Fungal infection in the intensive care unit

Journal of Hospital Infection

Volumn 38, Issue 3, 1998, Pages 163-177

  Flanagan, P G ^a   Barnes, R A ^a  

^a CARDIFF UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Amphotericin B; Candida spp; Colonization versus infection; Exogenous infection; Fluconazole; Intensive care

Indexed keywords

AMPHOTERICIN B; ANTIFUNGAL AGENT; C REACTIVE PROTEIN; FLUCONAZOLE;

CANDIDIASIS; CRITICAL ILLNESS; HUMAN; INTENSIVE CARE UNIT; MYCOSIS; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR;

EID: 0031891262     PISSN: 01956701     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0195-6701(98)90271-7     Document Type: Review

References (85)

1. Beck-Sague CM, Jarvis WR and the National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System. Secular trends in the epidemiology of nosocomial fungal infections in the United States, 1980-1990. J Inf Dis 1993; 167: 1247-1251.
2. Pfaller M, Wenzel R. Impact of the changing epidemiology of fungal infections in the 1990s. Eur J Clin Microbiol Inf Dis 1992; 11: 287-291.
3. Voss A, Le Noble JLML, Verduyn Lunel FM, Foudraine NA, Meis JFGM. Candidaemia in intensive care units: risk factors for mortality. Infection 1997; 25: 8-11.
4. Lipman J, Saadia R. Fungal infections in critically ill patients. Br Med J 1997; 315: 266-267.
5. Spencer RC. Predominant pathogens found in the European Prevalence of Infection in Intensive Care Study. Eur J Clin Microbiol Inf Dis 1996; 15: 281-285.
6. Nolla-Salas J, Sitges-Serra A, Leon-Gil C et al. Candidaemia in non-neutropenic critically ill patients: analysis of prognosis factors and assessment of systemic antifungal therapy. Intensive Care Med 1997; 23: 23-30.
7. Eubanks PJ, de Vergilio C, Klein S, Bongard F. Candida sepsis in surgical patients. Am J Med 1993; 166: 617-620.
8. Weems JJ. Candida parapsilosis: epidemiology, pathogenicity, clinical manifestations and antimicrobial susceptibility. Clin Infect Dis 1992; 14: 756-766.
9. Johnson EW, Warnock DW. Azole drug resistance in yeasts. J Antimicrob Chemother 1995; 36: 751-755.
10. Petri MG, Konig J, Moecke HP et al. Epidemiology of invasive mycosis in ICU patients: a prospective multicentre study in 435 non-neutropenic patients. Intensive Care Med 1997; 23: 317-325.
11. Beyer J, Schwartz S, Heinemann V, Siegert W. Strategies in prevention of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in immunosuppressed or neutropenic patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1994; 38: 911-917.
12. Wald A, Leisenring W, van Burik J-A, Bowden RA. Epidemiology of Aspergillus infections in a large cohort of patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation. J Infect Dis 1997; 175: 1459-1466.
13. Humphreys H, Johnson EM, Warnock DW, Willatts SM, Winter RJ, Speller DCE. An outbreak of aspergillosis in a general ICU. J Hosp Infect 1991; 18: 167-177.
14. Hovenden J, Nicklason F, Barnes RA. Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in non-immunocompromised patients. Br Med J 1991; 302: 583-584.
15. Dankner WM, Spector SA, Fierer J et al. Malassezia fungaemia in neonates and adults: complication of hyperalimentation. Rev Infect Dis 1987; 9: 743-753.
16. Keihn TE, Gorey E, Brown AE, Edwards FF, Armstrong D. Sepsis due to Rhodotorula related to use of indwelling central venous catheters. Clin Infect Dis 1992; 14: 841-846.
17. Stringer JR. The identity of Pneumocystis carinii: not a single protozoan, but a diverse group of exotic fungi. Infect Agents Dis 1993; 2: 109-117.
