메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 43, Issue , 1998, Pages 421-447

Higher-order predators and the regulation of insect herbivore populations

Author keywords

Biological control; Hyperparasitoid; Intraguild predation; Population regulation; Top down control

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL; BIOLOGICAL PEST CONTROL; INSECT; MICROBIOLOGY; NEMATODE; PARASITOLOGY; PLANT; PREDATION; REVIEW;

EID: 0031888416     PISSN: 00664170     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ento.43.1.421     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (388)

References (197)
  • 1
    • 0024932260 scopus 로고
    • Variation in selection pressures on the goldenrod gall fly and the competitive interactions of its natural enemies
    • Abrahamson WG, Sattler JF, McCrea KD, Weis AE. 1989. Variation in selection pressures on the goldenrod gall fly and the competitive interactions of its natural enemies. Oecologia 79:15-22
    • (1989) Oecologia , vol.79 , pp. 15-22
    • Abrahamson, W.G.1    Sattler, J.F.2    McCrea, K.D.3    Weis, A.E.4
  • 2
    • 0027088665 scopus 로고
    • Why don't predators have positive effects on prey populations?
    • Abrams PA. 1992. Why don't predators have positive effects on prey populations? Evol. Ecol. 6:449-57
    • (1992) Evol. Ecol. , vol.6 , pp. 449-457
    • Abrams, P.A.1
  • 3
    • 0027331285 scopus 로고
    • Persistence and non- Target effects of Bacillus thuringiensis in soil: A review
    • Addison JA. 1993. Persistence and non-target effects of Bacillus thuringiensis in soil: a review. Can. J. For. Res. 23:2329-42
    • (1993) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.23 , pp. 2329-2342
    • Addison, J.A.1
  • 4
    • 0026292785 scopus 로고
    • Hyperparasitism in two newly introduced parasitoids, Epidinocarsis lopezi and Gyranusoidea tebygi (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) after their establishment in Togo
    • Agricola U, Fischer HU. 1991. Hyperparasitism in two newly introduced parasitoids, Epidinocarsis lopezi and Gyranusoidea tebygi (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) after their establishment in Togo. Bull. Entomol. Res. 81:127-32
    • (1991) Bull. Entomol. Res. , vol.81 , pp. 127-132
    • Agricola, U.1    Fischer, H.U.2
  • 6
    • 0027455921 scopus 로고
    • Optimal egg distribution among host patches for parasitoids subject to attack by hyperparasitoids
    • Ayal Y, Green RF. 1993. Optimal egg distribution among host patches for parasitoids subject to attack by hyperparasitoids. Am. Nat. 141:120-38
    • (1993) Am. Nat. , vol.141 , pp. 120-138
    • Ayal, Y.1    Green, R.F.2
  • 10
    • 0344312682 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Persistence of entomopathogenic nematodes
    • Stillwater, OK: Okla. State Press. In press
    • Baur ME, Kaya HK. 1998. Persistence of entomopathogenic nematodes. In Proc. Southeast. CSSRS Reg. Res. Proj. S-265. Stillwater, OK: Okla. State Press. In press
    • (1998) Proc. Southeast. CSSRS Reg. Res. Proj. S-265
    • Baur, M.E.1    Kaya, H.K.2
  • 11
    • 0000620025 scopus 로고
    • On the dynamics of host-parasite- Hyperparasite interactions
    • Beddington JR, Hammond PS. 1977. On the dynamics of host-parasite-hyperparasite interactions. J. Anim. Ecol. 46:811-21
    • (1977) J. Anim. Ecol. , vol.46 , pp. 811-821
    • Beddington, J.R.1    Hammond, P.S.2
  • 13
    • 17444416158 scopus 로고
    • See Ref. 63
    • Benz G. 1987. Environment. See Ref. 63, pp. 177-214
    • (1987) Environment , pp. 177-214
    • Benz, G.1
  • 14
    • 0343837620 scopus 로고
    • The phages and bacteriocins of Xenorhabdus spp., symbiont of the nematodes Steinernema spp. and Heterorhabditis spp.
    • ed. R Bedding, R Akhurst, H Kaya, East Melbourne: CSIRO
    • Boemare NE, Boyer-Giglio MH, Thaler JO, Akhurst RJ. 1993. The phages and bacteriocins of Xenorhabdus spp., symbiont of the nematodes Steinernema spp. and Heterorhabditis spp. In Nematodes and the Biological Control of Insect Pests, ed. R Bedding, R Akhurst, H Kaya, pp. 137-45. East Melbourne: CSIRO
    • (1993) Nematodes and the Biological Control of Insect Pests , pp. 137-145
    • Boemare, N.E.1    Boyer-Giglio, M.H.2    Thaler, J.O.3    Akhurst, R.J.4
  • 15
    • 0030618426 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of the hyperparasitoid Dendrocerus carpenteri on the reproduction of the grain aphid Sitobion avenae
    • Boenisch AG, Petersen G, Wyss U. 1997. Influence of the hyperparasitoid Dendrocerus carpenteri on the reproduction of the grain aphid Sitobion avenae. Ecol. Entomol. 22:1-6
    • (1997) Ecol. Entomol. , vol.22 , pp. 1-6
    • Boenisch, A.G.1    Petersen, G.2    Wyss, U.3
  • 16
    • 0027044511 scopus 로고
    • Patterns of hyperparasitism of Cotesia melanoscela (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in Southern Ontario
    • Bourchier RS, Nealis VG. 1992. Patterns of hyperparasitism of Cotesia melanoscela (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in Southern Ontario. Environ. Entomol. 21:907-12
    • (1992) Environ. Entomol. , vol.21 , pp. 907-912
    • Bourchier, R.S.1    Nealis, V.G.2
  • 17
    • 0028794744 scopus 로고
    • Submaximal oviposition rates in a mymarid parasitoid: Choosiness should not be ignored
    • Bouskila A, Robertson IC, Robinson ME, Roitberg BD, Tenhumberg B, et al. 1995. Submaximal oviposition rates in a mymarid parasitoid: choosiness should not be ignored. Ecology 76:1990-93
    • (1995) Ecology , vol.76 , pp. 1990-1993
    • Bouskila, A.1    Robertson, I.C.2    Robinson, M.E.3    Roitberg, B.D.4    Tenhumberg, B.5
  • 18
    • 0027455969 scopus 로고
    • Competition among parasitoid species on a stage-structured host and its effect on host suppression
    • Briggs CJ. 1993. Competition among parasitoid species on a stage-structured host and its effect on host suppression. Am. Nat. 141:372-97
    • (1993) Am. Nat. , vol.141 , pp. 372-397
    • Briggs, C.J.1
  • 19
    • 0030267343 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The dynamics of insect-pathogen interactions in seasonal environments
    • Briggs CJ. Godfray HCJ. 1996. The dynamics of insect-pathogen interactions in seasonal environments. Theor. Popul. Biol. 50:149-77
    • (1996) Theor. Popul. Biol. , vol.50 , pp. 149-177
    • Briggs, C.J.1    Godfray, H.C.J.2
  • 20
    • 0027098711 scopus 로고
    • Host behaviour modification by the endoparasitoid Aphidius nigripes: A strategy to reduce hyperparasitism
    • Brodeur J, McNeil JN. 1992. Host behaviour modification by the endoparasitoid Aphidius nigripes: a strategy to reduce hyperparasitism. Ecol. Entomol. 17:97-104
    • (1992) Ecol. Entomol. , vol.17 , pp. 97-104
    • Brodeur, J.1    McNeil, J.N.2
  • 21
    • 0028313682 scopus 로고
    • Life history of the aphid hyperparasitoid Asaphes vulgaris Walker (Pteromalidae): Possible consequences on the efficacy of the primary parasitoid Aphidius nigripes Ashmead (Aphidiidae)
    • Brodeur J, McNeil JN. 1994. Life history of the aphid hyperparasitoid Asaphes vulgaris Walker (Pteromalidae): possible consequences on the efficacy of the primary parasitoid Aphidius nigripes Ashmead (Aphidiidae). Can. Entomol. 126:1493-97
    • (1994) Can. Entomol. , vol.126 , pp. 1493-1497
    • Brodeur, J.1    McNeil, J.N.2
  • 22
    • 0028179015 scopus 로고
    • Usurpation of host behaviour by a parasitic wasp
    • Brodeur J, Vet LEM. 1994. Usurpation of host behaviour by a parasitic wasp. Anim. Behav. 48:187-92
    • (1994) Anim. Behav. , vol.48 , pp. 187-192
    • Brodeur, J.1    Vet, L.E.M.2
  • 23
    • 0007661572 scopus 로고
    • Interactions among polyphagous anthocorid bugs used for thrips control and other beneficials in multi-species biological pest management systems
    • Brødsgaard HF, Enkegaard A. 1995. Interactions among polyphagous anthocorid bugs used for thrips control and other beneficials in multi-species biological pest management systems. Med. Fac. Landbouww. Univ. Gent 60:893-900
    • (1995) Med. Fac. Landbouww. Univ. Gent , vol.60 , pp. 893-900
    • Brødsgaard, H.F.1    Enkegaard, A.2
  • 24
    • 0001334332 scopus 로고
    • Host-parasitoid- Pathogen interactions
    • ed. NE Beckage, SN Thompson, BA Federici, San Diego: Academic
    • Brooks WM. 1993. Host-parasitoid-pathogen interactions. In Parasites and Pathogens of Insects. Volume 2: Pathogens, ed. NE Beckage, SN Thompson, BA Federici, pp. 231-72. San Diego: Academic
    • (1993) Parasites and Pathogens of Insects. Volume 2: Pathogens , vol.2 , pp. 231-272
    • Brooks, W.M.1
  • 25
    • 0011873834 scopus 로고
    • Control of a primary parasite of the greenbug with a secondary parasite in greenhouse screening for plant resistance
    • Burton RL, Starks KJ. 1977. Control of a primary parasite of the greenbug with a secondary parasite in greenhouse screening for plant resistance. J. Econ. Entomol. 70: 219-20
    • (1977) J. Econ. Entomol. , vol.70 , pp. 219-220
    • Burton, R.L.1    Starks, K.J.2
  • 26
    • 0030804728 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interspecific variation in entomopathogenic nematode foraging strategy: Dichotomy or variation along a continuum?
