The biology of nonfrugivorous tephritid fruit flies

Annual Review of Entomology

Volumn 43, Issue , 1998, Pages 217-241

  Headrick, D H ^a   Goeden, R D ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Behavior; Ecology; Evolution; Morphology; Trophic strategies

Indexed keywords

EID: 0031890472     PISSN: 00664170     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ento.43.1.217     Document Type: Review

References (138)

1. Anderson SS, McCrea KD, Abrahamson WG, Hartzel LM. 1989. Host genotype choice by the ball gallmaker Eurosta solidaginis (Diptera: Tephritidae). Ecology 70:1048-54
2. Bateman MA. 1972. The ecology of fruit flies. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 17:493-518
3. Baust JG, Nishino M. 1991. Freezing tolerance in the goldenrod gall fly (Eurosta solidaginis). In Insects at Low Temperature, ed. RE Lee, DL Denlinger, pp. 260-75. New York/London: Chapman & Hall
4. Belcari A. 1986. Contributi alla conoscenza dei ditteri tefritidi. III. Descrizione della larva matura de Phagocarpus permundus (Harris) (Diptera Tephritidae). Frust. Entomol. 9:77-106
5. Belcari A. 1987. Contributi alla conoscenza dei ditteri tefritidi. IV. Descrizione della larva di terza etá di Acanthiophilus helianthi (Rossi), Dacus oleae (Gmel.), Ceratitis capitata (Wied.), Acidia cognata Wied. e considerazioni preliminari sulle differenziazioni morfologiche legate al diverso trofismo. Frust. Entomol. 10:83-125
6. Berube DE. 1978. Larval descriptions and biology of Tephritis dilacerata (Diptera: Tephritidae), a candidate for the biocontrol of Sonchus arvensis in Canada. Entomophaga 23:69-82
7. Bremer K. 1994. Asteraceae Cladistics and Classification. Portland, OR: Timber. 752 pp.
8. Christensen LD, Foote RH. 1960. Biology of fruit flies. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 5:171-92
9. Cogan BH, Munro HK. 1983. Family Tephritidae. In Catalogue of the Diptera of the Afrotropical Region, ed. RW Crosskey, pp. 518-54. London: Br. Mus. Nat. Hist.
10. Compton SG, Lawton JH, Rashbrook VK. 1989. Regional diversity, local community structure and vacant niches: the herbivorous arthropods of bracken in South Africa. Ecol. Entomol. 14:365-73
11. Cook EF. 1949. The evolution of the head in the larvae of the Diptera. Microentomology 14:1-57
12. Craig TP, Itami JK, Abrahamson WG, Homer JD. 1994. Behavioral evidence for host-race formation in Eurosta solidaginis. Evolution 47:1696-710
13. Ferrar P. 1987. A Guide to the Breeding Habits and Immature Stages of Diptera Cyclorrapha, Vol. 8, Parts I & II. Leiden: Brill Scand. Sci.
14. Foote RH, Blanc FL. 1963. The fruit flies or Tephritidae of California. Calif. Insect Surv. Bull. 7:1-117
15. Foote RH, Blanc FL, Norrbom AL. 1993. Handbook of the Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) of America North of Mexico. Ithaca, NY/London: Comstock. 571 pp.
