Biological therapy: Approaches in colorectal cancer. Strategies to enhance carcinoemhryonic antigen (CEA) as an immunogenic target

British Journal of Cancer

Volumn 77, Issue 5, 1998, Pages 683-693

  Zbar, A P ^a   Lemoine, N R ^b   Wadhwa, M ^c   Thomas, H ^b   Snary, D ^d   Kmiot, W A ^a  

^a HAMMERSMITH HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^b IMPERIAL COLLEGE SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United Kingdom)

^c NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR BIOLOGICAL STANDARDS AND CONTROL   (United Kingdom)

^d IMPERIAL CANCER RESEARCH FUND   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CANCER VACCINE; CARCINOEMBRYONIC ANTIGEN;

ANTIGEN RECOGNITION; CANCER IMMUNOTHERAPY; COLORECTAL CANCER; HUMAN; IMMUNOGENICITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW;

EID: 0031885592     PISSN: 00070920     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1998.114     Document Type: Review

References (145)

1. 2a isotype containing increased numbers of macrophages activated for a distinctive form of antibody dependent cytolysis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 81: 3506-3510
2. Anichini A, Maccalli C, Mortarini R, Salvi S, Mazzochi A, Squareina P, Herlyn M and Parmiani G (1993) Melanoma cells and normal melanocytes share antigens recognized by HLA-A2 restricted cytotoxic T cell clones from melanoma patients. J Exp Med 177: 989-998
3. Ansardi DC, Moldoveanu Z, Porter DC, Walker DE, Conry RM, LoBuglio AF, McPherson S and Marrow CD (1994) Characterization of poliovirus replicons encoding carcinoembryonic antigen. Cancer Res 54: 6359-6364
4. Arakawa F, Kuroki M, Misumi Y, Oikawa S, Nakazato H and Matzuoka Y (1990) Characterization of a cDNA clone encoding a new species of the non-specific cross-reacting antigen (NCA) a member of the CEA gene family. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 166: 1063-1071
5. August DA, Ottrow RT and Sugarbaker PH (1984) Clinical perspectives on human colorectal cancer metastases. Cancer Metastasis Rev 3: 303-324
6. Austin EB, Robins RA and Durrant LG (1991) Induction of delayed hypersensitivity to human tumour cells with a human monoclonal anti-idiotypic antibody. J Natl Cancer Inst 83: 1245-1284
7. Baillie CT, Winslet MC and Bradley NJ (1995) Tumour vasculature - a potential therapeutic target. Br J Cancer 72: 257-267
8. Bates PA, Luo J and Sternberg MJE (1992) A predicted three-dimensional structure for the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). FEBS 301: 207-214
9. Bennick JR, Yewdell JW, Smith GL, Moller C and Moss B (1984) Recombinant vaccinia virus primes and stimulates influenza haemagglutinin specific cytotoxic T cells. Nature 311: 578-579
10. Berling B, Kolbinger F, Grunert F, Thompson JA, Brombacher F, Buchegger F, von Kleist S and Zimmerman W (1990) Cloning of a carcinoembryonic antigen family member expressed in leukocytes of chronic myeloid leukemia patients and bone marrow. Cancer Res 50: 6534-6539
11. Bernards R, Destree A, McKenzie S, Gordon E, Weiberg RA and Panicali D (1987) Effective tumour therapy directed against an oncogene-encoded product using a vaccinia virus vector. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84: 6854-6858
12. Bhattacharya-Chalterjee M, Mukerjee S, Biddle W, Foon KA and Kohler H (1990) Murine monoclonal anti-idiotype antibody as a potential network antigen for human carcinoembryonic antigen. J Immunol 145: 2785-2765
13. Bird RE, Hardman KD, Jacobson JW, Johnson S, Kaufman BM, Lee SM, Lee T, Pope SH, Riordan GS and Whitlow M (1988) Single-chain antigen-binding proteins. Science 242: 423-426
14. Blottiere HM, Douillard J-Y, Koprowski H and Steplewski Z (1990) Humoral and cellular responses of colorectal cancer patients treated with monoclonal antibodies and interferon-γ. Cancer Immunol Immunother 32: 29-37
15. Boehm MK, Mayans MO, Thornton JD, Begem RHJ, Keep PA and Perkins SJ (1996) Extended glycoprotein structure of the seven domains in human carcinoembryonic antigen by X-ray and neutron solution scattering and an automated curve fitting procedure: implications for cellular adhesion. J Mol Biol 259: 718-735