    • In press
    • Campbell JF, Gaugler RR. 1997. Interspecific variation in entomopathogenic nematode foraging strategy: dichotomy or variation along a continuum? Fund. Appl. Nematol. In press
    • (1997) Fund. Appl. Nematol.
    • Campbell, J.F.1    Gaugler, R.R.2
  • 31
    • 0000009294 scopus 로고
    • Protozoan response to the addition of bacterial predators and other bacteria to soil
    • Casida LE Jr. 1989. Protozoan response to the addition of bacterial predators and other bacteria to soil. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 55:1857-59
    • (1989) Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , vol.55 , pp. 1857-1859
    • Casida Jr., L.E.1
  • 32
    • 0030726028 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ontogenetic change of prey preference in a generalist predator, Zelus renardii, and its influence on the intensity of predator- Predator interactions
    • In press
    • Cisneros JJ, Rosenheim JA. 1997. Ontogenetic change of prey preference in a generalist predator, Zelus renardii, and its influence on the intensity of predator-predator interactions. Ecol. Entomol. In press
    • (1997) Ecol. Entomol.
    • Cisneros, J.J.1    Rosenheim, J.A.2
  • 33
    • 0001425253 scopus 로고
    • Intraguild predation by coccinellid beetles on an aphid parasitoid, Lysiphlebus testaceipes
    • Memphis, TN: National Cotton Council of America
    • Colfer RG, Rosenheim JA. 1995. Intraguild predation by coccinellid beetles on an aphid parasitoid, Lysiphlebus testaceipes. In Proc. Beltwide Cotton Conf., pp. 1033-36. Memphis, TN: National Cotton Council of America
    • (1995) Proc. Beltwide Cotton Conf. , pp. 1033-1036
    • Colfer, R.G.1    Rosenheim, J.A.2
  • 34
    • 0028161831 scopus 로고
    • Density-related foraging behaviour in Closterocerus tricinctus, a parasitoid of the leaf-mining moth, Cameraria hamadryadella
    • Connor EF, Cargain MJ. 1994. Density-related foraging behaviour in Closterocerus tricinctus, a parasitoid of the leaf-mining moth, Cameraria hamadryadella. Ecol. Entomol. 19:327-34
    • (1994) Ecol. Entomol. , vol.19 , pp. 327-334
    • Connor, E.F.1    Cargain, M.J.2
  • 35
    • 0000939949 scopus 로고
    • Why insects move between host patches: Some comments on 'risk-spreading'
    • Courtney SP. 1986. Why insects move between host patches: some comments on 'risk-spreading'. Oikos 47:112-14
    • (1986) Oikos , vol.47 , pp. 112-114
    • Courtney, S.P.1
  • 36
    • 0027100189 scopus 로고
    • Biological control of apple mites by mixed populations of Metaseiulus occidentalis (Nesbitt) and Typhlodromus pyri Scheuten (Acari: Phytoseiidae)
    • Croft BA, MacRae IV. 1992. Biological control of apple mites by mixed populations of Metaseiulus occidentalis (Nesbitt) and Typhlodromus pyri Scheuten (Acari: Phytoseiidae). Environ. Entomol. 21:202-9
    • (1992) Environ. Entomol. , vol.21 , pp. 202-209
    • Croft, B.A.1    MacRae, I.V.2
  • 37
    • 0027028230 scopus 로고
    • Persistence of Typhlodromus pyri and Metaseiulus occidentalis (Acari: Phytoseiidae) on apple after inoculative release and competition withZetzellia mali (Acari: Stigmaeidae)
    • Croft BA, MacRae IV. 1992. Persistence of Typhlodromus pyri and Metaseiulus occidentalis (Acari: Phytoseiidae) on apple after inoculative release and competition withZetzellia mali (Acari: Stigmaeidae). Environ. Entomol. 21:1168-77
    • (1992) Environ. Entomol. , vol.21 , pp. 1168-1177
    • Croft, B.A.1    MacRae, I.V.2
  • 38
    • 0002974230 scopus 로고
    • Population studies of the long-tailed mealybug and its natural enemies on citrus trees in Southern California, 1946
    • DeBach P. 1949. Population studies of the long-tailed mealybug and its natural enemies on citrus trees in Southern California, 1946. Ecology 30:14-25
    • (1949) Ecology , vol.30 , pp. 14-25
    • DeBach, P.1
  • 42
    • 0020917074 scopus 로고
    • The natural control of populations of butterflies and moths
    • Dempster JP. 1983. The natural control of populations of butterflies and moths. Biol. Rev. 58:461-81
    • (1983) Biol. Rev. , vol.58 , pp. 461-481
    • Dempster, J.P.1
  • 43
    • 0028829883 scopus 로고
    • Interspecific interactions in phytophagous insects: Competition reexamined and resurrected
    • Denno RF, McClure MS, Ott JR. 1995. Interspecific interactions in phytophagous insects: competition reexamined and resurrected. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 40:297-331
    • (1995) Annu. Rev. Entomol. , vol.40 , pp. 297-331
    • Denno, R.F.1    McClure, M.S.2    Ott, J.R.3
  • 45
    • 0028978305 scopus 로고
    • Experimental removal of insectivores from rain forest canopy: Direct and indirect effects
    • Dial R, Roughgarden J. 1995. Experimental removal of insectivores from rain forest canopy: direct and indirect effects. Ecology 76:1821-34
    • (1995) Ecology , vol.76 , pp. 1821-1834
    • Dial, R.1    Roughgarden, J.2
  • 46
    • 0027060953 scopus 로고
    • The time and egg budget of Leptopilina clavipes, a parasitoid of larval Drosophila
    • Driessen G, Hemerik L. 1992. The time and egg budget of Leptopilina clavipes, a parasitoid of larval Drosophila. Ecol. Entomol. 17:17-27
    • (1992) Ecol. Entomol. , vol.17 , pp. 17-27
    • Driessen, G.1    Hemerik, L.2
  • 47
    • 0001931201 scopus 로고
    • The "balance of nature" and "population control"
    • Ehrlich PR, Birch LC. 1967. The "balance of nature" and "population control." Am. Nat. 101:97-107
    • (1967) Am. Nat. , vol.101 , pp. 97-107
    • Ehrlich, P.R.1    Birch, L.C.2
  • 49
    • 0344744966 scopus 로고
    • Mortality of pupae of jack pine budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) parasites and density dependence of hyperparasitism
    • Elliott NC, Simmons GA, Haynes DL. 1986. Mortality of pupae of jack pine budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) parasites and density dependence of hyperparasitism. Environ. Entomol. 15:662-68
    • (1986) Environ. Entomol. , vol.15 , pp. 662-668
    • Elliott, N.C.1    Simmons, G.A.2    Haynes, D.L.3
  • 50
    • 0001337653 scopus 로고
    • Potential role of nematophagous microarthropods as biotic mortality factors of entomogenous nematodes (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae, Heterorhabditidae)
    • Epsky ND, Walter DE, Capinera JL. 1988. Potential role of nematophagous microarthropods as biotic mortality factors of entomogenous nematodes (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae, Heterorhabditidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 81: 821-25
    • (1988) J. Econ. Entomol. , vol.81 , pp. 821-825
    • Epsky, N.D.1    Walter, D.E.2    Capinera, J.L.3
  • 52
    • 0023527829 scopus 로고
    • Community structure and folivorous insect outbreaks: The roles of vertical and horizontal interactions
    • ed. P Barbosa, JC Schultz, San Diego: Academic
    • Faeth SH. 1987. Community structure and folivorous insect outbreaks: the roles of vertical and horizontal interactions. In Insect Outbreaks, ed. P Barbosa, JC Schultz, pp. 135-71. San Diego: Academic
    • (1987) Insect Outbreaks , pp. 135-171
    • Faeth, S.H.1
  • 53
    • 0000867817 scopus 로고
    • Direct and indirect effects of generalist predators on a terrestrial arthropod community