16. Foote RH, Steyskal GC. 1987. Tephritidae. In Manual of Nearctic Diptera, ed. JF McAlpine, BV Peterson, GE Shewell, HJ Teskey, JR Vockeroth, DM Wood, 2:817-31. Res. Branch Agric. Can. Monogr. No. 27
17. Freese G, Zwölfer H. 1996. The problem of optimal clutch size in a tritrophic system: the oviposition strategy of the thistle gallfly Urophora cardui (Diptera, Tephritidae). Oecologiaf 108:293-302
18. Freidberg A. 1984. Gall Tephritidae. In Biology of Gall Insects, ed. TN Ananthakrishnan, pp. 129-67. London: Arnold
19. Freidberg A. 1991. A new species of Ceratitis (Ceratitis) (Diptera: Tephritidae), key to species of subgenera Ceratitis and Pterandrus, and record of Pterandrus fossil. Bishop Mus. Occas. Pap. 31:166-73
20. Freidberg A, Kluger J. 1989. Diptera: Tephritidae. Fauna Palest. Insecta 4:1-212
21. Goeden RD. 1978. Biological control of weeds. Part II. In Introduced Parasites and Predators of Arthropod Pests and Weeds, USDA Handb. 480, ed. Clausen CP, pp. 357-545
22. Goeden RD. 1985. Host-plant relations of Trupanea spp. (Diptera: Tephritidae) in southern California. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 87:564-71
23. Goeden RD. 1987. Life history of Trupanea conjuncta (Adams) on Trixis californica Kellogg in southern California (Diptera: Tephritidae). Pan-Pac. Entomol. 63:284-91
24. Goeden RD. 1987. Host-plant relations of native Urophora spp. (Diptera: Tephritidae) in southern California. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 89:269-74
25. Goeden RD. 1988. Life history of Trupanea imperfecta (Coquillett) on Bebbia juncea (Bentham) Greene in the Colorado Desert of southern California (Diptera: Tephritidae). Pan-Pac. Entomol. 64:345-51
26. Goeden RD. 1988. Gall formation by the capitulum-infesting fruit fly, Tephritis stigmatica (Diptera: Tephritidae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 90:37-43
27. Goeden RD. 1989. Host-plants of Neaspilota in California (Diptera: Tephritidae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 91:164-68
28. Goeden RD. 1990. Notes on the life history of Eutreta simplex Thomas on Artemisia ludoviciana Nuttall in southern California (Diptera: Tephritidae). Pan-Pac. Entomol. 66:33-38
29. Goeden RD. 1992. Analysis of known and new host records for Trupanea from California (Diptera: Tephritidae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 94:107-18
30. Goeden RD. 1993. Analysis of known and new host records of Tephritis from California and a description of a new species, T. joanae (Diptera: Tephritidae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 95:425-34
31. Goeden RD. 1994. Analysis of known and new host records for Paroxyna from California (Diptera:Tephritidae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 96:288-300
32. Goeden RD, Blanc FL. 1986. New synonymy, host, and California records in the genera Dioxyna and Paroxyna (Diptera: Tephritidae). Pan-Pac. Entomol. 62:88-90
33. Goeden RD, Headrick DH. 1990. Notes on the biology and immature stages of Stenopa affinis Quisenberry (Diptera: Tephritidae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 92:641-48
34. Goeden RD, Headrick DH. 1991. Notes on the biology, hosts, and immature stages of Tomoplagia cressoni Aczél in southern California (Diptera: Tephritidae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 93:549-58
35. Goeden RD, Headrick DH. 1991. Life history and descriptions of immature stages of Tephritis baccharis (Coquillett) on Baccharis salicifolia (Ruiz & Pavon) Persoon in southern California. Pan-Pac. Entomol. 67:86-98
36. Goeden RD, Headrick DH. 1992. Life history and description of immature stages of Neaspilota viridescens Quisenberry (Diptera: Tephritidae) on native Asteraceae in southern California. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 94:59-77
37. Goeden RD, Headrick DH, Teerink JA. 1993. Life history and descriptions of immature stages of Tephritis arizonaensis Quisenberry on Baccharis sarothroides Gray in southern California (Diptera: Tephritidae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 95:210-22
38. Goeden RD, Headrick DH, Teerink JA. 1994. Life history and description of immature stages of Procecidochares flavipes Aldrich (Diptera: Tephritidae) on Brickellia spp. in southern California. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 96:288-300
39. Goeden RD, Headrick DH, Teerink JA. 1994. Life history and description of immature stages of Paroxyna genalis (Thomson) (Diptera: Tephritidae) on native Asteraceae in southern California. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 96:612-29
40. Goeden RD, Headrick DH, Teerink JA. 1995. Life history and description of immature stages of Valentibulla californica (Coquillett) (Diptera: Tephritidae) on Chrysothamnus nauseosus (Pallas) Britton in southern California. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 97:548-60
41. Goeden RD, Headrick DH, Teerink JA. 1995. Life history and description of immature stages of Urophora timberlakei Blanc & Foote (Diptera: Tephritidae) on native Asteraceae in southern California. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 97:779-90
42. Goeden RD, Ricker DW. 1974. The phytophagous insect fauna of the ragweed, Ambrosia acanthicarpa, in southern California. Environ. Entomol. 3:827-34
