. Complications after surgery for congenital and infantile cataracts. Am J Ophthalmol 1989;108:136-41.
269. Gimbel H. Posterior capsulorhexis with optic capture in pediatric cataract and intraocular lens surgery. Ophthalmology 1996;103:1871-5.
270. Atkinson CS, Hiles DA. Treatment of secondary posterior capsular membranes with the Nd:YAG laser in a pediatric population. Am J Ophthalmol 1994;118:496-501.
271. Maltzmann BA, Wagner RS, Caputo AR. Neodymium: YAG laser surgery: the treatment of pediatric cataract disease. Am J Ophthalmol 1986;18:245-6.
272. Ryan SJ, Blanton FM, Von Noorden GK. Surgery of congenital cataract. Am J Ophthalmol 1965;66:583-7.
273. François J. Late results of congenital cataract surgery. J Pediatr Ophthalmol 1970;7:139-45.
274. Kanski JJ, Elkington AR, Daniel R. Retinal detachment after congenital cataract surgery. Br J Ophthalmol 1974;58:92-5.
275. Toyofuku H, Hirose T, Schepens C. Retinal detachment following congenital cataract surgery. Arch Ophthalmol 1980;98:669-75.
276. Jagger JD, Cooling RJ, Fison LG, Leaver PK, McLeod D. Management of retinal detachment following congenital cataract surgery. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 1983;103:103-7.
277. McLeod D. Congenital cataract surgery: a retinal surgeon's viewpoint. Aust NZ J Ophthalmol 1986;14:79-84.
278. Simon JW, Mehta N, Simmons ST, Catalano RA, Lininger LL. Glaucoma after pediatric lensectomy/vitrectomy. Ophthalmology 1991;98:670-4.
279. Robb R, Peterson RA. Outcome of treatment for bilateral congenital cataracts. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 1992;90:183-200.
280. Schrader W, Rath M, Witschel H. Spätkomplikationen und funktioneile Ergebnisse mindenstens 5 Jahre nach Parsplana-Lentectomie wegen kongenitaler Katarakt. Ophthalmologe 1994;91:490-7.
281. Biglan AW, Cheng KP, Davis JS, Gerontis CC. Secondary intraocular lens implantation after cataract surgery in children. Am J Ophthalmol 1997;123:224-34.
282. Egbert JE, Kushner BJ. Excessive loss of hyperopia: a presenting sign of juvenile aphakic glaucoma. Arch Ophthalmol 1990;108:1257-9.
283. Chandler PA. Surgery of the lens in infancy and childhood. Arch Ophthalmol 1951;45:125-38.
284. Chandler PA. Surgery of congenital cataracts. The 24th Edward Jackson Memorial Lecture. Am J Ophthalmol 1968;65:663-70.
285. Brady KM, Atkinson CS, Kilty LA, Hiles DA. Cataract surgery and intraocular lens implantation in children. Am J Ophthalmol 1995;120:1-9.
286. Crouch ER, Pressman SH, Crouch ER. Posterior chamber intraocular lenses: long term results in pediatric cataract patients. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 1995;32:210-8.
287. Zetterstrom C, Kugelberg U, Scarson C. Cataract surgery in children with capsulorhexis of anterior and posterior capsules and heparin surface-modified intraocular lenses. J Cataract Refract Surg 1994;20:599-601.
288. Vajpayee RB, Talwar D. Pseudophakic malignant glaucoma in a child. Ophthalmic Surg 1991;22:266-7.
289. Cordes FC. Failure in congenital cataract surgery. The 12th Edward Jackson Memorial Lecture. Am J Ophthalmol 1957;43:1-21.
290. Jones IS. The treatment of congenital cataract by needling. Am J Ophthalmol 1961;52:347-55.
291. Phelps CD, Arafat NI. Open angle glaucoma following surgery for congenital cataracts. Arch Ophthalmol 1977;95:1985-7.