    • Fagan WF, Hurd LE. 1991. Direct and indirect effects of generalist predators on a terrestrial arthropod community. Am. Midl. Nut. 126:380-84
    • (1991) Am. Midl. Nut. , vol.126 , pp. 380-384
    • Fagan, W.F.1    Hurd, L.E.2
  • 54
    • 0028162783 scopus 로고
    • Hatch density variation of a generalist arthropod predator: Population consequences and community impact
    • Fagan WF, Hurd LE. 1994. Hatch density variation of a generalist arthropod predator: population consequences and community impact. Ecology 75:2022-32
    • (1994) Ecology , vol.75 , pp. 2022-2032
    • Fagan, W.F.1    Hurd, L.E.2
  • 55
    • 0001198395 scopus 로고
    • Biodegradation of entomopathogenic hyphomycetes: Influence of clay coating on Beauveria bassiana blastospore survival in soil
    • Fargues J, Reisinger O, Robert PH, Aubart C. 1983. Biodegradation of entomopathogenic hyphomycetes: influence of clay coating on Beauveria bassiana blastospore survival in soil. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 41:131-42
    • (1983) J. Invertebr. Pathol. , vol.41 , pp. 131-142
    • Fargues, J.1    Reisinger, O.2    Robert, P.H.3    Aubart, C.4
  • 56
    • 84971720892 scopus 로고
    • The impact of Aphidius rhopalosiphi (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) on populations of the rose grain aphid (Metopolophium dirhodum) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on cereals in Canterbury, New Zealand
    • Farrell JA, Stufkens MW. 1990. The impact of Aphidius rhopalosiphi (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) on populations of the rose grain aphid (Metopolophium dirhodum) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on cereals in Canterbury, New Zealand. Bull. Entomol. Res. 80:377-83
    • (1990) Bull. Entomol. Res. , vol.80 , pp. 377-383
    • Farrell, J.A.1    Stufkens, M.W.2
  • 58
    • 0029659297 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Non- Additive effects of multiple natural enemies on aphid populations
    • Ferguson KI, Stiling P. 1996. Non-additive effects of multiple natural enemies on aphid populations. Oecologia 108:375-79
    • (1996) Oecologia , vol.108 , pp. 375-379
    • Ferguson, K.I.1    Stiling, P.2
  • 59
    • 0344312677 scopus 로고
    • Indirect hyperparasitism and observations on three species of indirect hyperparasites
    • Flanders SE. 1943. Indirect hyperparasitism and observations on three species of indirect hyperparasites. J. Econ. Entomol. 36:921-26
    • (1943) J. Econ. Entomol. , vol.36 , pp. 921-926
    • Flanders, S.E.1
  • 60
    • 0030441382 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Top-down impacts on creosotebush herbivores in a spatially and temporally complex environment
    • Floyd T. 1996. Top-down impacts on creosotebush herbivores in a spatially and temporally complex environment. Ecology 77:1544-55
    • (1996) Ecology , vol.77 , pp. 1544-1555
    • Floyd, T.1
  • 62
    • 0000321605 scopus 로고
    • Selection for host modification by insect parasitoids
    • Fritz RS. 1982. Selection for host modification by insect parasitoids. Evolution 36:283-88
    • (1982) Evolution , vol.36 , pp. 283-288
    • Fritz, R.S.1
  • 64
    • 0344312675 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Environmental persistence of Bacillus thuringiensis and other bacterial insect pathogens
    • Stillwater, OK: Okla. State Press. In press
    • Gelernter WD. 1998. Environmental persistence of Bacillus thuringiensis and other bacterial insect pathogens. In Proc. Southeast. CSSRS Reg. Res. Proj. S-265. Stillwater, OK: Okla. State Press. In press
    • (1998) Proc. Southeast. CSSRS Reg. Res. Proj. S-265
    • Gelernter, W.D.1
  • 65
    • 0345607232 scopus 로고
    • Persistence of Nosema tocustae spores in soil as determined by fluorescence microscopy
    • Germida JJ. 1984. Persistence of Nosema tocustae spores in soil as determined by fluorescence microscopy. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 47:313-18
    • (1984) Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , vol.47 , pp. 313-318
    • Germida, J.J.1
  • 66
    • 84976202050 scopus 로고
    • Nosema locustae Canning (Microsporida) spore populations in treated field soils and resident grasshopper populations
    • Germida JJ, Ewen AB, Onofriechuk EE. 1987. Nosema locustae Canning (Microsporida) spore populations in treated field soils and resident grasshopper populations. Can. Entomol. 119:355-60
    • (1987) Can. Entomol. , vol.119 , pp. 355-360
    • Germida, J.J.1    Ewen, A.B.2    Onofriechuk, E.E.3
  • 67
    • 0027385855 scopus 로고
    • Potential role of Collembola as biotic mortality agents for entomopathogenic nematodes
    • Gilmore SK, Potter DA. 1993. Potential role of Collembola as biotic mortality agents for entomopathogenic nematodes. Pedobiologia 37:30-38
    • (1993) Pedobiologia , vol.37 , pp. 30-38
    • Gilmore, S.K.1    Potter, D.A.2
  • 69
    • 0027091432 scopus 로고
    • A cage experiment with fourtrophic levels: Cassava plant growth as influenced by cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti, its parasitoid Epidinocarsis lopezi, and the hyperparasitoids Prochiloneurus insolitus and Chartocerus hyalipennis
    • Goergen G, Neuenschwander P. 1992. A cage experiment with fourtrophic levels: cassava plant growth as influenced by cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti, its parasitoid Epidinocarsis lopezi, and the hyperparasitoids Prochiloneurus insolitus and Chartocerus hyalipennis. Z. Pflanzenkrankh. Pflanzenschutz 99:182-90
    • (1992) Z. Pflanzenkrankh. Pflanzenschutz , vol.99 , pp. 182-190
    • Goergen, G.1    Neuenschwander, P.2
  • 70
    • 0002584183 scopus 로고
    • Fungi attacking vermiform nematodes
    • ed. GO Poinar Jr, HB Jansson, 2-3-38. Boca Raton, FL: CRC
    • Gray NF. 1988. Fungi attacking vermiform nematodes. In Diseases of Nematodes, ed. GO Poinar Jr, HB Jansson, 2-3-38. Boca Raton, FL: CRC
    • (1988) Diseases of Nematodes
    • Gray, N.F.1
  • 71
    • 0028791409 scopus 로고
    • Characterization of Serratia entomophila bacteriophages and the phage-resistant mutant strain BC4B
    • Grkovic S, O'Callaghan M, Mahanty HK. 1995. Characterization of Serratia entomophila bacteriophages and the phage-resistant mutant strain BC4B. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61:4160-66
    • (1995) Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , vol.61 , pp. 4160-4166
    • Grkovic, S.1    O'Callaghan, M.2    Mahanty, H.K.3
  • 72
    • 0027869886 scopus 로고
    • Insect behavioral and morphological defenses against parasitoids
    • Gross P. 1993. Insect behavioral and morphological defenses against parasitoids. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 38:251-73
    • (1993) Annu. Rev. Entomol. , vol.38 , pp. 251-273
    • Gross, P.1
  • 73
    • 0027806495 scopus 로고
    • Cause-effect relationships in energy flow, trophic structure and interspecific interactions
    • Hairston NG Jr, Hairston NG Sr. 1993. Cause-effect relationships in energy flow, trophic structure and interspecific interactions. Am. Nat. 142:379-411
    • (1993) Am. Nat. , vol.142 , pp. 379-411
    • Hairston Jr., N.G.1    Hairston Sr., N.G.2
  • 74
    • 0030620322 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does food web complexity eliminate trophic-level dynamics?