43. Goeden RD, Ricker DW. 1974. The phytophagous insect fauna of the ragweed, Ambrosia chamissonis, in southern California. Environ. Entomol. 3:835-39
44. Goeden RD, Ricker DW. 1975. The phytophagous insect fauna of the ragweed, Ambrosia confertiflora, in southern California. Environ. Entomol. 4:301-6
45. Goeden RD, Ricker DW. 1976. The phytophagous insect fauna of the ragweed, Ambrosia dumosa, in southern California. Environ. Entomol. 5:45-50
46. Goeden RD, Ricker DW. 1976. The phytophagous insect faunas of the ragweeds, Ambrosia chaenopodifolia, A. eriocentra, and A. ilicifolia in southern California. Environ. Entomol. 5:923-30
47. Goeden RD, Ricker DW. 1976. The phytophagous insect fauna of the ragweed, Ambrosia psilostachya, in southern California. Environ. Entomol. 5:1169-77
48. Goeden RD, Ricker DW. 1986. Phytophagous insect fauna of the desert shrub Hymenoclea salsola in southern California. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 79:39-47
49. Goeden RD, Ricker DW. 1986. Phytophagous insect faunas of two introduced Cirsium thistles, C. ochrocentrum and C. vulgare, in southern California. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 79:945-52
50. Goeden RD, Ricker DW. 1986. Phytophagous insect faunas of the two most common native Cirsium thistles, C. californicum and C. proteanum, in southern California. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 79:953-62
51. Goeden RD, Ricker DW. 1987. Phytophagous insect faunas of the native thistles Cirsium brevistylum, Cirsium congdonii, Cirsium occidentale, and Cirsium tioganum, in southern California. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 80:152-60
52. Goeden RD, Ricker DW. 1987. Phytophagous insect faunas of native Cirsium thistles, C. mohavense, C. neomexicanum, and C. nidulum, in the Mojave Desert of southern California. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 80:161-75
53. Goeden RD, Ricker DW. 1989. Phytophagous insect faunas of the desert shrubs Bebbia juncea and Trixis californica in southern California. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 82:325-31
54. Goeden RD, Teerink JA. 1993. Phytophagous insect faunas of Dicoria canescens and Iva axillaris, native relatives of ragweeds, Ambrosia spp., in southern California, with analyses of insect associates of Ambrosiinae. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 86:37-50
55. Goeden RD, Teerink JA. 1996. Life histories and descriptions of adults and immature stages of two cryptic species, Aciurina ferruginea (Doane) and A. michaeli, new species (Diptera: Tephritidae), on Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus (Hooker) Nuttall in southern California. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 98:415-38
56. Goeden RD, Teerink JA. 1996. Life history and descriptions of adults and immature stages of Aciurina idahoensis Steyskal (Diptera: Tephritidae) on Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus (Hooker) Nuttall in southern California. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 98:681-94
57. Goeden RD, Teerink JA. 1996. Life history and descriptions of adults and immature stages of Aciurina semilucida (Bates) (Diptera: Tephritidae) on Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus (Hooker) Nuttall in southern California. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 98:752-66
58. Goeden RD, Teerink JA. 1997. Life histories and descriptions of adults and immature stages of Procecidochares kristineae and P. lisae new spp. (Diptera: Tephritidae) on Ambrosia spp. in southern California. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 99:67-88
59. Goeden RD, Teerink JA. 1997. Life history and description of immature stages of Procecidochares anthracina (Doane) (Diptera: Tephritidae) on Solidago californica Nuttall in southern California. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 99:180-93
60. Green JF, Headrick DH, Goeden RD. 1993. Life history and description of immature stages of Procecidochares stonei Blanc & Foote on Viguiera spp. in southern California (Diptera: Tephritidae). Pan-Pac. Entomol. 69:18-32
61. Han HY, McPheron BA. 1994. Phylogenetic study of selected tephritid flies (Insecta: Diptera: Tephritidae) using partial sequences of the nuclear 18S ribosomal DNA. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 22:447-57
62. Hancock DL. 1984. Ceratitinae (Diptera: Tephritidae) from the Malagasy Subregion. J. Dep. Agric. Circ. 103. 20 pp.
63. Hancock DL. 1985. Trypetinae (Diptera: Tephritidae) from Madagascar. J. Entomol. Soc. S. Afr. 48:283-301
64. Hancock DL. 1986. Classification of the Trypetinae (Diptera: Tephritidae), with a discussion of the Afrotropical fauna. J. Entomol. Soc. S. Afr. 49:275-305
65. Hardy DE. 1977. Family Tephritidae (Trypetidae, Trupaneidae). In A Catalog of the Diptera of the Oriental Region. Vol. 3, Suborder Cyclorrhapha (Excluding Division Aschiza), ed. MD Delfinado, DE Hardy, pp. 44-134. Honolulu: Univ. Hawaii
66. Hardy DE, Foote RH. 1989. Family Tephritidae. In Catalog of the Diptera of the Australasian and Oceanic Regions, Bishop Mus. Spec. Publ. 86, ed. NL Evanhuis, pp. 503-31. Honolulu: Bishop Mus.