18. Miller RF, Wakefield AE. Pneumocystis carinii: molecular taxonomy and epidemiology. J Med Microbiol 1996; 45: 233-235.
19. Sneller MC. Wegeners granulomatosis. J Amer Med Assoc 1995; 273: 1288-1291.
20. Dean DA, Burchard KW. Fungal infection in surgical patients. Am J Surg 1996; 171: 374-382.
21. Fraser VJ, Jones M, Dunkel J, Storfer S, Medoff G, Claiborne Dunagan W. Candidaemia in a tertiary care hospital: epidemiology, risk factors and predictors of mortality. Clin Infect Dis 1992; 15: 414-421.
22. Wey JB, Mori M, Pfaller M, Woolson R, Wenzel RP. Risk factors for hospital acquired candidaemia. Arch Intern Med 1989; 149: 2349-2353.
23. Blumberg EA, Reboli AC. Failure of systemic empirical treatment with amphotericin B to prevent candidaemia in neutropenic patients with cancer. Clin Infect Dis 1996; 2: 462-466.
24. Rex JH. Catheters and candidaemia. Clin Infect Dis 1996; 22: 467-470.
25. Turner PC, Humphries H. Haemofiltration: treating and preventing infection. Clin Microbiol Infect 1996; 2: 80-85.
26. Palmbland J. Intravenous lipid emulsions and host defence: a critical review. Clin Nutr 1991; 10: 303-308.
27. Alverdy J, Aoys E, Weiss-Carrington P, Burk DA. The effect of glutamine-enriched TPN on gut immune cellularity. J Surg Res 1992; 52: 34-39.
28. Bradley JA, Hamilton DNH, Brown MW et al. Cellular defence in the critically ill surgical patient. Crit Care Med 1984; 12: 565-570.
29. Krause W, Matheis H, Wulf K. Fungaemia and funguria after oral administration of Candida albicans. Lancet 1969; i: 598.
30. Katz S, Merkel GJ, Folkening WJ, Ropsenthal RS, Grosfeld JL. Impaired clearance and organ localisation of Candida albicans in obstructive jaundice. J Paediatr Surg 1991; 26: 904-907.
31. Solomkin J, Flohr A, Simmons RL. Indications for therapy for fungaemia in post-operative patients. Arch Surg 1982; 117: 1272-1275.
32. Pittet D, Monod M, Suter P, Frenk E, Auckenthaler R. Candida colonisation and subsequent infections in critically ill surgical patients. Ann Surg 1994; 220: 751-758.
33. Calandra T, Bille J, Schneider R, Mosimann F, Francioli P. Clinical significance of Candida isolated from peritoneum in surgical patients. Lancet 1989; ii: 1437-1440.
34. Diebel L, Raafat A, Dulchalvsky WJ, Gallbladder and biliary tract candidiasis. Surgery 1996; 120: 760-765.
35. Haron E, Vartivarian S, Anaissie E, Dekmezian R, Bodey G. Primary Candida pneumonia. Medicine 1993; 72: 137-142.
36. Tang E, Tang G, Berne T. Prognostic indicators in fungaemia of the surgical patient. Arch Surg 1993; 128: 759-762.
37. Hong Nguyen M, Peacock JE, Tanner DC et al. Therapeutic approaches in patients with candidaemia. Arch Intern Med 1995; 155: 2429-2435.
38. British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy Working Party. Management of deep Candida infection in surgical and intensive care unit patients. Intensive Care Med 1994; 20: 522-528.
39. Donahue SP, Greven C, Zuravleff J et al. Intraocular candidiasis in patients with candidaemia. Ophthalmology 1994; 101: 1302-1309.
40. Brooks R. Prospective study of Candida endophthalmitis in hospitalised patients with candidaemia. Arch Intern Med 1989; 149: 2226-2228.
41. Jarowski C, Fialk M, Murray H et al. Fever, rash and muscle tenderness. Arch Intern Med 1978; 138: 544-546.
42. Flanagan PG, Barnes RA. Hazards of inadequate fluconazole dosage to treat systemic or deep-seated Candida albicans infection. J Infect 1997 (in press).
43. Walsh TJ, Chanock SJ. Laboratory diagnosis of invasive candidiasis: a rationale for complementary use of culture- and nonculture-based detection systems. Int J Infect Dis 1997; 1, suppl. 1: S11-S19.