292. Munoz M, Parrish RK, Murray TG. Open-angle glaucoma after pars plicata lensectomy and vitrectomy for congenital cataracts. Am J Ophthalmol 1995;119:103-4.
293. Asrani SG, Wilensky JT. Glaucoma after congenital cataract surgery. Ophthalmology 1995;102:863-7.
294. Mills MD, Robb RM. Glaucoma following childhood cataract surgery. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 1996;31:355-60.
295. Wallace DK, Plager DA. Corneal diameter in childhood aphakic glaucoma. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 1996;33:230-4.
296. Walton DS. Pediatric aphakic glaucoma: a study of 65 patients. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 1995;93:403-13.
297. Barnhorst D, Meyers SM, Myers T. Lens-induced glaucoma 65 years after congenital cataract surgery. Am J Ophthalmol 1994;118:807-8.
298. Taylor DSI. Developments in the treatment of cataract: The Treacher Collins Prize Essay 1982. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 1982;102:441-53.
299. Hoyt CS, Nickel B. Aphakic cystoid macular edema. Arch Ophthalmol 1982;100:746-9.
300. Poer DV, Helveston EM, Ellis FD. Aphakic cystoid macular edema in children. Arch Ophthalmol 1981;99:249-52.
301. Gilbard SM, Peyman GA, Goldberg MF. Evaluation for cystoid maculopathy after pars plicata lensectomy-vitrectomy for congenital cataracts. Ophthalmology 1983;90:1201-6.
302. Morgan KS, Franklin RM. Oral fluorescein angioscopy in aphakic children. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 1984;21:33-6.
303. Garcia-Garduño L, Fleitman J. Incidence of aphakic macular edema in congenital cataract. In: Cotlier E, Lambert S, Taylor D, editors. Congenital cataract. Austin, Texas: RG Landes, 1994:139-41.
304. Scheie HG, Schaffer DB, Plotkin SA, Kertesz ED. Congenital rubella cataracts: surgical results and virus recovery from intraocular tissue. Arch Ophthalmol 1967;77:440.
305. Cotlier E, Fox J, Smith M. Rubella virus in the cataractous lens of congenital rubella syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol 1966;62:233-6.
306. Menser MA, Harley JD, Hertzberg R, Dorman DC, Murphy AM. Persistence of virus in lens for three years after prenatal rubella. Lancet 1967;2:387-8.
307. Cotlier E. Congenital varicella cataract. Am J Ophthalmol 1978;86:627-9.
308. Boniuk V, Boniuk M. The incidence of phthisis bulbi as a complication of cataract surgery in the congenital rubella syndrome. Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otol 1970;74:360-8.
309. Weiss DI, Ziring PR, Cooper LZ. Surgery of rubella cataract. Am J Ophthalmol 1972;73:326-32.
310. Wolfe SM. The ocular manifestations of congenital rubella: a prospective study of 328 cases. J Pediatr Ophthalmol 1973;10:101-41.
311. Jameson NA, Good WV, Hoyt SC. Inflammation after cataract surgery in children. Ophthalmic Surg 1992;23:99-102.
312. Wiesel TN, Raviola E. Myopia and eye enlargement after neonatal lid fusion in monkeys. Nature 1977;266:66-8.
313. Miles FA, Wallman J. Local ocular compensation for imposed local refractive error. Vision Res 1990;30:339-49.
314. Scahaeffel F, Troilo D, Wallman J, Howland HC. Developing eyes that lack accommodation grow to compensate for imposed defocus. Vis Neurosci 1990;4:177-83.
315. Raviola E, Wiesel TN. Effect of dark-rearing on experimental myopia in monkeys. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1978;17:485-8.
316. Wiesel TN, Raviola E. Increase in the axial length of the macaque monkey eye after corneal opacification. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1979;18:1232-6.
317. Rasooly R, Benezra D. Congenital and traumatic cataract: the effect on ocular axial length. Arch Ophthalmol 1988;106:1066-8.