67. Harris P. 1989. The use of Tephritidae for the biological control of weeds. Biocontrol News Inf. 10:7-16
68. Harris P. 1989. Feeding strategy, coexistence and impact of insects in spotted knapweed capitula. In Proc. Int. Symp. Biol. Control Weeds, ed. ES Delfosse, 7:39-47. Rome: Inst. Sper. Patol. Veg.
69. Harris P. 1991. Classical biocontrol of weeds: its definition, selection of effective agents, and administrative-political problems. Can. Entomol. 123:827-49
70. Harris P, Shorthouse JD. 1996. Effectiveness of gall inducers in weed biological control. Can. Entomol. 128:1021-55
71. Hartley SE, Lawton JH. 1992. Host-plant manipulation by gall-insects: a test of the nutrition hypothesis. J. Anim. Ecol. 61:113-19
72. Hawkins BA. 1988. Do galls protect endophytic herbivores from parasitoids? A comparison of galling and non-galling Diptera. Ecol. Entomol. 13:473-77
73. Headrick DH, Goeden RD. 1989. Life history of Pteromalus coloradensis (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) a parasite of Paracantha gentilis Hering (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Cirsium thistle capitula. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 91:594-603
74. Headrick DH, Goeden RD. 1990. Description of the immature stages of Paracantha gentilis Hering (Diptera: Tephritidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 83:220-29
75. Headrick DH, Goeden RD. 1990. Resource utilization by larvae of Paracantha gentilis (Diptera: Tephritidae) in capitula of Cirsium californicum and C. proteanum (Asteraceae) in southern California Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 92:512-20
76. Headrick DH, Goeden RD. 1990. Life history of Paracantha gentilis (Diptera: Tephritidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 83:776-85
77. Headrick DH, Goeden RD. 1991. Life history and descriptions of immature stages of Trupanea californica Malloch (Diptera: Tephritidae) on Gnaphalium spp. (Asteraceae) in southern California. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 93:559-70
78. Headrick DH, Goeden RD. 1993. Life history and description of immature stages of Aciurina thoracica Curran (Diptera: Tephritidae) on Baccharis sarothroides in southern California. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 86:68-79
79. Headrick DH, Goeden RD. 1994. Reproductive behavior of California fruit flies and the classification and evolution of Tephritidae (Diptera) mating systems. Stud. Dipterol. 1:194-252
80. Headrick DH, Goeden RD, Teerink JA. 1995. Life history and description of immature stages of Euaresta stigmatica (Diptera: Tephritidae) on Ambrosia spp. (Asteraceae) in southern California. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 88:58-71
81. Headrick DH, Goeden RD, Teerink JA. 1996. Life history and description of immature stages of Dioxyna picciola (Bigot) (Diptera: Tephritidae) on Coreopsis spp. (Asteraceae) in southern California. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 98:332-49
82. Headrick DH, Goeden RD, Teerink JA. 1997. Taxonomy of Aciurina trixa Curran (Diptera: Tephritidae) and its life history on Chrysothamnus nauseosus (Pallas) Britton in southern California; with notes on A. bigeloviae (Cockerell). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 99:415-28
83. Hilgendorf JH, Goeden RD. 1983. Phytophagous insect faunas of spiny clotbur, Xanthium spinosum, and cocklebur, Xanthium strumarium, in southern California. Environ. Entomol. 12:404-11
84. Joanisse DR, Storey KB. 1995. Temperature acclimation and seasonal responses by enzymes in cold-hardy gall insects. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 28:339-49
85. Julien MH. 1992. Biological Control of Weeds: A World Catalogue of Agents and Their Target Weeds. London: Commonw. Agric. Bur. 186 pp. 3rd ed.