    • Hairston NG Jr, Hairston NG Sr. 1997. Does food web complexity eliminate trophic-level dynamics? Am. Nat. 149:1001-7
    • (1997) Am. Nat. , vol.149 , pp. 1001-1007
    • Hairston Jr., N.G.1    Hairston Sr., N.G.2
  • 75
    • 0001030091 scopus 로고
    • Community structure, population control, and competition
    • Hairston NG, Smith FE, Slobodkin LB. 1960. Community structure, population control, and competition. Am. Nat. 94:421-25
    • (1960) Am. Nat. , vol.94 , pp. 421-425
    • Hairston, N.G.1    Smith, F.E.2    Slobodkin, L.B.3
  • 77
    • 0000937654 scopus 로고
    • Parasitoid-host food webs and donor control
    • Hawkins BA. 1992. Parasitoid-host food webs and donor control. Oikos 65:159-62
    • (1992) Oikos , vol.65 , pp. 159-162
    • Hawkins, B.A.1
  • 79
    • 0030390061 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Egg limitation, host quality, and dynamic behavior by a parasitoid in the field
    • Heimpel GE, Rosenheim JA, Mangel M. 1996. Egg limitation, host quality, and dynamic behavior by a parasitoid in the field. Ecology 77:2410-20
    • (1996) Ecology , vol.77 , pp. 2410-2420
    • Heimpel, G.E.1    Rosenheim, J.A.2    Mangel, M.3
  • 80
    • 0030618678 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predation on adult Aphytis parasitoids in the field
    • Heimpel GE, Rosenheim JA, Mangel M. 1997. Predation on adult Aphytis parasitoids in the field. Oecologia 110:346-52
    • (1997) Oecologia , vol.110 , pp. 346-352
    • Heimpel, G.E.1    Rosenheim, J.A.2    Mangel, M.3
  • 82
    • 0030175014 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interspecific interactions among natural enemies of Bemisia in an inundative biological control program
    • Heinz KM, Nelson JM. 1996. Interspecific interactions among natural enemies of Bemisia in an inundative biological control program. Biol. Control 6:384-93
    • (1996) Biol. Control , vol.6 , pp. 384-393
    • Heinz, K.M.1    Nelson, J.M.2
  • 83
    • 0024973716 scopus 로고
    • The potential role of pathogens in biological control
    • Hochberg ME. 1989. The potential role of pathogens in biological control. Nature 337:262-65
    • (1989) Nature , vol.337 , pp. 262-265
    • Hochberg, M.E.1
  • 84
    • 0028163752 scopus 로고
    • Interactions of the whitefly predator Delphastus pusillus (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) and parasitized sweet- Potato whitefly (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae)
    • Hoelmer KA, Osborne LS, Yokomi RK. 1993. Interactions of the whitefly predator Delphastus pusillus (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) and parasitized sweet-potato whitefly (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). Environ. Entomol. 23:136-39
    • (1993) Environ. Entomol. , vol.23 , pp. 136-139
    • Hoelmer, K.A.1    Osborne, L.S.2    Yokomi, R.K.3
  • 85
    • 0027444013 scopus 로고
    • The relationship between primary parasitoids and hyperparasitoids of cereal aphids: An analysis of field data
    • Höller C, Borgemeister C, Haardt H, Powell W. 1993. The relationship between primary parasitoids and hyperparasitoids of cereal aphids: an analysis of field data. J. Anim. Ecol. 62:12-21
    • (1993) J. Anim. Ecol. , vol.62 , pp. 12-21
    • Höller, C.1    Borgemeister, C.2    Haardt, H.3    Powell, W.4
  • 87
    • 0002546328 scopus 로고
    • Ecological applications of elemental labeling: Analysis of dispersal, density, mortality, and feeding
    • Hopper KR. 1991. Ecological applications of elemental labeling: analysis of dispersal, density, mortality, and feeding. Southw. Entomol. Suppl. 14:71-83
    • (1991) Southw. Entomol. Suppl. , vol.14 , pp. 71-83
    • Hopper, K.R.1
  • 90
    • 0026579951 scopus 로고
    • Playing chutes and ladders: Heterogeneity and the relative roles of bottom-up and top- Down forces in natural communities
    • Hunter MD, Price PW. 1992. Playing chutes and ladders: heterogeneity and the relative roles of bottom-up and top-down forces in natural communities. Ecology 73:724-32
    • (1992) Ecology , vol.73 , pp. 724-732
    • Hunter, M.D.1    Price, P.W.2
  • 91
    • 0021567049 scopus 로고
    • Experimental density manipulations of the predator Tenodera sinensis (Orthoptera: Mantidae) in an old-field community. II. The influence of mantids on arthropod community structure
    • Hurd LE, Eisenberg RM. 1984. Experimental density manipulations of the predator Tenodera sinensis (Orthoptera: Mantidae) in an old-field community. II. The influence of mantids on arthropod community structure. J. Anim. Ecol. 53:955-67
    • (1984) J. Anim. Ecol. , vol.53 , pp. 955-967
    • Hurd, L.E.1    Eisenberg, R.M.2
  • 92
    • 0025603943 scopus 로고
    • Arthropod community responses to manipulation of a bitrophic predator guild
    • Hurd LE, Eisenberg RM. 1990. Arthropod community responses to manipulation of a bitrophic predator guild. Ecology 71:2107-14
    • (1990) Ecology , vol.71 , pp. 2107-2114
    • Hurd, L.E.1    Eisenberg, R.M.2
  • 94
    • 0345175188 scopus 로고
    • Presence of certain bacteriophages in mosquito larval habitats inhibiting the larvicidal activity of Bacillus thuringiensis and B. sphaericus
    • Hussein ME, Merdan A, Abdel Razik NA, Morsy S, Botros M. 1990. Presence of certain bacteriophages in mosquito larval habitats inhibiting the larvicidal activity of Bacillus thuringiensis and B. sphaericus. J. Appl. Entomol. 109:513-19
    • (1990) J. Appl. Entomol. , vol.109 , pp. 513-519
    • Hussein, M.E.1    Merdan, A.2    Abdel Razik, N.A.3    Morsy, S.4    Botros, M.5
  • 95
    • 0345607226 scopus 로고
    • The effects of hacteriophages in natural mosquito larval habitats on the larvicidal potency of the entomopathogenic bacilli (Bacillus thuringiensis and B. sphaericus) used for commercial formulations
    • Hussein ME, Merdan A, Abdel Razik N, Morsy S, Saleh M. 1991. The effects of hacteriophages in natural mosquito larval habitats on the larvicidal potency of the entomopathogenic bacilli (Bacillus thuringiensis and B. sphaericus) used for commercial formulations. Zentralbl. Mikrobiol. 146:279-84
    • (1991) Zentralbl. Mikrobiol. , vol.146 , pp. 279-284
    • Hussein, M.E.1    Merdan, A.2    Abdel Razik, N.3    Morsy, S.4    Saleh, M.5
  • 96
    • 0344312671 scopus 로고
    • The effects of certain phages of Bacillus spp. on the larvicidal potency of B. thuringiensis and B. sphaericus
    • Hussein ME, Merdan A, Abdel Razik NA, Morsy SA, Saleh MB. 1991. The effects of certain phages of Bacillus spp. on the larvicidal potency of B. thuringiensis and B. sphaericus. J. Appl. Entomol. 112:176-80
    • (1991) J. Appl. Entomol. , vol.112 , pp. 176-180
    • Hussein, M.E.1    Merdan, A.2    Abdel Razik, N.A.3    Morsy, S.A.4    Saleh, M.B.5
  • 97
    • 0001240221 scopus 로고
    • Environmental factors affecting persistence of entomopathogens
    • Ignoffo CM. 1992. Environmental factors affecting persistence of entomopathogens. Fla. Entomol. 75:516-25
    • (1992) Fla. Entomol. , vol.75 , pp. 516-525
    • Ignoffo, C.M.1
  • 98
    • 0030304563 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The consequences of ant-attendance to the biological control of the red wax scale insect Ceroplastes rubens by Anicetus beneficus
    • 96a. Itioka T, Inoue T. 1996. The consequences of ant-attendance to the biological control of the red wax scale insect Ceroplastes rubens by Anicetus beneficus. J. Appl. Ecol. 33:609-18
    • (1996) J. Appl. Ecol. , vol.33 , pp. 609-618
    • Itioka, T.1    Inoue, T.2
  • 99
    • 0030303380 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nematode-trapping fungi of a natural shrubland: Tests for food chain involvement
    • Jaffee BA, Strong DR, Muldoon AE. 1996b. Nematode-trapping fungi of a natural shrubland: tests for food chain involvement. Mycologia, 88:554-64
    • (1996) Mycologia , vol.88 , pp. 554-564
    • Jaffee, B.A.1    Strong, D.R.2    Muldoon, A.E.3
  • 100
    • 0024901924 scopus 로고
    • Optimal host selection by Drosophila parasitoids in the field