16. Bona CA (1989) Idiotypic network theory and its implications in anti-tumour immunity. Immun Cancer 2: 215-221
17. Bretscher PA and Cohn M (1970) A theory of self discrimination. Science 169: 1042-1049
18. Bruggemann M, Winter G, Waldmann H and Neuberger MS (1989) The immunogenicity of chimaeric antibodies. J Exp Med 170: 2153-2157
19. Capecchi MR (1989) Altering the genome by homologous recombination. Science 244: 1288-1292
20. Chakaraborty M, Foon KA, Kohler H and Bhattacharya-Chatterjee M (1995) Preclinical evaluation in non-human primates of an anti-idiotypic antibody that mimics the carcinoembryonic antigen. J Immunother 18: 95-103
21. Chattopadhayay P, Starkey J, Morrow WJW and Raychaudhuri S (1992) Murine monoclonal anti-idiotype antibody breaks unresponsiveness and induces a specific antibody response to human melanoma-associated proteoglycan antigen in cynomolgus monkeys. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89: 2684-2688
22. Chelyapov NV, Antonova TP, Yanova NN and Chernos VI (1988) Antigenic properties of vaccinia virus and of the virus recombinant strains expressing heterologous genes. Acta Virol 32: 409-416
23. Chen L, Linsley PS and Hellstrom KE (1993) Constimulation of T cells for tumour immunity. Immunol Today 14: 483-486
24. Collatz E, von Kleist S and Burtin P (1971) Further investigations of circulating antibodies in colon cancer patients on the autoantigenicity of the carcinoembryonic antigen. Int J Cancer 8: 298-303
25. Conry RM, LoBuglio AF, Kantor J, Schlom J, Loechel F, Moore SE, Sumerel LA, Barlow DL, Abrams S and Curiel DT (1994) Immune response to a carcinoembryonic antigen polynucleotide vaccine. Cancer Res 54: 1164-1168
26. Conry RM, Saleh MN, Sehlom J, Loechel F, Abrams S and Curiel DT (1995a) Breaking tolerance to carcinoembryonic antigen with a recombinant vaccinia virus vaccine in man. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 492(A)
27. Conry RM, LoBuglio AF, Loechel F, Moore SE, Sumerel LA, Barlow DL, Pike J and Curiel DT (1995b) A carcinoembryonic antigen polynucleotide vaccine for human cinical use. Cancer Gene Ther 2: 33-83
28. Conry RM, LoBuglio AF, Wright M, Sumerel M, Pike MJ, Johanning F, Benjamin R, Lu D and Curiel DT (1995c) Characterization of a messenger RNA polynucleotide vaccine vector. Cancer Res 55: 1397-1400
29. Conry RM, LoBuglio AF and Curiel DT (1996a) Polynucleotide mediated immunization therapy of cancer. Semin Oncol 23: 135-147
30. Conry RM, Widera G, LoBuglio AF, Fuller JT, Moore SE, Barlow DL, Turner J, Yang N-S and Curiel DT (1996b) Selected strategies to augment polynucleotide vaccination. Gene Ther 3: 67-74
31. Conry RM, LoBuglio AF and Curiel DT (1996c) Phase la trial of a polynucleotide anti-tumor immunization to human carcinoembryonic antigen in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Comprehensive Cancer Center University of Alabama Clinical Protocol. Human Gene Ther 7: 755-772
32. Coupar BEH, Andrew ME and Boyle DB (1988) A general method for the construction of recombinant vaccinia viruses expressing multiple foreign genes. Gene 68: 1-10
33. Durbin H, Young S, Stewart LM, Wrba F, Rowan AJ, Snary D and Bodmer WF (1994) An epitope on carcinoembryonic antigen defined by the clinically relevant antibody PR1A3. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91: 4313-4317
34. Durrant LG, Doran M, Austin EB and Robins RA (1994a) Induction of cellular immune responses by a murine monoclonal anti-idiotypic antibody recognizing the 791 Tgp 72 antigen expressed on colorectal, gastric and ovarian human tumours. Int J Cancer 60: 1-5
35. Durrant LG, Buckley TJD, Denton GWL, Hardcastle JD, Sewell HF and Robins RA (1994b) Enhanced cell mediated tumour cell killing in patients immunized with human monoclonal anti-idiotypic antibody 105 AD7. Cancer Res 54: 4837-4840
36. Eades-Perner A-M and Zimmerman W (1995) Carcinoembryonic antigen transgenic mice: a model for tumour immunotherapy. Tumour Biol 16: 56-61
37. Edwards RH and Rutter WJ (1988) Use of vaccinia virus vectors to study protein processing in human disease. J Clin Invest 82: 44-47