318. Crewther SG, Nathan J, Kiely PM, Brennan NA, Crewther DP. The effect of defocussing contact lenses on refraction in cynomolgus monkeys. Clin Vis Sci 1988;3:221-8.
319. Rabin J, Van Sluyters RC, Malach R. Emmetropisation: a vision-dependent phenomenon. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1981;20:561-4.
320. Johnson CA, Post RB, Chalupa LM, Lee TJ. Monocular deprivation in humans: a study of identical twins. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1982;23:135-8.
321. von Noorden GK, Lewis RA. Ocular axial length in unilateral congenital cataracts and blepharoptosis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1987;28:750-2.
322. Morris JA, Taylor D, Rogers JE, Vaegan, Warland J. Contact lens treatment of aphakic infants and children. J Br Contact Lens Assoc 1979;2:22-30.
323. Schulz E. Visual development and refractive changes in congenital cataract. Eur J Implant Refract Surg 1990;2:253-6.
324. Lorenz B, Wörle J, Friedl N, Hasenfratz G. Ocular growth in infant aphakia. Ophthalmic Paediatr Genet 1993;14:177-88.
325. McClatchey SK, Parks MM. Myopic shift after cataract removal in childhood. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 1997;34:88-95.
326. Awner S, Buckley EG, De Varo JM, Seaber JH. Unilateral pseudophakia in children under 4 years. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 1996;33:230-6.
327. Huber C. Increasing myopia in children with intraocular lenses (IOL): an experiment in form deprivation myopia? Eur J Implant Refract Surg 1993;5:154-8.
328. Kora Y, Shimizu K, Inatomi M, Fukado Y, Ozawa T. Eye growth after cataract extraction and intraocular lens implantation in children. Ophthalmic Surg 1993;24:467-75.
329. BenEzra D. Cataract surgery and intraocular lens implantation in children [letter]. Am J Ophthalmol 1996;121:224-7.
330. Thouvenin D, Lesueur L, Arne JL. Implantation intercapsulaire dans les cataractes de l'enfant. Étude de 87 cas et comparaison à 88 cas sans implantation. J Fr Ophtalmol 1995;18:678-87.
331. Migdal C. Congenital cataracts: management and visual results (Cape Town 1956-1976). J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 1981;18:13-21.
332. Jain IS, Pillai P, Gangwar DN, Gopal L, Dhir SP. Congenital cataract: management and results. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 1983;20:243-6.
333. Ruben M. Role of contact lenses in aphakia in infants and young children. Proc R Soc Med 1969;62:696-9.
334. Davies PD, Tarbuck DTH. Management of cataracts in infancy and childhood. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 1977;97:148-52.
335. Parks MM, Hiles DA. Management of infantile cataracts. Am J Ophthalmol 1967;63:10-9.
336. Friendly DS, Oldt NW. Contact lenses for aphakic children. In: Hiles DA, editor. Infantile cataract surgery. Boston: Little, Brown, 1977:205-19.
337. Pratt-Johnson JA, Tillson G. Hard contact lenses in the management of congenital cataracts. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 1985;22:94-7.
338. Robb RM, Mayer DL, Moore B. Results of early treatment of unilateral congenital cataracts. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 1987;24:178-81.
339. Levin AV, Edmonds SA, Nelson LB, Calhoun JN, Harley RD. Extended wear contact lenses for the treatment of pediatric aphakia. Ophthalmology 1988;95:1107-13.
340. Amaya L, Speedwell L, Taylor DSI. Contact lenses for infant aphakia. Br J Ophthalmol 1990;74:150-4.
341. Moore BD. Pediatric aphakic contact lens wear: rates of successful wear. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 1993;30:253-8.
342. Neumann D, Weissman BA, Isenberg SJ, Rosenbaum A, Bateman JB. The effectiveness of daily wear contact lenses for the correction of infantile aphakia. Arch Ophthalmol 1993;111:927-30.