86. Kapoor VC. 1993. Indian Fruit Flies: Insecta: Diptera: Tephritidae. New York: Int. Sci.
87. King RC. 1970. Ovarian Development in Drosophila melanogaster. New York: Academic
88. Knio KM, Goeden RD, Headrick DH. 1996. Descriptions of immature stages of Trupanea nigricornis and T. bisetosa (Diptera: Tephritidae) from southern California. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 89:1-11
89. Knio KM, Goeden RD, Headrick DH. 1996. Comparative biologies of the cryptic, sympatric species, Trupanea bisetosa and T. nigricornis (Diptera: Tephritidae) in southern California. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 89:252-60
90. Labeyrie T. 1971. Trophic relations and sex meetings in insects. Acta Phytopathol. Acad. Sci. Hung. 6:229-34
91. Lalonde RG, Roitberg BD. 1992. Host selective behavior of a thistle-feeding fly: choices and consequences. Oecologia 90:534-39
92. Lalonde RG, Roitberg BD. 1994. Pollen availability, seed production and seed predator clutch size in a tephritid-thistle system. Evol. Ecol. 8:188-95
93. Lamp WD, McCarty MK. 1982. Biology of predispersal seed predators of the platte thistle, Cirsium canescens. J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 55:305-16
94. Lawton JH. 1976. The structure of the arthropod community on bracken. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 73:187-216
95. Lawton JH. 1982. Vacant niches and unsaturated communities: a comparison of bracken herbivores at sites on two continents. J. Anim. Ecol. 51:573-75
96. Ludwig CE. 1949. Embryology and morphology of the larval head of Calliphora erythrocephala Meigen. Microentomology 14:75-111
97. Margaritis LH. 1985. Comparative study of the eggshell of the fruit flies Dacus oleae and Ceratitis capitata. Can. J. Zool. 63:2194-206
98. Matsuda R. 1965. Morphology and evolution of the insect head. Mem. Am. Entomol. Soc. 4:1-334
99. Menees JH. 1962. The skeletal elements of the gnathocephalon and its appendages in the larvae of higher Diptera. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 55:607-18
100. Merz B. 1994. Diptera Tephritidae. Insecta Helvetica. Geneva: Mus. Hist. Nat.
101. Mouzaki DG, Margaritis LH. 1991. Choriogenesis in the medfly Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae). Int. J. Insect Morphol. Embryol. 20:51-68
102. Mouzaki DG, Zarani FE, Margaritis LH. 1991. Structure and morphogenesis of the eggshell and micropylar apparatus in the olive fly, Dacus oleae (Diptera: Tephritidae). J. Morphol. 209:39-52
103. Norrbom AL. 1994. New genera of Tephritidae (Diptera) from Brazil and Dominican amber, with phylogenetic analysis of the tribe Ortalotrypetini. Insecta Mundi 8:1-16
104. Pittara IS, Katsoyannos BI. 1992. Effect of shape, size and color on selection of oviposition sites by Chaetorellia australis. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 63:105-13
105. Robinson AS, Hooper GHS, eds. 1989. Fruit Flies: Their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control. World Crop Pests, Vol. 3A, B. Amsterdam: Elsevier
106. Romstöck M. 1987. Tephritis conura Loew (Diptera: Tephritidae) and Cirsium heterophyllum (L.) Hill (Cardueae). Struktur-und Funktionsanalyse eines ökologischen Kliensystems. PhD thesis. Nat. Sci., Bayreuth, Bayreuth Univ. 147 pp.
107. Romstöck-Vockl M. 1990. Host refuges and spatial patterns of parasitism in an endophytic host-parasitoid system. Ecol. Entomol. 15:321-31
108. Romstöck-Vockl M, Wissel C. 1989. Spatial and seasonal patterns in the egg distribution of Tephritis conura (Diptera: Tephritidae). Oikos 55:165-74
109. Snodgrass RE. 1924. Anatomy and metamorphosis of the apple maggot, Rhagoletis pomonella Walsh. J. Agric. Res. 28:1-36
110. Snodgrass RE. 1953. The Metamorphosis of a Fly's Head. Smithson. Misc. Collect. 122 No. 3. Washington, DC: Smithson. Inst.
