메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 17, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 27-38

The possible role of an active metabolite derived from the neuroleptic agent haloperidol in drug-induced parkinsonism

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

1 METHYL 4 PHENYLPYRIDINIUM; CYTOCHROME P450; DRUG METABOLITE; HALOPERIDOL; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; NEUROTOXIN;

EID: 0031892391     PISSN: 07313837     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3109/15569549809006488     Document Type: Conference Paper
Times cited : (8)

References (57)
  • 1
    • 0023175904 scopus 로고
    • Environmental and genetic factors in aetiology of Parkinson's disease
    • Barbeau, A., Roy, M., Cloutier, T. and Bernier, G., Environmental and genetic factors in aetiology of Parkinson's disease. Adv. Neurol., 45: 299-306, 1986.
    • (1986) Adv. Neurol. , vol.45 , pp. 299-306
    • Barbeau, A.1    Roy, M.2    Cloutier, T.3    Bernier, G.4
  • 2
    • 0028092822 scopus 로고
    • 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium-like neurotoxicity of a pyridinium metabolite derived from haloperidol: Cell culture and neurotransmitter uptake studies
    • Bloomquist, J., King, E.Y., Wright, A., Mytilineou, C., Kimura, K., Castagnoli, K. and Castagnoli, N.Jr.., 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium-like neurotoxicity of a pyridinium metabolite derived from haloperidol: cell culture and neurotransmitter uptake studies. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 270: 822-830, 1994.
    • (1994) J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. , vol.270 , pp. 822-830
    • Bloomquist, J.1    King, E.Y.2    Wright, A.3    Mytilineou, C.4    Kimura, K.5    Castagnoli, K.6    Castagnoli Jr., N.7
  • 4
    • 0021089452 scopus 로고
    • Aetiology of Parkinson's disease
    • Calne, D.B. and Langston, J.w., Aetiology of Parkinson's disease. Lancet, ii: 1457-1459, 1983.
    • (1983) Lancet , vol.2 , pp. 1457-1459
    • Calne, D.B.1    Langston, J.W.2
  • 6
    • 0021276089 scopus 로고
    • Metabolism of the neurotoxic ternary amine, MPTP, by brain monoamine oxidase
    • Chiba, K., Trevor, A.J. and Castagnoli, N.Jr., Metabolism of the neurotoxic ternary amine, MPTP, by brain monoamine oxidase. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 120: 574-578, 1984.
    • (1984) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. , vol.120 , pp. 574-578
    • Chiba, K.1    Trevor, A.J.2    Castagnoli Jr., N.3
  • 8
    • 0022626160 scopus 로고
    • Parkinsonism, tardive dyskinesia, akathisia and depression induced by flunarizine
    • Chouza, C., Scaramelli, A., Caamano, J.L., DeMedina, O., Ailanati, R. and Romero, S., Parkinsonism, tardive dyskinesia, akathisia and depression induced by flunarizine. Lancet, I: 1303-1305, 1986.
    • (1986) Lancet , vol.1 , pp. 1303-1305
    • Chouza, C.1    Scaramelli, A.2    Caamano, J.L.3    DeMedina, O.4    Ailanati, R.5    Romero, S.6
  • 11
    • 0027987501 scopus 로고
    • Quantitative analysis of one pyridinium metabolite of haloperidol and identification of another in schizophrenic patients
    • Eyles, D.W., McLennan, H.R., Jones, A., McGrath, J.J., Stedman, T.J. and Pond, S.M., Quantitative analysis of one pyridinium metabolite of haloperidol and identification of another in schizophrenic patients. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther., 56: 512-520, 1994.
    • (1994) Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. , vol.56 , pp. 512-520
    • Eyles, D.W.1    McLennan, H.R.2    Jones, A.3    McGrath, J.J.4    Stedman, T.J.5    Pond, S.M.6
  • 12
    • 0031575398 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Two pyridinium metabolites of haloperidol are present in the brain of patients at post-mortem
    • Eyles, D.W., Avent, K.M., Stedman, T.J. and Pond, S.M., Two pyridinium metabolites of haloperidol are present in the brain of patients at post-mortem. Life Sci., 60: 529-534, 1997.
    • (1997) Life Sci. , vol.60 , pp. 529-534
    • Eyles, D.W.1    Avent, K.M.2    Stedman, T.J.3    Pond, S.M.4
  • 13
    • 0026066622 scopus 로고
    • Dehydration in the first step in the bioactivation of haloperidol to its pyridinium metabolite
    • Fang, J. and Gorrod, J.W., Dehydration in the first step in the bioactivation of haloperidol to its pyridinium metabolite. Toxicol. Lett., 59: 117-123, 1991.