343. Holmstrom G, Speedwell L, Taylor DSI. Contact lenses: still the only solution for infant aphakia. Eur J Implant Refract Surg 1990;2:265-7.
344. Hoyt CS. The optical correction of pediatric aphakia [editorial]. Arch Ophthalmol 1986;104:651-2.
345. Baker JD. Contact lenses. Surv Ophthalmol 1990;34:366-71.
346. Moore BD. Changes in aphakic refraction of children with unilateral congenital cataracts. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 1989;26:290-5.
347. Taylor DSI. Risks and difficulties of the treatment of aphakia in infancy. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 1982;102:403-6.
348. Epstein RJ, Fernandes A, Gammon JA. The correction of aphakia in infants with hydrogel extended wear contact lenses. Ophthalmology 1988;95:1102-6.
349. Amos CF, Lambert SR, Ward MA. Rigid gas permeable contact lens correction of aphakia following congenital cataract removal during infancy. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 1992;29:243-5.
350. BenEzra D, Rose L. Intraocular versus contact lenses for the correction of aphakia in unilateral congenital and developmental cataract. Eur J Implant Refract Surg 1990;2:303-7.
351. Enoch JM, Hamer RD. Image size correction of the unilateral aphakic infant. Ophthalmic Paediatr Genet 1983;2:153-65.
352. Poggio EC, Glynn RJ, Schein OD, Seddon JM, Shannon MJ, Scardino VA, et al. The incidence of ulcerative keratitis among users of daily-wear and extended-wear soft contact lenses. N Engl J Med 1989;321:779-83.
353. Glynn RJ, Schein OD, Seddon JM, Poggio EC, Goodfellow JR, Scardino VA, et al. The incidence of ulcerative keratitis among aphakic contact lens wearers in New England. Arch Ophthalmol 1991;109:104-7.
354. Chan WK, Weissman BA. Corneal pannus associated with contact lens wear. Am J Ophthalmol 1996;121:540-6.
355. Epstein RJ, Fernandes A, Stulting RD, Wright JD, Tigges MH, Gammon JA. Extended-wear contact lens correction of aphakia in infant primates. Ophthalmology 1986;93:1495-501.
356. Morgan KS, Braveman DE, Baker JD. The correction of unilateral aphakia in children treated for orbital rhabdomyosarcoma. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 1990;27:70-3.
357. Morgan KS, Werblin TP, Asbell PA, Loupe DN, Friedlander MH. The use of epikeratophakia grafts in pediatric monocular aphakia. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 1981;18:23-9.
358. Morgan KS, Stephenson GS, Macdonald MB, Kaufman HC. Epikeratophakia in children. Ophthalmology 1984;91:780-5.
359. Kelly CG, Keates RH, Lembach RG. Epikeratophakia for pediatric aphakia. Arch Ophthalmol 1986;104:680-2.
360. Morgan KS, Arffa RC, Marvelli TL, Verity SM. Five year follow up of epikeratophakia in children. Ophthalmology 1986;93:423-31.
361. Morgan KS, McDonald MB, Hiles DA, Aquavella JV, Durrie DS, Hunkeles JD, et al. The nationwide study of epikeratophakia for aphakia in children. Am J Ophthalmol 1987;103:366-74.
362. Morgan KS, McDonald MB, Hiles DA, Aquavella JV, Durrie DS, Hunkeler JD, et al. The nationwide study of epikeratophakia for aphakia in older children. Ophthalmology 1988;95:526-31.
363. Committee on Ophthalmic Procedure Assessment. Epikeratoplasty. Ophthalmology 1996;103:983-91.
364. Arffa RC, Marvelli TL, Morgan KS. Long term follow up of refractive and keratometric results in pediatric epikeratophakia. Arch Ophthalmol 1986;104:668-70.
365. Binkhorst CD. Iris clip and irido-capsular lens implants (pseudophakoi). Br J Ophthalmol 1967;51:767-71.
366. Binkhorst CD, Gobin MH. Post traumatic artificial lens implants (pseudophakoi) in children. Br J Ophthalmol 1969;53:518-29.