    • Janssen A. 1989. Optimal host selection by Drosophila parasitoids in the field. Funct. Ecol. 3:469-79
    • (1989) Funct. Ecol. , vol.3 , pp. 469-479
    • Janssen, A.1
  • 101
    • 0028980545 scopus 로고
    • Odour-mediated avoidance of competition in Drosophila parasitoids: The ghost of competition
    • Janssen A, van Alphen JJM, Sabelis MW, Bakker K. 1995. Odour-mediated avoidance of competition in Drosophila parasitoids: the ghost of competition. Oikos 73:356-66
    • (1995) Oikos , vol.73 , pp. 356-366
    • Janssen, A.1    Van Alphen, J.J.M.2    Sabelis, M.W.3    Bakker, K.4
  • 103
    • 0024877291 scopus 로고
    • Community organization of Erigeron glaucus folivores: Effects of competition, predation, and host plant
    • Karban R. 1989. Community organization of Erigeron glaucus folivores: effects of competition, predation, and host plant. Ecology 70:1028-39
    • (1989) Ecology , vol.70 , pp. 1028-1039
    • Karban, R.1
  • 105
    • 0030479396 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of microbial and other antagonistic organisms and competition on entomopathogenic nematodes
    • Kaya HK, Koppenhöfer AM. 1996. Effects of microbial and other antagonistic organisms and competition on entomopathogenic nematodes. Biocontrol Sci. Technol. 6:357-71
    • (1996) Biocontrol Sci. Technol. , vol.6 , pp. 357-371
    • Kaya, H.K.1    Koppenhöfer, A.M.2
  • 106
    • 0030301737 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • When good bugs go bad: Intraguild predation by Jalysus wickhami on the parasitoid, Cotesia congregata
    • Kester KM, Jackson DM. 1996. When good bugs go bad: intraguild predation by Jalysus wickhami on the parasitoid, Cotesia congregata. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 81:271-76
    • (1996) Entomol. Exp. Appl. , vol.81 , pp. 271-276
    • Kester, K.M.1    Jackson, D.M.2
  • 107
    • 0030614069 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Suppression of an entomopathogenic nematode by the nematode-trapping fungi Geniculifera paucispora and Monacrosporium eudermatum as affected by the nematode-trapping fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora
    • Koppenhöfer AM, Jaffee BA, Muldoon AE, Strong DR. 1997. Suppression of an entomopathogenic nematode by the nematode-trapping fungi Geniculifera paucispora and Monacrosporium eudermatum as affected by the nematode-trapping fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora. Mycologia 89:220-27
    • (1997) Mycologia , vol.89 , pp. 220-227
    • Koppenhöfer, A.M.1    Jaffee, B.A.2    Muldoon, A.E.3    Strong, D.R.4
  • 108
    • 0030278918 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of nematode-trapping fungi on an entomopathogenic nematode originating from the same field site in California
    • Koppenhöfer AM, Jaffee BA, Muldoon AE, Strong DR, Kaya HK. 1996. Effect of nematode-trapping fungi on an entomopathogenic nematode originating from the same field site in California. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 68:246-52
    • (1996) J. Invertebr. Pathol. , vol.68 , pp. 246-252
    • Koppenhöfer, A.M.1    Jaffee, B.A.2    Muldoon, A.E.3    Strong, D.R.4    Kaya, H.K.5
  • 110
    • 0027954174 scopus 로고
    • Presence of double-stranded RNAs and virus-like particles in the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae
    • Leal SCM, Bertioli DJ, Ball BV, Butt TM 1994. Presence of double-stranded RNAs and virus-like particles in the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae. Biocontrol Sci. Technol. 4:89-94
    • (1994) Biocontrol Sci. Technol. , vol.4 , pp. 89-94
    • Leal, S.C.M.1    Bertioli, D.J.2    Ball, B.V.3    Butt, T.M.4
  • 111
    • 0019867849 scopus 로고
    • Biotic and abiotic factors affecting stability of Beauveria bassiana conidia in soil
    • Lingg AJ, Donaldson MD. 1981. Biotic and abiotic factors affecting stability of Beauveria bassiana conidia in soil. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 38:191-200
    • (1981) J. Invertebr. Pathol. , vol.38 , pp. 191-200
    • Lingg, A.J.1    Donaldson, M.D.2
  • 112
    • 0344744960 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Positive predator-predator interactions: Enhanced predation rates and synergistic suppression of aphid populations
    • In press
    • Losey JE, Denno RF. 1997. Positive predator-predator interactions: enhanced predation rates and synergistic suppression of aphid populations. Ecology. In press
    • (1997) Ecology
    • Losey, J.E.1    Denno, R.F.2
  • 114
    • 0027835478 scopus 로고
    • Regulation of aphid populations by aphidiid wasps: Does parasitoid foraging behaviour or hyperparasitism limit impact?
    • Mackauer M, Völkl W. 1993. Regulation of aphid populations by aphidiid wasps: Does parasitoid foraging behaviour or hyperparasitism limit impact? Oecologia 94:339-50
    • (1993) Oecologia , vol.94 , pp. 339-350
    • Mackauer, M.1    Völkl, W.2
  • 115
    • 0344744959 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Environmental persistence of Microsporidia
    • Stillwater, OK: OkIa State Press. In press
    • Maddox JV. 1998. Environmental persistence of Microsporidia. In Proc. Southeast. CSSRS Reg. Res. Proj. S-265. Stillwater, OK: OkIa State Press. In press
    • (1998) Proc. Southeast. CSSRS Reg. Res. Proj. S- 265
    • Maddox, J.V.1
  • 116
    • 0345175182 scopus 로고
    • The Pseudoscorpionid Chernes cimicoides as a predator of the predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis on cucumber cultures in glasshouses
    • Markkula M, Tiittanen K. 1982. The Pseudoscorpionid Chernes cimicoides as a predator of the predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis on cucumber cultures in glasshouses. Ann. Agric. Fenn. 20:28-31
    • (1982) Ann. Agric. Fenn. , vol.20 , pp. 28-31
    • Markkula, M.1    Tiittanen, K.2
  • 117
    • 0024470506 scopus 로고
    • Worldwide abundance and distribution of Bacillus thuringiensis isolates
    • Martin PAW, Travers RS. 1989. Worldwide abundance and distribution of Bacillus thuringiensis isolates. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 55:2437-42
    • (1989) Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , vol.55 , pp. 2437-2442
    • Martin, P.A.W.1    Travers, R.S.2
  • 118
    • 0001714305 scopus 로고
    • The dynamics of multiparasitoid-host interactions
    • May RM, Hassell MP. 1981. The dynamics of multiparasitoid-host interactions. Am. Nat. 117:234-61
    • (1981) Am. Nat. , vol.117 , pp. 234-261
    • May, R.M.1    Hassell, M.P.2
  • 119
    • 0345175181 scopus 로고
    • Interspecific interactions between Orius insidiosus (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae) and Leptothrips mali (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae)
    • McCaffrey JP, Horsburgh RL. 1982. Interspecific interactions between Orius insidiosus (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae) and Leptothrips mali (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae). Environ. Entomol. 11:1104-7
    • (1982) Environ. Entomol. , vol.11 , pp. 1104-1107
    • McCaffrey, J.P.1    Horsburgh, R.L.2
  • 121
    • 0028976893 scopus 로고
    • Indirect effects in marine rocky intertidal interaction webs: Patterns and importance
    • Menge BA. 1995. Indirect effects in marine rocky intertidal interaction webs: patterns and importance. Ecol. Monogr. 65:21-74
    • (1995) Ecol. Monogr. , vol.65 , pp. 21-74
    • Menge, B.A.1
  • 123
    • 0027498514 scopus 로고
    • Prey specificity in Chrysopa: An interspecific comparison of larval feeding and defensive behavior
    • Milbrath LR, Tauber MJ, Tauber CA. 1993. Prey specificity in Chrysopa: an interspecific comparison of larval feeding and defensive behavior. Ecology 74:1384-93
    • (1993) Ecology , vol.74 , pp. 1384-1393
    • Milbrath, L.R.1    Tauber, M.J.2    Tauber, C.A.3
  • 124
    • 0024184548 scopus 로고
    • Arthropod regulation of micro- and mesobiota in below-ground detrital food webs