    • (1991) Toxicol. Lett. , vol.59 , pp. 117-123
    • Fang, J.1    Gorrod, J.W.2
  • 14
    • 0028805857 scopus 로고
    • +) towards cultured dopaminergic neuroblastoma cell
    • +) towards cultured dopaminergic neuroblastoma cell. Psychopharmacology, 121: 373-378, 1995.
    • (1995) Psychopharmacology , vol.121 , pp. 373-378
    • Fang, J.1    Zuo, D.2    Yu, P.H.3
  • 16
    • 0027178379 scopus 로고
    • On the metabolism of haloperidol
    • Gorrod, J.W. and Fang, J., On the metabolism of haloperidol. Xenobiotica, 23: 495-508, 1993.
    • (1993) Xenobiotica , vol.23 , pp. 495-508
    • Gorrod, J.W.1    Fang, J.2
  • 17
    • 0021968303 scopus 로고
    • Effects of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine and related compounds on the uptake of [3H]-3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine and [3H]-5-hydroxytryptamine in neostriatal synaptosomal preparations
    • Heikkila, R.E., Youngster, S.K., Manzino, L., Cabbat, F.S. and Duvoisin, R.C., Effects of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine and related compounds on the uptake of [3H]-3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine and [3H]-5-hydroxytryptamine in neostriatal synaptosomal preparations. J. Neurochem., 44: 310-314, 1985.
    • (1985) J. Neurochem. , vol.44 , pp. 310-314
    • Heikkila, R.E.1    Youngster, S.K.2    Manzino, L.3    Cabbat, F.S.4    Duvoisin, R.C.5
  • 18
    • 0026738182 scopus 로고
    • Determination of the pyridinium metabolite derived from haloperidol in brain tissue, plasma and urine by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection
    • Igarashi, K. and Castagnoli, N.Jr., Determination of the pyridinium metabolite derived from haloperidol in brain tissue, plasma and urine by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. J. Chromatogr. B, 579: 277-283, 1992.
    • (1992) J. Chromatogr. B , vol.579 , pp. 277-283
    • Igarashi, K.1    Castagnoli Jr., N.2
  • 20
    • 0028948508 scopus 로고
    • Simultaneous determination of haloperidol and its neurotoxic metabolite in plasma and brain tissue from schizophrenic patients treated with haloperidol using HPLC and solid-phase extraction
    • Igarashi, K., Kasuya, F., Fukui, M., Abe, T. and Castagnoli, N.Jr., Simultaneous determination of haloperidol and its neurotoxic metabolite in plasma and brain tissue from schizophrenic patients treated with haloperidol using HPLC and solid-phase extraction. Jpn. J. Forensic Toxicol., 13: 31-38, 1995.
    • (1995) Jpn. J. Forensic Toxicol. , vol.13 , pp. 31-38
    • Igarashi, K.1    Kasuya, F.2    Fukui, M.3    Abe, T.4    Castagnoli Jr., N.5
  • 21
    • 0030599005 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of a pyridinium metabolite derived from haloperidol on the activities of striatal tyrosine hydroxylase in freely moving rats
    • Igarashi, K., Matsubara, K., Kasuya, F., Fukui, M., Idzu, T. and Castagnoli, N.Jr., Effect of a pyridinium metabolite derived from haloperidol on the activities of striatal tyrosine hydroxylase in freely moving rats. Neurosci. Lett., 214: 183-186, 1996.
    • (1996) Neurosci. Lett. , vol.214 , pp. 183-186
    • Igarashi, K.1    Matsubara, K.2    Kasuya, F.3    Fukui, M.4    Idzu, T.5    Castagnoli Jr., N.6
  • 22
    • 0019944931 scopus 로고
    • Metoclopramide-induced parkinsonism-clinical characteristics of ten cases
    • Indo, T. and Ando, K., Metoclopramide-induced parkinsonism-clinical characteristics of ten cases. Arch. Neurol., 39: 494-500, 1982.
    • (1982) Arch. Neurol. , vol.39 , pp. 494-500
    • Indo, T.1    Ando, K.2
  • 23
    • 0000340348 scopus 로고
    • Parkinsonism-inducing neurotoxin N-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine: Uptake of the metabolite N-methyl-4-phenylpyridine by dopamine neurons explains selective toxicity
    • Javitch, J.A., D'Amato, R.J., Strittmatter, S.M. and Snyder, S.H., Parkinsonism-inducing neurotoxin N-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine: uptake of the metabolite N-methyl-4-phenylpyridine by dopamine neurons explains selective toxicity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 82: 2173-2177, 1985.