367. Binkhorst CD, Gobin MH. Treatment of congenital and juvenile cataract with intraocular lens implants (pseudophakoi). Br J Ophthalmol 1970;54:759-65.
368. Binkhorst CD, Gobin MH. Congenital cataract and lens implantation. Ophthalmologica 1972;164:392-7.
369. Hiles DA. Intraocular lens implantation in children. Ann Ophthalmol 1977;9:789-97.
370. Hiles DA. Intraocular lenses in children. In: Hiles D, editor. Infantile cataract surgery. Boston: Little, Brown, 1977:221-12.
371. Vasavada A, Chauhan H. Intraocular lens implantation in infants with congenital cataracts. J Cataract Refract Surg 1994;20:592-8.
372. Taylor DSI. Monocular infantile cataract, intraocular lenses and amblyopia. Br J Ophthalmol 1989;73:857-9.
373. Mehta HK. Biodegradation of nylon loops of intraocular implants in children. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 1979;99:183-6.
374. de Courten C, Bucher PJM, BenEzra D. Experience with HEMA lenses in paediatric cataract. Eur J Implant Refract Surg 1990;2:315-8.
375. Markham RHC, Bloom PA, Chandna A, Newcombe EH. Results of intraocular lens implantation in paediatric aphakia. Eye 1992;6:493-8.
376. Wilson ME, Apple DJ, Bluestein EC, Wang X-H. Intraocular lenses for pediatric implantation: biomaterials, designs and sizing. J Cataract Refract Surg 1994;20:584-91.
377. Sinskey RM, Amin P, Stoppel J. Intraocular lens implantation in microphthalmic patients. J Cataract Refract Surg 1992;18:480-4.
378. Ben Ezra D. Intraocular lenses for unilateral paediatric aphakia: early lenses and long-term follow up. Eur J Implant Refract Surg 1990;2:285-9.
379. Drews RC. Clinical use for AC IOLs. Ophthalmology 1995;102:857.
380. Hiles DA. Intraocular lenses. Surv Ophthalmol 1990;34:371-9.
381. Menezo JL, Taboada JF, Ferrer E. Complications of intraocular lenses in children. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 1995;104:546-52.
382. Lesueur L, Thouvenin D, Arne JL. Résultats visuels et sensoriels du traitement chirurgical des cataractes de l'enfant. À propos de 135 cas. J Fr Ophtalmol 1995;18:667-77.
383. Ellis F. Intraocular lenses in children [editorial]. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 1992;29:71-2.
384. Wilson ME, Bluestein EC, Wang XH. Current trends in the use of intraocular lenses in children. J Cataract Refract Surg 1994;20:579-83.
385. Wilson ME. Intraocular lens implantation: has it become the standard of care for children [guest editorial]. Ophthalmology 1996;103:1719-20.
386. Dahan E, Welsh NH, Salmenson BD. Posterior chamber implants in unilateral congenital and developmental cataracts. Eur J Implant Refract Surg 1990;2:295-301.
387. Ben Ezra D, Paez JH. Congenital cataract and intraocular lenses. Am J Ophthalmol 1983;96:311-4.
388. Plager DA, Lipsky SN, Snyder SK, Sprunger DT, Ellis FD, Sondhi N. Capsular management and refractive error in paediatric intraocular lenses. Ophthalmology 1997;104:600-6.
389. Dahan E, Salmenson BD. Pseudophakia in children: precautions, techniques and feasibility. J Cataract Refract Surg 1990;16:75-82.
390. Metge P, Cohen H, Chemila JF. Intercapsular implantation in children. Eur J Implant Refract Surg 1992;4:319-23.
391. Apple DJ, Mamalis N, Lotfield K, Googe JM, Novak LC, Brady SE, et al. Complications of intraocular lenses: a historical and histopathological review. Surv Ophthalmol 1984;29:1-54.