111. Steck GJ. 1984. Chaetostomella undosa (Diptera: Tephritidae): biology, ecology, and larval description. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 77:669-78
112. Stoltzfus WB. 1989. A non-gall forming Eurosta solidaginis (Diptera: Tephritidae). J. Iowa Acad. Sci. 96:50-51
113. Storey JM, Boggs KW, Good WR. 1992. Voltinism and phonological synchrony ot Urophora affinis and U. quadrifasciata (Diptera: Tephritidae), two seed head flies introduced against spotted knapweed in Montana. Environ. Entomol. 21:1052-59
114. Storey JM, Good WR, Callan NW. 1993. Supercooling capacity of Urophora affinis and U. quadrifasciata (Diptera. Tephritidae), two flies released on spotted knapweed in Montana. Environ. Entomol. 22:831-36
115. Storey KB, Storey JM. 1988. Freeze tolerance in animals. Physiol. Rev. 68:27-84
116. Straw NA. 1989. The timing of oviposition and larval growth by two tephritid fly species in relation to host-plant development. Ecol. Entomol. 14:443-54
117. Straw NA. 1989. Evidence for an oviposition-deterring pheromone in Tephritis bardanae (Schrank) (Diptera: Tephritidae). Oecologia 78:121-30
118. Turner CE. 1996. Tephritidae in the biological control of weeds. In Fruit Fly Pests: A World Assessment of Their Biology and Management, ed. BA McPheron, GJ Steck, pp. 157-64. Delray, FL: St. Lucie
119. Varley GC. 1937. The life history of some trypetid flies with descriptions of the early stages (Diptera). Proc. R. Entomol. Soc. London Ser. A 12:109-22
120. Walton R, Weis AE, Lichter JP. 1990. Oviposition behavior and response to plant height by Eurosta solidaginis (Fitch) (Diptera: Tephritidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 83:509-14
121. Wan FH, Wang R. 1991. Achievements of biological weed control in the world and its prospect in China. Chin. J. Biol. Control 7:81-87
122. Wasbauer MS. 1972. An annotated host catalog of the fruit flies of America north of Mexico (Diptera: Tephritidae). Occas. Pap. Bur. Entomol. Calif. 19:1-172
123. Weis AE, Abrahamsom WG, Anderson MC. 1992. Variable selection on Eurosta's gall size, I: the extent and nature of variation in phenotypic selection. Evolution 46:1674-97
124. Weis AE, Abrahamsom WG, Anderson MC. 1994. Variable selection on Eurosta's gall size, II: a path analysis of the ecological factors behind selection. Evolution 48:734-45
125. Weis AE, Abrahamson WG, McCrea KD. 1985. Host gall size and oviposition success by the parasitoid Eurytoma gigantea. Ecol. Entomol. 10:341-48
126. White IM. 1988. Tephritid Flies Diptera: Tephritidae. Handbook for the Identification of British Insects, Vol. 10, Part 5a. London: R. Entomol. Soc. London. 134 pp.
127. White IM, Elson-Harris MM. 1992. Fruit Flies of Economic Significance: Their Identification and Bionomics. London: CAB Int.
128. Zarani FE, Margaritis LH. 1991. Ultrastructural features and formation of the micropylar apparatus in the cherry fly Rhagoletis cerasi. J. Morphol. 208:205-14
129. Zwölfer H. 1965. Preliminary list of phytophagous insects attacking wild Cynareae (Compositae) species in Europe Tech. Bull. Commonw. Inst. Biol. Control 6:81-154
130. Zwölfer H. 1974. Innerartliche Kommunikations-systeme bei Bohrfliegen Biol. Unser Zeit. 4:146-53
131. Zwölfer H. 1974. Das Treffpunktprinzip als Kommunikationsstrategie und Isolationsmechanismus bei Bohrfliegen (Diptera: Trypetidae) Entomol. Ger. 1:11-20
132. Zwölfer H. 1979. Strategies and counterstrategies in insect population systems competing for space and food in flower heads and galls. Fortschr. Zool. 25:331-53
133. Zwölfer H. 1983. Life systems and strategies of resource exploitation in tephritids. In Fruit Flies of Economic Importance, Proc. CEC/IOBC Int. Symp., ed. R Cavalloro, pp. 16-30. Rotterdam: Balkema
134. Zwölfer H. 1985. Insects and thistle heads: resource utilization and guild structure. In Proc. Int. Symp. Biol. Control Weeds, ed. ES Delfosse, 6:407-16. Vancouver: Agric. Can.
135. Zwölfer H. 1988. Evolutionary and ecological relationships of the insect fauna of thistles. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 33:103-22
136. Zwölfer H, Arnold-Rinehart J. 1993. The evolution of interactions and diversity in plant-insect systems: the Urophora-Eurytoma food web in galls on Palearctic Cardueae. In Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function, ed. ED Schulze, HA Mooney, pp. 211-33. Berlin/New York: Springer
137. Zwölfer H, Arnold-Rinehart J. 1994. Parasitoids as a driving force in the evolution of gall size of Urophora on Cardueae hosts. In Plant Galls, Syst. Assoc. Spec. Vol., ed. MAJ Williams, 49:245-57. Oxford: Clarendon
138. Zwölfer H, Harris P. 1971. Host specificity determination of insects for biological control of weeds. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 16:159-78