Israel and its Arab citizens: Predicaments in the relationship between ethnic states and ethnonational minorities

Third World Quarterly

Volumn 19, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 277-296

  Rouhana, Nadim ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS BOSTON   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARAB PEOPLE; ETHNIC MINORITY; ETHNOPOLITICS; STATE BUILDING;

ISRAEL;

EID: 0031903063     PISSN: 01436597     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/01436599814460     Document Type: Article

References (105)

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3. M Weiner, 'Peoples and states in a new ethnic order?', Third World Quarterly, 13 (2), 1992 pp 317-333; W Connor, Ethnonationalism: The Quest for Understanding, Princeton, N: Princeton University Press, 1994; and TR Gurr, Minorities at Risk: A Global View of Ethnopolitical Conflicts, Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, 1993.
4. M Weiner, 'Peoples and states in a new ethnic order?', Third World Quarterly, 13 (2), 1992 pp 317-333; W Connor, Ethnonationalism: The Quest for Understanding, Princeton, N: Princeton University Press, 1994; and TR Gurr, Minorities at Risk: A Global View of Ethnopolitical Conflicts, Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, 1993.
5. Maynes, 'Containing ethnic conflict'.
6. Ibid.
7. Central Bureau of Statistics, Statistical Abstract of Israel, Jerusalem: CBS, 1995.
8. Ibid.
9. The projection provided by the Statistical Abstract of Israel is 21.5%. The percentage in the text was calculated to exclude Arab residents in East Jerusalem and the Golan Heights.
10. A. Sofer, Geography and Demography in the Land of Israel in the year 2000, in Approaching the Year 2000: Toward Peace or Another War? ed A Hareven, Jerusalem: The Van Leer Jerusalem Institute, In Hebrew, 1988.
11. Figures calculated for the Statistical Abstract of Israel, table 2.16.
12. Sofer, 1988
13. Ibid.
14. N N Rouhana, & A Ghanem, 'The democratization of a traditional minority in an ethnic democracy: the Palestinians in Israel', in E Kaufman, S Abed & R Rothstein (eds), Democracy, Peace, and the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1993, pp 163-185.
15. D Horowitz, & M Lissak, Trouble in Utopia: The Overburdened Polity of Israel, Albany, NY: State University of New York, 1989, p 144.
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17. D H Akenson, God's Peoples: Covenant and Land in South Africa, Israel, and Ulster, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1992.
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19. P Lahav, 'The press and national security', in A Yaniv (ed), National Security and Democracy in Israel, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1993, pp 173-195; and A Pinkas, 'Garrison democracy: the impact of the 1967 occupation of territories on institutional democracy in Israel', in Kaufman et al, Democracy, Peace, and the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, pp 61-83.
20. S. Smooha, 'Minority status in an ethnic democracy: the status of the Arab minorily in Israel', Ethnic and Racial Studies, 13 (3), 1990, pp 389-413.
21. N N Rouhana, Palestinian Citizens in an Ethnic Jewish State, Identities in Conflict: New Haven CT: Yale University Press, 1997.
22. D Kretzmer, The Legal Status of the Arabs in Israel, Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1990; and Rouhana, Identities in Conflict.
23. D Kretzmer, The Legal Status of the Arabs in Israel, Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1990; and Rouhana, Identities in Conflict.
24. Rouhana, Palestinian Citizens in an Ethnic Jewish State.
25. For further discussion of this issue, see ibid.
26. J Karp, 'Basic Law: human dignity and liberty - a biography of power struggles', Mishpat Umimshal: Law and Government in Israel, 1 (2), 1993 pp 323-384 (in Hebrew).
27. C Klein, Israel as a Nation-State and the Problem of the Arab Minority: In Search of a Status, Tel-Aviv: International Center for Peace in the Middle East, 1987.
28. A B Yehoshua, The mistake of the left: Yaron London Interviews: Politika, Nov.-Dec. 8-13, in Hebrew, 1985, p. 10.
29. A B Yehoshua, 'I am an Israeli', Mifgash-Liqa: The Hebrew-Arabic Cultural Forum, 7-8: 88-93, in Hebrew, 1987.
30. R Brubaker, Citizenship and Nationhood in France and Germany, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992; and U Ra'anan, 'Nation and state: order out of chaos', in U Ra'anan, M Mesner, K Armes & K Martin (eds), State and Nation in Multi-Ethnic Societies, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1992 pp 3-32.