392. Burke JP, Willshaw HE, Young JDH. Intraocular lens implants for uniocular cataracts in children. Br J Ophthalmol 1989;73:860-5.
393. Lesser GR, Osher RH, Whipple D, et al. Treatment of anterior chamber fibrin following cataract surgery with tissue plasminogen activator. J Cataract Refract Surg 1993;19:301.
394. Mittra RA, Dev S, Nasir MA, Toth CA. Recombinant hirudin prevents postoperative fibrin formation after experimental cataract surgery. Ophthalmology 1997;104:558-61.
395. Norris JW, Chirls IA, Santry JG, Norris JW III. Severe fibrinous reaction after cataract and intraocular lens implantation surgery requiring neodymium-YAG laser therapy. J Cataract Refract Surg 1990;16:637-9.
396. Johnson RN, Blankenship G. A prospective, randomised, clinical trial of heparin therapy for postoperative intraocular fibrin. Ophthalmology 1988;95:312-7.
397. Wilson-Holt N, Hing S, Taylor DSI. Bilateral binding uveitis in a child after secondary intraocular lens implantation for unilateral congenital cataract. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 1991;28:116-8.
398. Crouch ER Jr, Pressman SH, Crouch ER. Posterior chamber intraocular lenses: Long-term results in pediatric cataract patients. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 1995;32:210-8.
399. De Varo JM, Buckley EG, Awner S, Seaber J. Secondary posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation in pediatric patients. Am J Ophthalmol 1997;123:24-30.
400. Lambert SR, Fernandes A, Grossniklaus H, Drews-Botsch C, Eggers H, Boothe RG. Neonatal lensectomy and intraocular lens implantation: effects in rhesus monkeys. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1995;36:300-10.
401. Lambert SR, Fernandes A, Grossniklaus HE. Haptic breakage following neonatal IOL implantation in a nonhuman primate model. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 1995;32:219-24.
402. Fernandes A, Lambert SR, Grossniklaus HE. Glaucoma induced by neonatal implantation in a monkey model. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1995;36(Suppl):331.
403. Kora Y, Inatomi M, Fukado Y, Marumori M, Yaguchi S. Long-term study of children with implanted intraocular lenses. J Cataract Refract Surg 1992;18:485-8.
404. Hiles DA. Intraocular lens implantation in children with monocular cataracts. Ophthalmology 1984;91:1231-8.
405. Sinskey RM, Stoppel JO, Amin P. Long-term results of intraocular lens implantation in pediatric patients. J Cataract Refract Surg 1993;19:405-8.
406. Dahan E, Salmenson BD, Levin J. Ciliary sulcus reconstruction for posterior implantation in the absence of an intact posterior capsule. Ophthalmic Surg 1989;20:776-80.
407. Scott IU, Flynn HW, Feuer W. Endophthalmitis after secondary intraocular lens implantation. Ophthalmology 1995;102:1925-31.
408. Owens WC. Results of surgical treatment of congenital cataract. Arch Ophthalmol 1948;39:339-50.
409. François J. Treatment of congenital cataracts. Ann Ophthalmol 1970;2:131-9.
410. Hervouet F, Charleux J. Physionomies de la cataracte congénitale en 1979. J Fr Ophtalmol 1977;2:727-34.
411. Rodgers GL, Tishler CL, Tsou BH, Hertle RW, Fellows RR. Visual acuities in infants with congenital cataracts operated on prior to 6 months of age. Arch Ophthalmol 1981;99:999-1003.
412. Lambert SR, Amaya L, Taylor DSI. Detection and treatment of infantile cataracts. Int Ophthalmol Clin 1989;29:51-6.
413. Lorenz B, Wörle J. Visual results in congenital cataract with the use of contact lenses. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 1991;229:123-32.
414. Abrahamson IA, Abrahamson IA Jr. Modern concepts in the management of congenital cataracts. J Pediatr Ophthalmol 1967;4:35-46.