    • (1985) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.82 , pp. 2173-2177
    • Javitch, J.A.1    D'Amato, R.J.2    Strittmatter, S.M.3    Snyder, S.H.4
  • 24
    • 0024595503 scopus 로고
    • Effect of tetrahydroisoquinoline (TIQ), one of endogenous substances indicating parkinsonism, on isolated rat vas deferens
    • Koike, K., Takayanagi, I., Wani, S., Ohta, S. and Hirobe, M., Effect of tetrahydroisoquinoline (TIQ), one of endogenous substances indicating parkinsonism, on isolated rat vas deferens. Gen. Pharmacol., 20: 259-260, 1989.
    • (1989) Gen. Pharmacol. , vol.20 , pp. 259-260
    • Koike, K.1    Takayanagi, I.2    Wani, S.3    Ohta, S.4    Hirobe, M.5
  • 25
    • 0020680904 scopus 로고
    • Chronic parkinsonism in human due to a product of meperidine-analog
    • Langston, J.W., Ballard, P., Tetrud, J.W. and Irwin, I., Chronic parkinsonism in human due to a product of meperidine-analog. Science, 219: 979-980, 1983.
    • (1983) Science , vol.219 , pp. 979-980
    • Langston, J.W.1    Ballard, P.2    Tetrud, J.W.3    Irwin, I.4
  • 26
    • 0024498507 scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms underlying neuronal degeneration in Parkinson's disease: An experimantal and theoretical treatise
    • Langston, J.W., Mechanisms underlying neuronal degeneration in Parkinson's disease: an experimantal and theoretical treatise. Movement Disord., Suppl. 1: S15-S25, 1989.
    • (1989) Movement Disord. , vol.1 SUPPL
    • Langston, J.W.1
  • 27
    • 0021137683 scopus 로고
    • Intra-neuronal generation of a pyridinium metabolite may cause drug-induced parkinsonism
    • Markey, S.P., Johannessen, J.N., Chiuch, C.C., Burns, R.S. and Herkenham, M.A., Intra-neuronal generation of a pyridinium metabolite may cause drug-induced parkinsonism. Nature, 311: 464-466, 1984.
    • (1984) Nature , vol.311 , pp. 464-466
    • Markey, S.P.1    Johannessen, J.N.2    Chiuch, C.C.3    Burns, R.S.4    Herkenham, M.A.5
  • 28
    • 0026753805 scopus 로고
    • N-Methylation of dopamine-derived 6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline, (R)-salsolinol, in rat brain; in vivo microdialysis
    • Maruyama, W., Nakahara, D., Ota, M., Takahashi, T., Nagatsu, T. and Naoi, M., N-Methylation of dopamine-derived 6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline, (R)-salsolinol, in rat brain; in vivo microdialysis. J. Neurochem., 59: 395-400, 1992.
    • (1992) J. Neurochem. , vol.59 , pp. 395-400
    • Maruyama, W.1    Nakahara, D.2    Ota, M.3    Takahashi, T.4    Nagatsu, T.5    Naoi, M.6
  • 29
    • 0027252719 scopus 로고
    • Potential bioactivated neurotoxin, N-methylated β-carbolinium ions, are present in human brain
    • Matsubara, K., Collins, M.A., Akane, A., Ikebuchi, J., Neafsey, E.J., Kagawa, M. and Shiono, H., Potential bioactivated neurotoxin, N-methylated β-carbolinium ions, are present in human brain. Brain Res., 610: 90-96, 1993.
    • (1993) Brain Res. , vol.610 , pp. 90-96
    • Matsubara, K.1    Collins, M.A.2    Akane, A.3    Ikebuchi, J.4    Neafsey, E.J.5    Kagawa, M.6    Shiono, H.7
  • 30
    • 0028971940 scopus 로고
    • N-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium and an endogenously formed analog, N-methylated β-carbolinium, inhibit striatal tyrosine hydroxylation in freely moving rats
    • Matsubara, K., Idzu, T., Kobayashi, Y., Nakahara, D., Maruyama, W., Kobayashi, S., Kimura, K. and Naoi, M., N-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium and an endogenously formed analog, N-methylated β-carbolinium, inhibit striatal tyrosine hydroxylation in freely moving rats. Neurosci. Lett., 199: 199-202, 1995.