44. Edwards JE. Should all patients with candidaemia be treated with antifungal agents? Clin Infect Dis 1992; 15: 422-423.
45. Telenti A, Stockman L, Horstmeir C, Roberts GD, Edson RS. Clinical correlation of quantitative blood cultures in patients with candidaemia (abstract no. 751). In: Programs and abstracts of the 28th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 1988.
46. Geha DJ, Roberts DT. Laboratory detection of fungaemia. Clin Lab Med 1994; 14: 83-97.
47. Berenguer J, Buck M, Witebsky F, Stock F, Pizzo PA, Walsh TJ. Lysis centrifugation blood cultures in the detection of tissue-proven invasive candidiasis: disseminated versus single organ infection. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 1993; 17: 103-109.
48. Henry NK, McLimans CA, Wright AJ, Thompson RL, Wilson WR, Washington JA II. Microbiological and clinical evaluation of the Isolator lysis centrifugation blood culture tube. J Clin Microbiol 1983; 17: 864-869.
49. Kelly MT, Roberts FJ, Henry D, Geere I, Smith JA. Clinical comparison of Isolator and BACTEC 660 resin media for blood culture. J Clin Microbiol 1990; 28: 1925-1927.
50. Wilson ML, Davis TE, Mirrett S et al. Controlled comparison of the BACTEC high blood volume fungal medium, BACTEC Plus 26 Aerobic blood culture bottle, and the 10 millilitre Isolator blood culture system for detection of fungaemia and bacteraemia. J Clin Microbiol 1993; 31: 865-871.
51. Maki DG, Weise CE, Sarafin HW. A semi-quantitative culture method for identifying intravenous-catheter related infection. N Engl J Med 1977; 296: 1305-1309.
52. Paya CV, Marsh M, Farnell MB et al. Limited usefulness of quantitative culture of blood drawn through the device for diagnosis of intravascular device-related bacteraemia, J Clin Microbiol 1989; 27: 1431-1433.
53. Telenti A, Steckelberg JM, Stockman L, Edson RS, Roberts GD. Quantitative blood cultures in candidaemia. Mayo Clin Proc 1991; 66: 1120-1123.
54. Mitsuke K, Takashigge M, Takayoshi T et al. Enolase antigen, mannan antigen, Cand-Tec antigen and beta-glucan in patients with candidaemia. J Clin Microbiol 1996; 34: 1918-1921.
55. Walsh TJ, Merz WG, Lee JW et al. Diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring of invasive candidiasis by rapid enzymatic detection of serum D-arabinitol. Am J Med 1995; 99: 164-172.
56. Holmes AR, Cannon RD, Shepherd MG, Jenkinson HF, Detection of Candida albicans and other yeast in blood by PCR. J Clin Microbiol 1994; 32: 228-231.
57. Einsele H, Hebart H, Roller G et al. Detection and identification of fungal pathogens in blood by using molecular probes. J Clin Microbiol 1997; 35: 2353-1360.
58. Matson A, Soni N, Sheldon J. C-reactive protein as a diagnostic test of sepsis in the critically ill. Anaesth Intensive Care 1991; 19: 182-186.
59. Young B, Gleeson M, Cripps AW. C-reactive protein: a critical review. Pathology 1991; 23: 118-124.
60. Solomkin JS, Flohr A, Quie PG, Simmons RL. The role of Candida in intraperitoneal infections. Surgery 1980 88: 524-530.
61. Edwards JE, Filler SG, Current strategies for treating invasive candidiasis: emphasis on infections in non-neutropenic patients. Clin Infect Dis 1992; 14 (Suppl.): S106-S113.
62. Dyess DL, Garrison N, Fry DE. Candida sepsis. Arch Surg 1985; 120: 345-348.
63. Horn R, Hong B, Kiehn TE, Armstrong D. Fungaemia in a cancer hospital: changing frequency, earlier onset and results of therapy. Clin Infect Dis 1985; 7: 646-655.