    • Moore JC, Walter DE, Hunt HW. 1988. Arthropod regulation of micro- and mesobiota in below-ground detrital food webs. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 33:419-39
    • (1988) Annu. Rev. Entomol. , vol.33 , pp. 419-439
    • Moore, J.C.1    Walter, D.E.2    Hunt, H.W.3
  • 125
    • 0030431939 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Top-down cascade from a bitrophic predator in an old-field community
    • Moran MD, Rooney TP, Hurd LE. 1996. Top-down cascade from a bitrophic predator in an old-field community. Ecology 77:2219-27
    • (1996) Ecology , vol.77 , pp. 2219-2227
    • Moran, M.D.1    Rooney, T.P.2    Hurd, L.E.3
  • 126
    • 0000808798 scopus 로고
    • "Community structure, population control and competition" - A critique
    • Murdoch WW. 1966. "Community structure, population control and competition" - a critique. Am. Nat. 100:219-26
    • (1966) Am. Nat. , vol.100 , pp. 219-226
    • Murdoch, W.W.1
  • 127
    • 0000915563 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Population dynamics and foraging behaviour of Diaeretus leucopterus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), and its potential for the biological control of pine damaging Eulachnus spp. (Homoptera: Aphididae)
    • Murphy ST, Völkl W. 1996. Population dynamics and foraging behaviour of Diaeretus leucopterus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), and its potential for the biological control of pine damaging Eulachnus spp. (Homoptera: Aphididae). Bull. Entomol. Res. 86:397-405
    • (1996) Bull. Entomol. Res. , vol.86 , pp. 397-405
    • Murphy, S.T.1    Völkl, W.2
  • 129
    • 0000334087 scopus 로고
    • The balance of animal populations
    • Nicholson AJ. 1933. The balance of animal populations. J. Anim. Ecol. 2:132-78
    • (1933) J. Anim. Ecol. , vol.2 , pp. 132-178
    • Nicholson, A.J.1
  • 130
    • 0027145948 scopus 로고
    • Bacteriophage can inhibit the development of amber disease in the New Zealand grass grub, Costelytra zealandica (White)
    • O'Callaghan M, Jackson TA. 1993. Bacteriophage can inhibit the development of amber disease in the New Zealand grass grub, Costelytra zealandica (White). J. Invertebr. Pathol. 62:319-20
    • (1993) J. Invertebr. Pathol. , vol.62 , pp. 319-320
    • O'Callaghan, M.1    Jackson, T.A.2
  • 131
    • 0000376685 scopus 로고
    • Exploitation ecosystems in gradients of primary productivity
    • Oksanen L, Fretwell S, Arruda J, Niemela P. 1981. Exploitation ecosystems in gradients of primary productivity. Am. Nat. 118:240-61
    • (1981) Am. Nat. , vol.118 , pp. 240-261
    • Oksanen, L.1    Fretwell, S.2    Arruda, J.3    Niemela, P.4
  • 132
    • 0002684537 scopus 로고
    • The effects of insectivorous bird activities in forest ecosystems: An evaluation
    • ed. JG Dickson, RN Connor, RR Fleet, JC Kross, JA Jackson, New York: Academic
    • Otvos IS. 1979. The effects of insectivorous bird activities in forest ecosystems: an evaluation. In The Role of Insectivorous Birds in Forest Ecosystems, ed. JG Dickson, RN Connor, RR Fleet, JC Kross, JA Jackson, pp. 341-74. New York: Academic
    • (1979) The Role of Insectivorous Birds in Forest Ecosystems , pp. 341-374
    • Otvos, I.S.1
  • 133
    • 0021566888 scopus 로고
    • Control of arthropod abundance by Anolis lizards on St. Eustatius (Neth. Antilles)
    • Pacala S, Roughgarden J. 1984. Control of arthropod abundance by Anolis lizards on St. Eustatius (Neth. Antilles). Oecologia 64:160-62
    • (1984) Oecologia , vol.64 , pp. 160-162
    • Pacala, S.1    Roughgarden, J.2
  • 134
    • 0005923674 scopus 로고
    • Compatibility of Leptothrips mali with Stethorus punctum and Orius insidiosus: Predators of Panonychus ulmi
    • Parrella MP, McCaffrey JP, Horsburgh RL. 1980. Compatibility of Leptothrips mali with Stethorus punctum and Orius insidiosus: predators of Panonychus ulmi. Environ. Entomol. 9:694-96
    • (1980) Environ. Entomol. , vol.9 , pp. 694-696
    • Parrella, M.P.1    McCaffrey, J.P.2    Horsburgh, R.L.3
  • 135
    • 0001626043 scopus 로고
    • Soil antagonism affecting the dose- Response of workers of the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta, to Beauveria bassiana conidia
    • Pereira RM, Stimac JL, Alves SB. 1993. Soil antagonism affecting the dose-response of workers of the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta, to Beauveria bassiana conidia. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 61:156-61
    • (1993) J. Invertebr. Pathol. , vol.61 , pp. 156-161
    • Pereira, R.M.1    Stimac, J.L.2    Alves, S.B.3
  • 136
  • 137
    • 0344744955 scopus 로고
    • Susceptibility of Neoaplectana spp. and Heterorhabditis heliothidis to the endoparasitic fungus Drechmeria coniospora
    • Poinar GO Jr, Jansson JB. 1986. Susceptibility of Neoaplectana spp. and Heterorhabditis heliothidis to the endoparasitic fungus Drechmeria coniospora. J. Nematol. 18:225-30
    • (1986) J. Nematol. , vol.18 , pp. 225-230
    • Poinar Jr., G.O.1    Jansson, J.B.2
  • 138
    • 0026296262 scopus 로고
    • Complex trophic interactions in deserts: An empirical critique of food-web theory
    • Polis GA. 1991. Complex trophic interactions in deserts: an empirical critique of food-web theory. Am. Nat. 138:123-55
    • (1991) Am. Nat. , vol.138 , pp. 123-155
    • Polis, G.A.1
  • 139
    • 0028165502 scopus 로고
    • Food webs, trophic cascades and community structure
    • Polis GA. 1994. Food webs, trophic cascades and community structure. Aust. J. Ecol. 19:121-36
    • (1994) Aust. J. Ecol. , vol.19 , pp. 121-136
    • Polis, G.A.1
  • 140
    • 0030472660 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Food web complexity and community dynamics
    • Polis GA, Strong DR. 1996. Food web complexity and community dynamics. Am. Nat. 147:813-46
    • (1996) Am. Nat. , vol.147 , pp. 813-846
    • Polis, G.A.1    Strong, D.R.2
  • 143
    • 0000111816 scopus 로고
    • Interactions among Plodia interpunctella, Bracon hebetor, and Xylocoris flavipes
    • Press JW, Flaherty BR, Arbogast RT. 1974. Interactions among Plodia interpunctella, Bracon hebetor, and Xylocoris flavipes. Environ. Entomol. 3:183-84
    • (1974) Environ. Entomol. , vol.3 , pp. 183-184
    • Press, J.W.1    Flaherty, B.R.2    Arbogast, R.T.3
  • 144
    • 0011108435 scopus 로고
    • Ecological factors affecting the pathogenicity of Bacillus thuringiensis var. thuringiensis to the European com borer and fall armyworm
    • Raun ES, Sutter GR, Revelo MA. 1966. Ecological factors affecting the pathogenicity of Bacillus thuringiensis var. thuringiensis to the European com borer and fall armyworm. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 8:365-75
    • (1966) J. Invertebr. Pathol. , vol.8 , pp. 365-375
    • Raun, E.S.1    Sutter, G.R.2    Revelo, M.A.3
  • 145
    • 0000380933 scopus 로고
    • Influence of predators on the efficiency of the Blaesoxipha spp. parasites of the migratory grasshopper
    • Rees NE, Onsager JA. 1982. Influence of predators on the efficiency of the Blaesoxipha spp. parasites of the migratory grasshopper. Environ. Entomol. 11:426-28
    • (1982) Environ. Entomol. , vol.11 , pp. 426-428
    • Rees, N.E.1    Onsager, J.A.2
  • 146
    • 0003165963 scopus 로고
    • Parasitism and survival among rangeland grasshoppers in response to suppression of robber fly (Diptera: Asilidae) predators
    • Rees NE, Onsager JA. 1985. Parasitism and survival among rangeland grasshoppers in response to suppression of robber fly (Diptera: Asilidae) predators. Environ. Entomol. 14:20-23
    • (1985) Environ. Entomol. , vol.14 , pp. 20-23
    • Rees, N.E.1    Onsager, J.A.2
  • 147
    • 0030985378 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Test for predation effects of single versus multiple species of generalist predators: Spiders and their insect prey
    • In press
    • Riechert SE, Lawrence K. 1997. Test for predation effects of single versus multiple species of generalist predators: spiders and their insect prey. Entomol. Exp. Appl. In press
    • (1997) Entomol. Exp. Appl.