    • (1995) Neurosci. Lett. , vol.199 , pp. 199-202
    • Matsubara, K.1    Idzu, T.2    Kobayashi, Y.3    Nakahara, D.4    Maruyama, W.5    Kobayashi, S.6    Kimura, K.7    Naoi, M.8
  • 31
    • 0023228052 scopus 로고
    • Flunarizine- and cinnarizine-induced extrapyramidal reactions
    • Micheli, F., Flunarizine- and cinnarizine-induced extrapyramidal reactions. Neurology, 37: 881-886, 1987.
    • (1987) Neurology , vol.37 , pp. 881-886
    • Micheli, F.1
  • 32
    • 6844219584 scopus 로고
    • Endogenous MPTP-like amines in the brain: Isoquinolines
    • edited by Y. Mizuno, O.B. Caline and R. Horowski, Birkhauser, Boston
    • Nagatsu, T., Naoi, M., Niwa, T. and Yoshida, M., Endogenous MPTP-like amines in the brain: isoquinolines. In Advances in Research on Neurodegeneration Vol. 2 Etiopathogenesis, edited by Y. Mizuno, O.B. Caline and R. Horowski, pp. 149-159, Birkhauser, Boston, 1993.
    • (1993) Advances in Research on Neurodegeneration Vol. 2 Etiopathogenesis , vol.2 , pp. 149-159
    • Nagatsu, T.1    Naoi, M.2    Niwa, T.3    Yoshida, M.4
  • 33
    • 0024359987 scopus 로고
    • An N-methyltransferase in human brain catalyzes N-methylation of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline into N-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline, a precursor of a dopaminergic neurotoxin, N-methylisoquinolinium ion
    • Naoi, M., Matsuura, S., Takahashi, T. and Nagatsu, T., An N-methyltransferase in human brain catalyzes N-methylation of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline into N-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline, a precursor of a dopaminergic neurotoxin, N-methylisoquinolinium ion. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 161: 1213-1219, 1989.
    • (1989) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. , vol.161 , pp. 1213-1219
    • Naoi, M.1    Matsuura, S.2    Takahashi, T.3    Nagatsu, T.4
  • 34
    • 0021810979 scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of NADH-linked oxidation in brain mitochondria by 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium, a metabolite of the neurotoxin 1-methyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine
    • Nicklas, W.J., Vyas, I. and Heikkila, R.E., Inhibition of NADH-linked oxidation in brain mitochondria by 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium, a metabolite of the neurotoxin 1-methyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine. Life Sci., 36: 2503-2508, 1985.
    • (1985) Life Sci. , vol.36 , pp. 2503-2508
    • Nicklas, W.J.1    Vyas, I.2    Heikkila, R.E.3
  • 35
    • 0023194188 scopus 로고
    • Presence of tetrahydroisoquinoline and 2-methyl-tetrahydroquinoline in parkinsonian and normal human brain
    • Niwa, T., Takeda, N., Kaneda, N., Hashizume, Y. and Nagatsu, T., Presence of tetrahydroisoquinoline and 2-methyl-tetrahydroquinoline in parkinsonian and normal human brain. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 144: 1084-1089, 1987.
    • (1987) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. , vol.144 , pp. 1084-1089
    • Niwa, T.1    Takeda, N.2    Kaneda, N.3    Hashizume, Y.4    Nagatsu, T.5
  • 36
    • 0023625261 scopus 로고
    • Tetrahydroisoquinoline and 1-methyl-tetrahydroisoquinoline are present in the human brain: Relation to Parkinson's disease
    • Ohta, S., Kohno, M., Makino, Y., Tachikawa, O. and Hirobe, M., Tetrahydroisoquinoline and 1-methyl-tetrahydroisoquinoline are present in the human brain: relation to Parkinson's disease. Biomed. Res., 8: 453-456, 1987.
    • (1987) Biomed. Res. , vol.8 , pp. 453-456
    • Ohta, S.1    Kohno, M.2    Makino, Y.3    Tachikawa, O.4    Hirobe, M.5
  • 37
    • 6844264240 scopus 로고
    • Central nervous system toxicity of psychopharmacological agents
    • edited by K. Blum and L. Manzo, Marcel Dekker, New York
    • Pi, E.H. and Simpson, G.M., Central nervous system toxicity of psychopharmacological agents. In Neurotoxicology, edited by K. Blum and L. Manzo, pp. 219-23, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1985.
