The slow discovery of the importance of ω3 essential fatty acids in human health

Journal of Nutrition

Volumn 128, Issue 2 SUPPL., 1998, Pages

  Holman, Ralph T ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA   (United States)

Author keywords

( 6 and 3) polyunsaturated fatty acids; Essential fatty acids; Human deficiencies; Metabolism; Requirements

Indexed keywords

ESSENTIAL FATTY ACID; LINOLEIC ACID; LINOLENIC ACID; OMEGA 3 FATTY ACID; OMEGA 6 FATTY ACID;

CONFERENCE PAPER; ESSENTIAL FATTY ACID DEFICIENCY; FAT INTAKE; FATTY ACID METABOLISM; HUMAN; IMMUNE DEFICIENCY; NEUROPATHY; NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENT; NUTRITIONAL VALUE;

EID: 0031888889     PISSN: 00223166     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/jn/128.2.427s     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (30)

1. Brenner, R. R. α Peluffo, R. O. (1966) Effect of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids on the desaturation in vitro of palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids. J. Biol. Chem. 241: 5213-5219.
2. Brown, W. R., Hansen, A. E., Burr, G. O. & McQuarrie, I. (1938) Effects of prolonged use of extremely low fat diet on an adult human subject. J. Nutr. 16: 511-524.
3. Burr, G. O. & Burr, M. M. (1929) A new deficiency disease produced by the rigid exclusion of fat from the diet. J. Biol. Chem. 82: 345-367.
4. Burr, G. O. & Burr, M. M. (1930) The nature and role of the fatty acids essential in nutrition. J. Biol. Chem. 86: 587-621.
5. Hansen, A. E., Haggard, M. E., Boelsche, A. N., Adam, D.J.D. & Wiese, H. F. (1958) Essential fatty acids in infant nutrition III. Clinical manifestations of linoleic acid deficiency. J. Nutr. 66: 564-570.
6. Holman, R. T. (1960) The ratio of trienoic:tetraenoic acids in tissue lipids as a measure of essential fatty acid requirement. J. Nutr. 70: 405-410.
7. Holman, R. T. (1964) Nutritional and metabolic interrelationships between fatty acids. Fed. Proc. 23: 1062-1067.
8. Holman, R. T. (1968) Essential fatty acid deficiency. Prog. Lipid Res. 9: 275- 348.
9. Holman, R. T. (1981) Polyunsaturated fatty acid profiles in human disease. In: New Trends in Nutrition, Lipid Research and Cardiovascular Diseases (Bazan, N. G., Paoletti, R. & Iacono, J. M., eds.), pp. 25-42. Alan R. Liss, New York, NY.
10. Holman, R. T. (1988) George O. Burr and the discovery of essential fatty acids. J. Nutr. 118: 535-540.
11. Holman, R. T. (1992) A long scaly tale - the study of essential fatty acid deficiency at the University of Minnesota. In: Essential Fatty Acids and Eicosanoids. The Third International Conference (Sinclair, A. & Gibson, R., eds.), pp. 3-17. American Oil Chemists Society, Champaign, IL.
12. Holman, R. T. (1997) ω3 and ω6 essential fatty acid status in human health and disease. In: Handbook of Essential Fatty Acid Biology: Biochemistry, Physiology and Behavioral Neurobiology (Yehuda, S. & Mostofsky, D. I., eds.) pp. 139-182. Humana Press, Totawa NJ.
13. Holman, R. T. & Burr, G. O. (1948) Alkali conjugation of the unsaturated fatty acids. Arch. Biochem, 19: 474-482.
14. Holman, R. T., Johnson, S. B., Bibus, D. M., Okeahialem, T. C. & Egwim, P. O. (1996) High omega 3 essential fatty acid status in Nigerians and low status in Minnesotans. WWW J. Biol. 1:Issue 2, paper 3; (http://epress.com/w3jbio/holman/holman.html).
15. Holman, R. T., Johnson, S. B. & Hatch, T. F. (1982) A case of human linolenic acid deficiency involving neurological abnormalities. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 35: 617-623.
16. Holman, R. T. & Mohrhauer, H. (1963) A hypothesis involving competitive inhibitions in the metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Acta Chem. Scand. 17: S84-S90.
17. Klenk, E. & Mohrhauer, H. (1960) Metabolism of polyene fatty acids in the rat. Z. Physiol. Chem. 320: 218-232.
18. Marcel, Y. L. Christiansen, K. & Holman, R. T. (1968) The preferred metabolic pathway from linoleic acid to arachidonic acid in vitro. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 164: 25-34.
19. Mohrhauer, H., Christiansen, K., Gan, M. V., Deubig, M. & Holman, R. T. (1967) Chain elongation of linoleic acid and its inhibition by other fatty acids in vitro. J. Biol. Chem. 242: 4507-4514.
20. Mohrhauer, H. & Holman, R. T. (1963a) The effect of dose level of essential fatty acids upon fatty acid composition of the rat liver. J. Lipid Res. 4: 151-159.
21. Mohrhauer, H. & Holman, R. T. (1963b) The effect of dietary essential fatty acids upon composition of polyunsaturated fatty acids in depot fat and erythrocytes of the rat. J. Lipid Res. 4: 346-350.
22. Mohrhauer, H. & Holman, R. T. (1963c) Alteration of the fatty acid composition of brain lipids by varying levels of dietary essential fatty acids. J. Neurochem. 10: 523-530.
23. Mohrhauer, H. & Holman, R. T. (1963d) Effects of dietary essential fatty acids upon polyunsaturated fatty acids in rat heart tissue. Biochem. Problems of Lipids. BBA Library 1: 446-452.
24. Mohrhauer, H. & Holman, R. T. (1963e) Effect of linolenic acid upon the metabolism of linoleic acid. J. Nutr. 81: 67-74.
25. Paulsrud, J. R., Pensler, L., Whitten, C. F. & Holman, R. T. (1972) Essential fatty acid deficiency in infants induced by fat-free intravenous feeding. Am. J. Clin Nutr. 25: 897-904.
26. Phinney, S. D., Odin, R. S., Johnson, S. B. & Holman, R. T. (1990) Reduced arachidonate in serum phospholipids and cholesterol esters associated with vegetarian diets in humans. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 51: 385-392.
27. Rahm, J. J. & Holman, R. T. (1964) Effect of linoleic acid upon the metabolism of linolenic acid. J. Nutr. 84: 15-19.
28. Rieckehoff, I., Holman, R. T. & Burr, G. O. (1949) Polyethenoid fatty acid metabolism. Effect of dietary fat on polyethenoid fatty acids of rat tissues. Arch. Biochem 20: 331-340.
29. Widmer, C. & Holman, R. T. (1950) Polyethenoid fatty acid metabolism II. Deposition of polyunsaturated fatty acids in fat-deficient rats upon single fatty acid supplementation. Arch. Biochem. 25: 1-12.
30. Yehuda, S. & Carasso, R. L. (1993) Modulation of learning, pain thresholds, and thermoregulation in the rat by preparations of free purified alpha-linolenic and linoleic acids. Determination of the optimal ω3/ω6 ratio. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90: 10345-10349.