    • Riechert, S.E.1    Lawrence, K.2
  • 151
    • 0028161810 scopus 로고
    • Patch leaving rules for parasitoids with imperfect host discrimination
    • Rosenheim JA, Mangel M. 1994. Patch leaving rules for parasitoids with imperfect host discrimination. Ecol. Entomol. 19:374-80
    • (1994) Ecol. Entomol. , vol.19 , pp. 374-380
    • Rosenheim, J.A.1    Mangel, M.2
  • 152
    • 0027331809 scopus 로고
    • Influence of intraguild predation among generalist insect predators on the suppression of an herbivore population
    • Rosenheim JA, Wilhoit LR, Armer CA. 1993. Influence of intraguild predation among generalist insect predators on the suppression of an herbivore population. Oecologia 96:439-49
    • (1993) Oecologia , vol.96 , pp. 439-449
    • Rosenheim, J.A.1    Wilhoit, L.R.2    Armer, C.A.3
  • 153
    • 0030806621 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plant compensation, natural biological control, and herbivory by Aphis gossypii on pre-reproductive cotton: The anatomy of a non-pest
    • In press
    • 150a. Rosenheim JA, Wilhoit LR, Goodell PB, Grafton-Cardwell EE, Leigh TF. 1998. Plant compensation, natural biological control, and herbivory by Aphis gossypii on pre-reproductive cotton: the anatomy of a non-pest. Entomol. Exp. Appl. In press
    • (1998) Entomol. Exp. Appl.
    • Rosenheim, J.A.1    Wilhoit, L.R.2    Goodell, P.B.3    Grafton-Cardwell, E.E.4    Leigh, T.F.5
  • 154
    • 0030302864 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hyperparasitoid aggregation in response to variation in Aphidius ervi host density at three spatial scales
    • Schooler SS, Ives AR, Harmon J. 1996. Hyperparasitoid aggregation in response to variation in Aphidius ervi host density at three spatial scales. Ecol. Entomol. 21:249-58
    • (1996) Ecol. Entomol. , vol.21 , pp. 249-258
    • Schooler, S.S.1    Ives, A.R.2    Harmon, J.3
  • 155
    • 0342422046 scopus 로고
    • Studies on the parasitoids of cotton aphid III. Bionomics of Aphidencyrtus aphidivorus (Mayr), a hyperparasite of cotton aphid
    • Shi DS. 1986. Studies on the parasitoids of cotton aphid III. Bionomics of Aphidencyrtus aphidivorus (Mayr), a hyperparasite of cotton aphid. Contrib. Shanghai Inst. Entomol. 6:35-41
    • (1986) Contrib. Shanghai Inst. Entomol. , vol.6 , pp. 35-41
    • Shi, D.S.1
  • 156
    • 0019868702 scopus 로고
    • Identification of a Penicillium urticae metabolite which inhibits Beauveria bassiana
    • Shields MS, Lingg AJ, Heimsch RC. 1981. Identification of a Penicillium urticae metabolite which inhibits Beauveria bassiana. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 38:374-77
    • (1981) J. Invertebr. Pathol. , vol.38 , pp. 374-377
    • Shields, M.S.1    Lingg, A.J.2    Heimsch, R.C.3
  • 158
    • 0001220095 scopus 로고
    • Regulation in terrestrial ecosystems, and the implied balance of nature
    • Slobodkin L, Smith F, Hairston N. 1967. Regulation in terrestrial ecosystems, and the implied balance of nature. Am. Nat. 101:109-24
    • (1967) Am. Nat. , vol.101 , pp. 109-124
    • Slobodkin, L.1    Smith, F.2    Hairston, N.3
  • 159
    • 0026027518 scopus 로고
    • The phylloplane as a source of Bacillus thuringiensis variants
    • Smith RA, Couche GA. 1991. The phylloplane as a source of Bacillus thuringiensis variants. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 57:311-15
    • (1991) Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , vol.57 , pp. 311-315
    • Smith, R.A.1    Couche, G.A.2
  • 161
    • 0000770528 scopus 로고
    • Interspecific competition between spiders and its relevance to biological control by general predators
    • Spiller DA. 1986. Interspecific competition between spiders and its relevance to biological control by general predators. Environ. Entomol. 15:177-81
    • (1986) Environ. Entomol. , vol.15 , pp. 177-181
    • Spiller, D.A.1
  • 162
    • 0025624189 scopus 로고
    • A terrestrial field experiment showing the impact of eliminating top predators on foliage damage
    • Spiller DA, Schoener TW. 1990. A terrestrial field experiment showing the impact of eliminating top predators on foliage damage. Nature 347:469-72
    • (1990) Nature , vol.347 , pp. 469-472
    • Spiller, D.A.1    Schoener, T.W.2
  • 163
    • 0028176229 scopus 로고
    • Effects of top and intermediate predators in a terrestrial food web
    • Spiller DA, Schoener TW. 1994. Effects of top and intermediate predators in a terrestrial food web. Ecology 75:182-96
    • (1994) Ecology , vol.75 , pp. 182-196
    • Spiller, D.A.1    Schoener, T.W.2
  • 164
    • 0024220763 scopus 로고
    • Density-dependent processes and key factors in insect populations
    • Stiling P. 1988. Density-dependent processes and key factors in insect populations. J. Anim. Ecol. 57:581-93
    • (1988) J. Anim. Ecol. , vol.57 , pp. 581-593
    • Stiling, P.1
  • 165
    • 0029663750 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Entomopathogenic nematodes: Natural enemies of root-feeding caterpillars on bush lupine
    • Strong DR, Kaya HK, Whipple AV, Child AL, Kraig S, et al. 1996. Entomopathogenic nematodes: natural enemies of root-feeding caterpillars on bush lupine. Oecalogia 108:167-73
    • (1996) Oecalogia , vol.108 , pp. 167-173
    • Strong, D.R.1    Kaya, H.K.2    Whipple, A.V.3    Child, A.L.4    Kraig, S.5
  • 167
    • 0028982418 scopus 로고
    • High mortality, fluctuation in numbers, and heavy subterranean insect herbivory in bush lupine, Lupinus arboreus
    • Strong DR, Maron JL, Connors PG, Whipple A, Harrison S, Jefferies RL. 1995. High mortality, fluctuation in numbers, and heavy subterranean insect herbivory in bush lupine, Lupinus arboreus. Oecologia 104:85-92
    • (1995) Oecologia , vol.104 , pp. 85-92
    • Strong, D.R.1    Maron, J.L.2    Connors, P.G.3    Whipple, A.4    Harrison, S.5    Jefferies, R.L.6
  • 168
  • 170
    • 0022861379 scopus 로고
    • Oviposition behaviour and searching efficiency in a natural population of a braconid parasitoid
    • Thompson JN. 1986. Oviposition behaviour and searching efficiency in a natural population of a braconid parasitoid. J. Anim. Ecol. 55:351-60
    • (1986) J. Anim. Ecol. , vol.55 , pp. 351-360
    • Thompson, J.N.1
  • 171
    • 38249024855 scopus 로고
    • Role of the second-stage cuticle of entomogenous nematodes in preventing infection by nematophagous fungi
    • Timper P, Kaya HK. 1989. Role of the second-stage cuticle of entomogenous nematodes in preventing infection by nematophagous fungi. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 54:314-21
    • (1989) J. Invertebr. Pathol. , vol.54 , pp. 314-321
    • Timper, P.1    Kaya, H.K.2
  • 172
    • 0037758190 scopus 로고
    • Impact of a nematode-parasitic fungus on the effectiveness of entomopathogenic nematodes
    • Timper P, Kaya HK. 1992. Impact of a nematode-parasitic fungus on the effectiveness of entomopathogenic nematodes. J. Nematol. 24:1-8
    • (1992) J. Nematol. , vol.24 , pp. 1-8
    • Timper, P.1    Kaya, H.K.2
  • 173
    • 0002828621 scopus 로고
    • Survival of entomogenous nematodes in soil infested with the nematode- Parasitic fungus Hirsutella rhossiliensis (Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes)
    • Timper P, Kaya HK, Jaffee BA. 1991. Survival of entomogenous nematodes in soil infested with the nematode-parasitic fungus Hirsutella rhossiliensis (Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes). Biol. Control 1:42-50
    • (1991) Biol. Control , vol.1 , pp. 42-50
    • Timper, P.1    Kaya, H.K.2    Jaffee, B.A.3
  • 174
    • 0005861330 scopus 로고
    • Relationship between parasitism and predation of diprionid sawflies
    • Tostowaryk W. 1971. Relationship between parasitism and predation of diprionid sawflies. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 64:1424-27
    • (1971) Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. , vol.64 , pp. 1424-1427
    • Tostowaryk, W.1
  • 175
    • 0027099224 scopus 로고
    • Cascade effects among four trophic levels: Bird predation on galls affects density-dependent parasitism
    • Tscharntke T. 1992. Cascade effects among four trophic levels: bird predation on galls affects density-dependent parasitism. Ecology 73:1689-98
    • (1992) Ecology , vol.73 , pp. 1689-1698
    • Tscharntke, T.1
  • 180
    • 0026549279 scopus 로고
    • Aphids or their parasitoids: Who actually benefits from antattendance?