    • (1985) Neurotoxicology , pp. 219-223
    • Pi, E.H.1    Simpson, G.M.2
  • 38
    • 0023001744 scopus 로고
    • Energy dependent uptake of N-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium, the neurotoxic metabolite of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine, by mitochondria
    • Ramsay, R.R. and Singer, T.P., Energy dependent uptake of N-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium, the neurotoxic metabolite of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine, by mitochondria. J. Biol. Chem., 261: 7585-7587, 1986.
    • (1986) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.261 , pp. 7585-7587
    • Ramsay, R.R.1    Singer, T.P.2
  • 39
    • 0026501003 scopus 로고
    • Development in the drug treatment of schizophrenia
    • Reynolds, G.P., Development in the drug treatment of schizophrenia, Trends Pharmacol. Sci., 13: 116-121, 1992.
    • (1992) Trends Pharmacol. Sci. , vol.13 , pp. 116-121
    • Reynolds, G.P.1
  • 43
    • 0027349946 scopus 로고
    • Biochemical mechanism underlying MPTP-induced and idiopathic parkinsonism-New vistas
    • Singer, T.P., Ramsay, R.R., Sonsalla, P.K., Nicklas, W.J. and Heikkila, R.E., Biochemical mechanism underlying MPTP-induced and idiopathic parkinsonism-New vistas. Adv. Neurol., 60: 300-305, 1993.
    • (1993) Adv. Neurol. , vol.60 , pp. 300-305
    • Singer, T.P.1    Ramsay, R.R.2    Sonsalla, P.K.3    Nicklas, W.J.4    Heikkila, R.E.5
  • 44
    • 0023224837 scopus 로고
    • Bochemical events in the development of parkinsonism induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine
    • Singer, T.P., Castagnoli, N.Jr., Ramsay, R.R. and Trevor, A.J., Bochemical events in the development of parkinsonism induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine. J. Neurochem., 49: 1-8, 1987.
    • (1987) J. Neurochem. , vol.49 , pp. 1-8
    • Singer, T.P.1    Castagnoli Jr., N.2    Ramsay, R.R.3    Trevor, A.J.4
  • 45
    • 0020487344 scopus 로고
    • Brain salsolinol level in alcholism
    • Sjöquist, B., Eriksson, A. and Winblad, B., Brain salsolinol level in alcholism. Lancet, i: 675-676, 1982.
    • (1982) Lancet , vol.1 , pp. 675-676
    • Sjöquist, B.1    Eriksson, A.2    Winblad, B.3
  • 46
    • 0002602423 scopus 로고
    • Clinical and neurobiological aspects of Parkinson's disease
    • edited by Huber, S.E. and Cummings, J.L., Oxford Univ. Press., New york
    • Stacy, M. and Jankovic, J., Clinical and neurobiological aspects of Parkinson's disease. In Parkinson's disease: Neurobehavioral Aspects, edited by Huber, S.E. and Cummings, J.L., pp. 10-31, Oxford Univ. Press., New york, 1992.
    • (1992) Parkinson's Disease: Neurobehavioral Aspects , pp. 10-31
    • Stacy, M.1    Jankovic, J.2
  • 47
    • 0025017124 scopus 로고
    • Identification of apotentially neurotoxic pyridinium metabolite of haloperidol in rats
    • Subramanyam, B., Rollema, H., Wolf, T. and Castagnoli, N.Jr., Identification of apotentially neurotoxic pyridinium metabolite of haloperidol in rats. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 166: 238-244, 1990.
    • (1990) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. , vol.166 , pp. 238-244
    • Subramanyam, B.1    Rollema, H.2    Wolf, T.3    Castagnoli Jr., N.4
  • 48
    • 0026337985 scopus 로고
    • Identification of a potentially neurotoxic pyridinium metabolite in the urine of schizophrenic patients treated with haloperidol
    • Subramanyam, B., Pond, S.M., Eyles, D.W., Whiteford, H.A., Fouda, H.G. and Castagnoli, N.Jr., Identification of a potentially neurotoxic pyridinium metabolite in the urine of schizophrenic patients treated with haloperidol. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 181: 573-578, 1991.
    • (1991) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. , vol.181 , pp. 573-578
    • Subramanyam, B.1    Pond, S.M.2    Eyles, D.W.3    Whiteford, H.A.4    Fouda, H.G.5    Castagnoli Jr., N.6
  • 49
    • 0025966719 scopus 로고
    • Studies on the in vitro conversion of haloperidol to apotentially neurotoxic pyridinim metabolite
    • Subramanyam, B., Wolf, T. and Castagnoli, N.Jr., Studies on the in vitro conversion of haloperidol to apotentially neurotoxic pyridinim metabolite. Chem. Res. Toxicol., 4: 123-128, 1991.