31. R Brubaker, Citizenship and Nationhood in France and Germany, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992; and U Ra'anan, 'Nation and state: order out of chaos', in U Ra'anan, M Mesner, K Armes & K Martin (eds), State and Nation in Multi-Ethnic Societies, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1992 pp 3-32.
32. Maynes, 'Containing ethnic conflict'.
33. Brubaker, Citizenship and nationhood in France and Germany.
34. Yehoshua, 'I am an Israeli'.
35. U Halabi, Discrimination on the Basis of National Affiliation in Israeli Legislation, MA thesis presented to The Hebrew University Law School, Jerusalem, 1987; and Kretzmer, The Legal Status of the Arabs in Israel.
36. U Halabi, Discrimination on the Basis of National Affiliation in Israeli Legislation, MA thesis presented to The Hebrew University Law School, Jerusalem, 1987; and Kretzmer, The Legal Status of the Arabs in Israel.
37. S Jiryis, The Arabs in Israel, New York: Monthly Review Press, 1976; and Kretzmer, The Legal Status of the Arabs in Israel.
38. S Jiryis, The Arabs in Israel, New York: Monthly Review Press, 1976; and Kretzmer, The Legal Status of the Arabs in Israel.
39. H Rosenfeld, & M Al-Haj, Arab Local Government in Israel, Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1990.
40. A Haidar, Social Welfare Services for Israel's Arab Population, Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1991; N Reiss, The Health Care of the Arabs in Israel, Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1991; and M Al-Haj, Education, Empowerment, and Control: The Case of the Arabs in Israel, Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1995.
41. A Haidar, Social Welfare Services for Israel's Arab Population, Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1991; N Reiss, The Health Care of the Arabs in Israel, Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1991; and M Al-Haj, Education, Empowerment, and Control: The Case of the Arabs in Israel, Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1995.
42. A Haidar, Social Welfare Services for Israel's Arab Population, Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1991; N Reiss, The Health Care of the Arabs in Israel, Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1991; and M Al-Haj, Education, Empowerment, and Control: The Case of the Arabs in Israel, Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1995.
43. R Khamaysi, Planning and Housing Policy in the Arab Sector in Israel, Tel Aviv: International Center for Peace in the Middle East 1990 in Hebrew. Mitzpim are small Jewish settlements erected close to Arab towns, particularly in Galilee, with the explicit goal of preventing the 'illegal' expansion of Arab villages and towns. Because tens of Arab villages are denied recognition, their expansion is, by definition, considered illegal. The government used various incentives to draw Jewish citizens to the Mitzpim, often settlements with small number of residents who control a large area of land.
44. R Falah, 'Israeli Judaization policy in the Galilee and its impact on local Arab urbanisation', Political Geography Quarterly, 8, 1989, pp 229-253.
45. A Hareven, Annual Progress Report: Equality and Integration, Jerusalem, Sikkuy, 1995.
46. E T Zureik, Palestinians in Israel: A study of Internal Colonialism, Andover UK: Routledge and Keagan Paul, 1979; RI Khalidi, The Arab Economy in Israel, London: Croon Helm; and Ñ Lewis-Epstein & M Semyonor, The Arab Minority in Israel's Economy: Patterns of Ethnic Inequality, Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1993.
47. E T Zureik, Palestinians in Israel: A study of Internal Colonialism, Andover UK: Routledge and Keagan Paul, 1979; RI Khalidi, The Arab Economy in Israel, London: Croon Helm; and Ñ Lewis-Epstein & M Semyonor, The Arab Minority in Israel's Economy: Patterns of Ethnic Inequality, Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1993.
48. E T Zureik, Palestinians in Israel: A study of Internal Colonialism, Andover UK: Routledge and Keagan Paul, 1979; RI Khalidi, The Arab Economy in Israel, London: Croon Helm; and Ñ Lewis-Epstein & M Semyonor, The Arab Minority in Israel's Economy: Patterns of Ethnic Inequality, Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1993.
49. I Lustick, Arabs in the Jewish State: Israel's Control of a National Minority, Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 1980.
50. Jiryis, The Arabs in Israel.
51. M Tsemach, The Attitudes of the Jewish Majority Toward the Arab Minority, Jerusalem: Van Leer Institute, in Hebrew, 1980.
52. S. Smooha, Arabs and Jews in Israel: Conflicting and Shared Attitudes in a Divided Society, vol 1, San Francisco: Westview Press, 1989.
53. M A Tessler, 'Arabs in Israel', American Universities Field Staff Reports - Asia, 1, 1980 p 9.
54. W Ryan, Equality: New York: Panthean, 1981.