    • Völkl W. 1992. Aphids or their parasitoids: Who actually benefits from antattendance? J. Anim. Ecol. 61:273-81
    • (1992) J. Anim. Ecol. , vol.61 , pp. 273-281
    • Völkl, W.1
  • 181
    • 0028165216 scopus 로고
    • Searching at different spatial scales: The foraging behaviour of the aphid parasitoid Aphidius rosae in rose bushes
    • Völkl W. 1994. Searching at different spatial scales: the foraging behaviour of the aphid parasitoid Aphidius rosae in rose bushes. Oecologia 100:177-83
    • (1994) Oecologia , vol.100 , pp. 177-183
    • Völkl, W.1
  • 182
    • 0002333581 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interactions between ants and aphid parasitoids: Patterns and consequences for resource utilization
    • In press
    • Völkl W. 1997. Interactions between ants and aphid parasitoids: patterns and consequences for resource utilization. Ecol. Stud. In press
    • (1997) Ecol. Stud.
    • Völkl, W.1
  • 183
    • 4043181619 scopus 로고
    • Patch time allocation and resource exploitation in aphid primary parasitoids and hyperparasitoids searching simultaneously within aphid colonies
    • Völkl W, Kranz P, Weisser W, Hübner G. 1995. Patch time allocation and resource exploitation in aphid primary parasitoids and hyperparasitoids searching simultaneously within aphid colonies. J. Appl. Entomol. 119:399-404
    • (1995) J. Appl. Entomol. , vol.119 , pp. 399-404
    • Völkl, W.1    Kranz, P.2    Weisser, W.3    Hübner, G.4
  • 184
    • 0030473229 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Foraging behaviour and resource utilization of the aphid parasitoid Pauesia unilachni: Adaptation to host distribution and mortality risks
    • Völkl W, Kraus W. 1996. Foraging behaviour and resource utilization of the aphid parasitoid Pauesia unilachni: adaptation to host distribution and mortality risks. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 79:101-9
    • (1996) Entomol. Exp. Appl. , vol.79 , pp. 101-109
    • Völkl, W.1    Kraus, W.2
  • 185
    • 0029839613 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wax covers in larvae of two Scymnus species: Do they enhance coccinellid larval survival?
    • Völkl W, Vohland K. 1996. Wax covers in larvae of two Scymnus species: Do they enhance coccinellid larval survival? Oecologia 107:498-503
    • (1996) Oecologia , vol.107 , pp. 498-503
    • Völkl, W.1    Vohland, K.2
  • 186
    • 0028161824 scopus 로고
    • Foraging strategies in solitary parasitoids: The trade-off between female and offspring mortality risks
    • Weisser WW, Houston AI, Völkl W. 1994. Foraging strategies in solitary parasitoids: the trade-off between female and offspring mortality risks. Evol. Ecol. 8:587-97
    • (1994) Evol. Ecol. , vol.8 , pp. 587-597
    • Weisser, W.W.1    Houston, A.I.2    Völkl, W.3
  • 187
    • 0030890625 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biology of Wolbachia
    • Werren JH. 1997. Biology of Wolbachia. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 42:587-609
    • (1997) Annu. Rev. Entomol. , vol.42 , pp. 587-609
    • Werren, J.H.1
  • 188
    • 0000978492 scopus 로고
    • Population sampling method for cocoons of the gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) parasite, Apanteles melanoscelus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), and relationship of its population levels to predator- and hyperparasite-induced mortality
    • Weseloh RM. 1983. Population sampling method for cocoons of the gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) parasite, Apanteles melanoscelus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), and relationship of its population levels to predator- and hyperparasite-induced mortality. Environ. Entomol. 12:1228-31
    • (1983) Environ. Entomol. , vol.12 , pp. 1228-1231
    • Weseloh, R.M.1
  • 189
    • 0001514123 scopus 로고
    • Hyperparasites of the gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae): field attack patterns on Cotesia melanoscela (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) at different host densities and on different-sized host clumps
    • Weseloh RM. 1986. Hyperparasites of the gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae): field attack patterns on Cotesia melanoscela (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) at different host densities and on different-sized host clumps. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 79:308-11
    • (1986) Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. , vol.79 , pp. 308-311
    • Weseloh, R.M.1
  • 190
    • 0021568799 scopus 로고
    • Fate of the insecticidal, proteinaceous parasporal crystal of Bacillus thuringiensis in soil
    • West AW. 1984. Fate of the insecticidal, proteinaceous parasporal crystal of Bacillus thuringiensis in soil. Soil Biol. Biochem. 16:357-60
    • (1984) Soil Biol. Biochem. , vol.16 , pp. 357-360
    • West, A.W.1
  • 191
    • 0022203702 scopus 로고
    • Survival of Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus cereus spore inocula in soil: Effects of pH, moisture, nutrient availability and indigenous microorganisms
    • West AW, Burges HD, Dixon TJ, Wyborn CH. 1985. Survival of Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus cereus spore inocula in soil: effects of pH, moisture, nutrient availability and indigenous microorganisms. Soil Biol. Biochem. 17:657-65
    • (1985) Soil Biol. Biochem. , vol.17 , pp. 657-665
    • West, A.W.1    Burges, H.D.2    Dixon, T.J.3    Wyborn, C.H.4
  • 192
    • 0007670965 scopus 로고
    • Effect of incubation in non-sterilised and autoclaved arable soil on survival of Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus cereus spore inocula
    • West AW, Burges HD, Dixon TJ, Wyborn CH. 1985. Effect of incubation in non-sterilised and autoclaved arable soil on survival of Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus cereus spore inocula. N. Z. J. Agric. Res. 28:559-66
    • (1985) N. Z. J. Agric. Res. , vol.28 , pp. 559-566
    • West, A.W.1    Burges, H.D.2    Dixon, T.J.3    Wyborn, C.H.4
  • 193
    • 0001085536 scopus 로고
    • Persistence of Bacillus thuringiensis parasporal crystal insecticidal activity in soil
    • West AW, Burges HD, White RJ, Wyborn CH. 1984. Persistence of Bacillus thuringiensis parasporal crystal insecticidal activity in soil. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 44:128-33
    • (1984) J. Invertebr. Pathol. , vol.44 , pp. 128-133
    • West, A.W.1    Burges, H.D.2    White, R.J.3    Wyborn, C.H.4
  • 194
    • 0000855050 scopus 로고
    • Effect of incubation in natural and autoclaved soil upon potency and viability of Bacillus thuringiensis
    • West AW, Burges HD, Wyborn CH. 1984. Effect of incubation in natural and autoclaved soil upon potency and viability of Bacillus thuringiensis. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 44:121-27
    • (1984) J. Invertebr. Pathol. , vol.44 , pp. 121-127
    • West, A.W.1    Burges, H.D.2    Wyborn, C.H.3
  • 195
    • 0012454575 scopus 로고
    • Detection of Bacillus thuringiensis in soil by immunofluorescence
    • West AW, Crook NE, Burges HD. 1984. Detection of Bacillus thuringiensis in soil by immunofluorescence. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 43:150-55
    • (1984) J. Invertebr. Pathol. , vol.43 , pp. 150-155
    • West, A.W.1    Crook, N.E.2    Burges, H.D.3
  • 196
    • 0002289406 scopus 로고
    • Predaceous insects, spiders, and mites of Arkansas cotton fields
    • Whitcomb WH, Bell K. 1964. Predaceous insects, spiders, and mites of Arkansas cotton fields. Univ. Ark. Agric. Exp. Stn. Bull. 690.
    • (1964) Univ. Ark. Agric. Exp. Stn. Bull. , vol.690
    • Whitcomb, W.H.1    Bell, K.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.