64. Price MF, LaRocco MT, Gentry LO. Fluconazole susceptibilities of Candida species and distribution of species recovered from blood cultures over a 5 year period. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1994; 38: 1422-1424.
65. Bonten MJM, Weinstein RA. Selective decontamination of the digestive tract: a measure whose time has passed? Curr Opin Infect Dis 1996; 9: 270-275.
66. Martins M, Rex JH. Resistance to antifungal agents in the critical care setting: problems and perspectives. New Horizons 1996; 4: 338-344.
67. Khoo S, Denning DW. Administering Amphotericin B: a practical approach. J Antimicrob Chemother 1994; 33: 203-213.
68. Tang C, Bowler ICJ. Do the new lipid formulations of Amphotericin B really work? Clin Microbiol Infec 1997; 3: 283-288.
69. Ghannoum MA, Rex JH, Galgiani JN. Susceptibility testing of fungi: current status of correlation of in-vitro data with clinical outcome. J Clin Microbiol 1996; 34: 489-495.
70. Rex JH, Bennett JE, Sugar AM et al. A randomised trial comparing fluconazole and amphotericin B for the treatment of candidaemia in patients without neutropenia. N Engl J Med 1994; 331: 1325-1330.
71. Phillips P, Shafran S, Garber G et al. Fluconazole versus amphotericin B for candidaemia in non-neutropenic patients: A multicentre randomised trial. Abstr. 35th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemother, 1995.
72. Johnson EM, Davey KG, Szekely A, Warnock DW. Itraconazole susceptibilities of fluconazole susceptible and resistant isolates of five Candida species. J Antimicrob Chemother 1995; 36: 787-794.
73. Graninger W, Presteril E, Schneeweis B, Teleky B, Georgopoulos A. Treatment of Candida albicans fungaemia with fluconazole. J Infect 1993; 26: 133-146.
74. British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. Laboratory monitoring of antifungal chemotherapy. Lancet 1991; 337: 1577-1580.
75. Prentice AG, Warnock DW, Johnson SAN, Phillips MJ, Olivier DA. Multiple dose pharmacokinetics of oral solution of itraconazole in autologous bone marrow transplant patients. J Antimicrob Chemother 1994; 24: 247-252.
76. Raad II, Bodey G. Infectious complications of indwelling vascular catheters. Clin Infect Dis 1992; 15: 197-210.
77. Rex JH, Bennett JE, Sugar AM et al. Intravascular catheter exchange and duration of candidaemia. Clin Infect Dis 1995; 21: 994-996.
78. Hamour AH, Denning DW. Invasive candidiasis in the surgical patient. Hosp Update 1992; Dec: 859-869.
79. Scholz J, Schulz M, Steinfarth M, Hover S, Bause H. Fluconazole is removed by continuous venovenous haemofiltration in a liver transplant patient. J Mol Med 1995; 73: 145-147.
80. Sandford JP, Gilbert DN, Gerberding JL, Sande MA, Guide to antimicrobial therapy. 1994; 107-111. Antimicrobial Therapy Inc. Dallas.
81. Nicolau DP, Crowe H, Nightingale CH, Quintiliani R. Effect of continuous arteriovenous haemofiltration on the pharmacokinetics of fluconazole. Pharmacotherapy 1994; 73: 145-147.
82. Voss A, Hollis RJ, Pfaller MA, Wenzel RP, Doebbeling BN. Investigation of the sequence of colonisation and candidaemia in non-neutropenic patients. J Clin Microbiol 1994; 32: 975-980.
83. Strasbaugh LJ, Sewell DL, Ward TT, Pfaller MA, Heitzman T, Tjoelker R. High frequency of yeast carriage on the hands of hospital personnel. J Clin Microbiol 1994; 32: 2299-2300.
84. Sanchez V, Vazquez JA, Barth-Jones D, Dembry, Sobel JD, Zervos MJ. Nosocomial acquisition of Candida parapsilosis: an epidemiologic study. Am J Med 1993; 94: 577-582.
85. Pfaller MA. Epidemiology and control of fungal infection. Clin Infect Dis 1994; 19 Suppl. 1: S1-S6.