55. A Lijphart, 'Political theories and the explanation of ethnic conflict in the Western world', In M Esman (ed), Ethnic Conflict in the Western World, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1977 pp 46-64.
56. It is possible that awareness of unequal conditions, sensitivity to it and evaluation of its importance as a determinant of ethnic relations and ethnic conflict is different between those who suffer from it and those who benefit from it.
57. J Burton (ed), Conflict: Human Needs Theory, New York: St Martin's Press, 1990.
58. J Burton, Resolving Deep-Rooted Conflict: A Handbook, Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1987; EE Azar The Management of Protracted Social Conflict, Aldershot, UK: Dartmouth, 1990; and C Mitchell, 'Necessitous man and conflict resolution: more basic questions about basic human needs theory', in Burton, Conflict: Human Needs Theory.
59. J Burton, Resolving Deep-Rooted Conflict: A Handbook, Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1987; EE Azar The Management of Protracted Social Conflict, Aldershot, UK: Dartmouth, 1990; and C Mitchell, 'Necessitous man and conflict resolution: more basic questions about basic human needs theory', in Burton, Conflict: Human Needs Theory.
60. J Burton, Resolving Deep-Rooted Conflict: A Handbook, Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1987; EE Azar The Management of Protracted Social Conflict, Aldershot, UK: Dartmouth, 1990; and C Mitchell, 'Necessitous man and conflict resolution: more basic questions about basic human needs theory', in Burton, Conflict: Human Needs Theory.
61. Smooha, 'Minority status in an ethnic democracy'.
62. Gurr, Minorities at Rish.
63. D Horowitz, Ethnic Groups in Conflict, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1985; and Gurr, Minorities at Rish.
64. D Horowitz, Ethnic Groups in Conflict, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1985; and Gurr, Minorities at Rish.
65. Cyprus before the de facto partition and Northern Ireland before the 'troubles' are examples of ethnic systems in democratic states.
66. A Hareven, Annual Progress Report, 1995.
67. Rouhana and Ghanem, 'The democratization of a traditional minority in an ethnic democracy'.
68. S Smooha, Minority Status in an Ethnic Democracy, 1990.
69. M Buber, 'The binational approach to Zionism', in M Buber, JL Magnes & E Simon (eds), Towards Union in Palestine: Essays on Zionism arid Arab-Jewish Cooperation, Jerusalem: Ihud Association, 1947 pp 7-13; and S Elapan, The Birth of Israel: Myths and Realities. New York: Pantheon Books, 1987.
70. M Buber, 'The binational approach to Zionism', in M Buber, JL Magnes & E Simon (eds), Towards Union in Palestine: Essays on Zionism arid Arab-Jewish Cooperation, Jerusalem: Ihud Association, 1947 pp 7-13; and S Elapan, The Birth of Israel: Myths and Realities. New York: Pantheon Books, 1987.
71. S Teveth, The Evolution of 'Transfer' in Zionist Thinking, Tel Aviv: Moshe Dyan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies, 1989; and N Masalha, Expulsion of the Palestinians: The Concept of 'Transfer' in Zionist Political Thought, 1882-1948, Washington, DC: Institute for Palestinian Studies, 1992.
72. S Teveth, The Evolution of 'Transfer' in Zionist Thinking, Tel Aviv: Moshe Dyan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies, 1989; and N Masalha, Expulsion of the Palestinians: The Concept of 'Transfer' in Zionist Political Thought, 1882-1948, Washington, DC: Institute for Palestinian Studies, 1992.
73. Thus, the Declaration of Independence invoking the 'historic right of the Jewish people' in Palestine, proclaims in the name of the National Council 'representing the Jewish people' the establishment of 'the Jewish state in Palestine'. At the same time the document states that: 'The State of Israel ... will uphold the full social and political equality of all its citizens without distinction of religion, race, or sex'.
74. N N Rouhana, 'The political transformation of the Palestinians in Israel: from acquiescence to challenge', Journal of Palestine Studies, 18 (3), 1989, pp 38-59; Kretzmer, The Legal Status of the Arabs in Israel; Smooha 1990; A Bishara, 'The Israeli Arab: readings in a truncated political text', Majallat al-Dirasat al-Filastiniyah, 24, 1995, pp 26-54 (in Arabic); and O Yiftachel, 1993 'Debate: the concept of "ethnic democracy" and its application to the case of Israel', Ethnic and Racial Studies, 15 (1), 1992, pp 125-136.
75. N N Rouhana, 'The political transformation of the Palestinians in Israel: from acquiescence to challenge', Journal of Palestine Studies, 18 (3), 1989, pp 38-59; Kretzmer, The Legal Status of the Arabs in Israel; Smooha 1990; A Bishara, 'The Israeli Arab: readings in a truncated political text', Majallat al-Dirasat al-Filastiniyah, 24, 1995, pp 26-54 (in Arabic); and O Yiftachel, 1993 'Debate: the concept of "ethnic democracy" and its application to the case of Israel', Ethnic and Racial Studies, 15 (1), 1992, pp 125-136.