415. Enoch JM, Rabinowicz IM. Early surgery and visual correction of an infant born with unilateral eye lens opacity. Doc Ophthalmol 1976;41:371-82.
416. Jacobson SG, Mohindra I, Held R. Development of visual acuity in infants with congenital cataracts. Br J Ophthalmol 1981;65:727-35.
417. Von Noorden GK. Factors involved in the production of amblyopia. Br J Ophthalmol 1974;58:158-64.
418. Frey T, Friendly D, Wyatt D. Re-evaluation of monocular cataracts in children. Am J Ophthalmol 1973;76:381-8.
419. Lewis T, Maurer D, Brent H. Effects on perceptual development of visual deprivation during infancy. Br J Ophthalmol 1986;70:214-20.
420. Birch EE, Stager DR, Wright WW. Grating acuity development after early surgery for congenital unilateral cataract. Arch Ophthalmol 1986;104:1783-7.
421. Birch EE, Stager DR. Prevalence of good visual acuity following surgery for congenital unilateral cataract. Arch Ophthalmol 1988;106:40-3.
422. Catalano RA, Simon JW, Jenkins PL, Kandel GL. Preferential looking as a guide for amblyopia therapy in monocular infantile cataracts. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 1987;24:56-63.
423. Vila-Coro A, Mazow ML. Initiation of amblyopia treatment in monocular congenital cataracts [letter]. Arch Ophthalmol 1989;107:1113.
424. Birch EE, Swanson WH, Stager DR. Outcome after very early treatment of dense congenital unilateral cataract. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1993;34:3687-98.
425. Moran J, Gordon B. Long term visual deprivation in a human. Vision Res 1982;22:27-36.
426. Cheng KP, Hiles DA, Biglan AW, Pettapiece MC. Visual results after early surgical treatment of unilateral congenital cataracts. Ophthalmology 1991;98:903-10.
427. Goldstein JH, Schneekloth BB. Unilateral congenital cataract and binocular vision [letter]. Ophthalmic Surg 1993;24:560-1.
428. Pratt-Johnson JA, Tillson G. Unilateral congenital cataract: binocular status after treatment. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 1989;26:72-5.
429. Tytla ME, Lewis TL, Maurer D, Brent HP. Stereopsis after congenital cataract. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1993;34:1767-73.
430. Wright KW, Matsumoto E, Edelman PM. Binocular fusion and stereopsis associated with early surgery for monocular congenital cataracts. Arch Ophthalmol 1992;110:1607-9.
431. Yagasaki T, Sato M, Nomura H, Hirai T, Awaya S. A case with stereopsis following early surgery for unilateral congenital cataract. Nippon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi 1994;98:111-6.
432. Gregg F, Parks M. Stereopsis after congenital monocular cataract extraction. Am J Ophthalmol 1992;114:314-7.
433. France TD, Frank JW. The association of strabismus and aphakia in children. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 1984;21:223-6.
434. Lewis TL, Maurer D, Tytla ME, Bowering ER, Brent HP. Vision in the 'good' eye of children treated for unilateral congenital cataract. Ophthalmology 1992;9:1013-7.
435. Shawkat FS, Harris CM, Taylor DSI, Thompson DA, Russell-Eggitt I, Kriss A. The optokinetic response differences between congenital profound and non-profound unilateral visual deprivation. Ophthalmology 1995;102:1615-22.
436. Spielmann A. The fate of the 'sound' eye in unilateral congenital cataract. Eur J Implant Refract Surg 1990;2:245-8.
437. Smith KH, Baker DB, Keech RV, Adams LW, Rosa RH, Austin CJ, et al. Monocular congenital cataracts: psychological effects of treatment. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 1991;28:245-9.
438. Tommila V, Tarkkanen A. Incidence of loss of vision in the healthy eye in amblyopia. Br J Ophthalmol 1981;65:575-7.
439. Summers CG, Letson R. Is the phakic eye normal in monocular pediatric aphakia? J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 1992;29:324-7.