    • (1991) Chem. Res. Toxicol. , vol.4 , pp. 123-128
    • Subramanyam, B.1    Wolf, T.2    Castagnoli Jr., N.3
  • 50
    • 0026608742 scopus 로고
    • Epidemiology of Parkinson's disease
    • Tanner, C.M., Epidemiology of Parkinson's disease. Neurol. Clin., 10: 317-329, 1992.
    • (1992) Neurol. Clin. , vol.10 , pp. 317-329
    • Tanner, C.M.1
  • 51
    • 0024546234 scopus 로고
    • The role of the environmental toxins in the etiology of Parkinson's disease
    • Tanner, C.M., The role of the environmental toxins in the etiology of Parkinson's disease. TINS, 12: 49-54, 1989.
    • (1989) TINS , vol.12 , pp. 49-54
    • Tanner, C.M.1
  • 52
    • 0025200313 scopus 로고
    • Do environmental toxins cause Parkinson's disease ? A critical review
    • Tanner, C.M. and Langston, J.W., Do environmental toxins cause Parkinson's disease ? A critical review. Neurology, 40: 17-30, 1990.
    • (1990) Neurology , vol.40 , pp. 17-30
    • Tanner, C.M.1    Langston, J.W.2
  • 53
    • 0030008439 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Studies on the conversion of haloperidol and its tetrahydropyridine dehydration product to potentially neurotoxic pyridinium metabolite by human liver microsomes
    • Usuki, E., Pearce, R., Parkinson, A. and Castagnol, N.Jr., Studies on the conversion of haloperidol and its tetrahydropyridine dehydration product to potentially neurotoxic pyridinium metabolite by human liver microsomes. Chem. Res. Toxicol., 9: 800-806, 1996.
    • (1996) Chem. Res. Toxicol. , vol.9 , pp. 800-806
    • Usuki, E.1    Pearce, R.2    Parkinson, A.3    Castagnol Jr., N.4
  • 54
    • 0022503139 scopus 로고
    • Studies on the neurotoxicity of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine: Inhibition of NAD-linked substrate oxidation by its metabolite, 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium
    • Vyas, I., Heikkila, R.E. and Nicklas, W.J., Studies on the neurotoxicity of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine: Inhibition of NAD-linked substrate oxidation by its metabolite, 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium. J. Neurochem., 46: 1501-1507, 1986.
    • (1986) J. Neurochem. , vol.46 , pp. 1501-1507
    • Vyas, I.1    Heikkila, R.E.2    Nicklas, W.J.3
  • 55
    • 0023127392 scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of the biological activity of several analogs of the dopaminergic neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine
    • Youngster, S.K., Sonsalla, P.K. and Heikkila, R.E., Evaluation of the biological activity of several analogs of the dopaminergic neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine. J. Neurochem., 48: 929-934, 1987.
    • (1987) J. Neurochem. , vol.48 , pp. 929-934
    • Youngster, S.K.1    Sonsalla, P.K.2    Heikkila, R.E.3
  • 56
    • 0024321011 scopus 로고
    • Structure-activity study of the mechanism of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced neurotoxicity. I. Evaluation of the biological acyivity of MPTP analogs
    • Youngster, S.K., Sonsalla, P.K., Sieber, B.E. and Heikkila, R.E., Structure-activity study of the mechanism of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced neurotoxicity. I. Evaluation of the biological acyivity of MPTP analogs. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 248: 820-828, 1989a.
    • (1989) J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. , vol.248 , pp. 820-828
    • Youngster, S.K.1    Sonsalla, P.K.2    Sieber, B.E.3    Heikkila, R.E.4
  • 57
    • 0024399506 scopus 로고
    • Structure-activity study of the mechanism of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) -induced neurotoxicity. II. Evaluation of the biological activity of the pyridinium metabolites formed from the monoamine oxidase-catalyzed oxidation of MPTP analogs
    • Youngster, S.K., Nicklas, W.J. and Heikkila, R.E., Structure-activity study of the mechanism of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) -induced neurotoxicity. II. Evaluation of the biological activity of the pyridinium metabolites formed from the monoamine oxidase-catalyzed oxidation of MPTP analogs. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 248: 828-835, 1989b.
    • (1989) J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. , vol.248 , pp. 828-835
    • Youngster, S.K.1    Nicklas, W.J.2    Heikkila, R.E.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.