76. N N Rouhana, 'The political transformation of the Palestinians in Israel: from acquiescence to challenge', Journal of Palestine Studies, 18 (3), 1989, pp 38-59; Kretzmer, The Legal Status of the Arabs in Israel; Smooha 1990; A Bishara, 'The Israeli Arab: readings in a truncated political text', Majallat al-Dirasat al-Filastiniyah, 24, 1995, pp 26-54 (in Arabic); and O Yiftachel, 1993 'Debate: the concept of "ethnic democracy" and its application to the case of Israel', Ethnic and Racial Studies, 15 (1), 1992, pp 125-136.
77. N N Rouhana, 'The political transformation of the Palestinians in Israel: from acquiescence to challenge', Journal of Palestine Studies, 18 (3), 1989, pp 38-59; Kretzmer, The Legal Status of the Arabs in Israel; Smooha 1990; A Bishara, 'The Israeli Arab: readings in a truncated political text', Majallat al-Dirasat al-Filastiniyah, 24, 1995, pp 26-54 (in Arabic); and O Yiftachel, 1993 'Debate: the concept of "ethnic democracy" and its application to the case of Israel', Ethnic and Racial Studies, 15 (1), 1992, pp 125-136.
78. Rouhana, 'The political transformation of the arabs in Israel'; and Rouhana, Palestinian Citizens in an Ethnic Jewish State.
79. Rouhana, 'The political transformation of the arabs in Israel'; and Rouhana, Palestinian Citizens in an Ethnic Jewish State.
80. Lustick, arabs in the Jewish State.
81. By the time the uprising was underway in 1988, there was no doubt that the psychological Green Line separating Israel and the occupied territories, which the Likud governments tried so hard to eradicate, had been re-erected in the political cognition of both Israelis and Palestinians. (N N Rouhana,) 'Palestinians in Israel: resurrecting the green line', Journal of Palestine Studies, 19, 1990, pp 58-75.
82. N N Rouhana, The Political Transformation of the Arabs in Israel, 1989.
83. For example, the classic work by Sabri Jiryis The Arabs in Israel which detailed the laws that the state enacted to expropriate Arab lands for exclusive Jewish use, was first published in 1969. Fawzi Asmar's book on the experience of being an Arab in Israel was published in 1968.
84. N N Rouhana, Palestinian Citizens in an Ethnic Jewish State.
85. The other element of consensus was the establishment of a Palestinian state in the West Bank and Gaza living in peace with Israel. This was achieved under the heavy influence of the Israeli Communist Party, an Arab-dominated party which followed Moscow's policies at the time.
86. The National Democratic Alignment galvanised the support of the Arab intelligentsia. The representation of the Democratic Front for Peace and Equality increased to five Knesset seats (from three in the former Knesset), including one representative of the National Democratic Alignment.
87. In Rouhana, Palestinian Citizens in an Ethnic Jewish State. I list a number of recent examples.
88. Ibid.
89. N N Rouhana & A Ghanem, 'Crises of ethnonational minorities in ethnic states: the case of the Palestinian citizens in Israel', International Journal for Middle East Studies, 30, 1998, pp. 321-346.
90. See Rouhana, Identities in Conflict.
91. See Klein, Israel as a nation-state and the problem of the arab Minority; and Yehrshua, 'I am an Israeli'.
92. See Klein, Israel as a nation-state and the problem of the arab Minority; and Yehrshua, 'I am an Israeli'.
93. Smooha, 'minority status in an ethnic democracy'.
94. A Hareven, Annual Progress Report.
95. Rouhana, Palestinian Citizens in an Ethnic Jewish State, 1990.
96. Smooha, Minority Status in an Ethnic Democracy, Kretzmar, The Legal Status of the Arabs in Israel.
97. Smooha, Minority Status in an Ethnic Democracy, Kretzmar, The Legal Status of the Arabs in Israel.
98. D Grossman, Sleeping on a Wire: Conversations with Palestinians in Israel, New York: Farra, Straus, and Giroux, 1993.
99. Sofer, Geography and Demography in the Land of Israel in the year 2000.
100. Ibid.
101. Falah, 'Israeli judaization policy in the Galilee'
102. As quoted in S Smooha, Arabs and Jews in Israel: Changes and Continuity in Mutual Tolerance, Vol 2, Boulder, CO: Westview, 1992.
103. See for example Sofer, Geography and Demography in the Land of Israel in the Year 2000.
104. S Ozacky-Lazar, & A Ghanem, Autonomy for the Arabs in Israel: An Initial Discussion, Givat Haviva: The Institute for Arabic Studies, 1990.
105. N N Rouhana, The Test of Equal Citizenship: Israel Between Jewish Ethnocracy and Bi-national Democracy, Harvard International Review, 20(2), 1998, pp. 74-78.