38. Eichmann K and Rajewsky K (1975) Induction of T and B cell immunity by anti-idiotype therapy. Eur J Immunol 5: 661-666
39. Eisenbruan MD, Fuller DH and Haynes JR (1993) Examination of parameters affecting the elicitation of humoral immune responses by particle bombardment mediated genetic immunization. DNA Cell Biol 12: 791-797
40. Estin CD, Stevenson US, Plowman GD, Hu SL, Sridhar P, Hellstrom I, Brown JP and Hellstrom KE (1988) Recombinant vaccinia virus vaccine against the human melanoma antigen p97 for use in immunotherapy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85: 1052-1056
41. Fearon ER and Vogelstein B (1990) A genetic model for colorectal tumorigenesis. Cell 61: 759-767
42. Fell HP, Gayle MA, Grosmaire L and Ledbetter JA (1991) Genetic construction and characterization of a fusion protein consisting of a chimaeric F(ab′) with specificity for carcinomas and human IL-2. J Immunol 146: 2446-2452
43. Ferguson MAJ (1991) Glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol membrane anchors: the tale of a tail. Biochem Soc Trans 20: 243-256
44. Finke JH, Rayman P and Edinger M (1992) Characterization of a human renal cell carcinoma specific cytotoxic CD8+ T-cell line. J Immunother 11: 1-11
45. Goebels N, Michaelis D, Wekerle H and Hohfield R (1992) Human myoblasts as antigen presenting cells. J Immunol 149: 661-667
46. Gold P (1967) Circulating antibodies against carcinoembryonic antigens of the human digestive system. Cancer 20: 1663-1666
47. Gold JM, Freeman SO and Gold P (1972) Human anti-CEA antibodies detected by radioimmunoelectrophoresis. Nature New Biol 239: 60-62
48. Goodnow CC, Brink R and Adams E (1991) Breakdown of self tolerance in anergic B lymphocytes. Nature 352: 532-536
49. 111In-labelled monoclonal antibody against carcinoembryonic antigen in colorectal cancer and of some biologic factors affecting its uptake. Int J Colorect Dis 4: 97-108
50. 99m labelled monoclonal antibody 1A3 in colorectal cancer. Eur J Nucl Med 20: 690-698
51. Haak HR, Cornelisse CJ, Hermans J, Cobben L and Fleuren GJ (1993) Nuclear DNA content and morphologic characteristics in the prognosis of adrenocarcinomas. Proc ASCO 961(A)
52. Hamming JF, Shelfhout LJDM, Cornelisse CJ, Van de Velde CJH, Goslings BM, Hermans J and Fleuren GJ (1988) Prognostic value of nuclear DNA content in papillary and follicular thyroid cancer. World J Surg 12: 503-508
53. Hardingham JE, Kotasek D, Farmer B, Butler RN, Mi JX and Dubrovic A (1993) Immunobead PCR: a technique for the detection of circulating tumour cells using immunomagnetic beads and the polymerase chain reaction. Cancer Res 53: 3455-3458
54. Harlan DM, Abe R, Lee KP and Jane CH (1995) Short analytical review: potential roles of the B7 and CD 28 receptor families in autoimmunity and immune evasion. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 75: 99-111
55. Hedley DW, Clark GM, Cornelisse CJ, Killander D, Kute T and Merkel D (1993) DNA cytometry consensus conference: consensus review of the clinical utility of DNA cytometry in carcinoma of the breast. Breast Cancer Res Treat 14: 482-485
56. Hefta SA, Hefta LJF, Lee TD, Paxton RJ and Shively JE (1988) Carcinoembryonic antigen is anchored to membranes by covalent attachment to a glycosylphosphatidylinositol moiety: identification of the ethanolamine linkage site. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85: 4648-4652
57. Hefta LFJ, Schrewe H, Thompson JA, Oikawa S, Nakazato H and Shively JE (1990) Expression of complementary DNA and genomic clones for carcinoembryonic antigen and nonspecific cross-reacting antigen in Chinese hamster ovary and mouse fibroblast cells and characterization of the membrane-expressed products. Cancer Res 50: 2397-2403
58. Herlyn DM and Koprowski H (1981) Monoclonal anticolon cancer antibodies in complement dependent cytotoxicity. Int J Cancer 27: 769-774
59. Hodge JW, McLaughlin JP, Kantor JA and Schlom J (1997) Diversified prime and boost protocols using recombinant vaccinia virus and recombinant nonreplicating avian pox virus to enhance T cell immunity and anti-tumour responses. Vaccine 15: 759-768
60. Hohlfield R and Engel AG (1994) The immunobiology of muscle. Immunol Today 15: 269-274
61. Hollinshead AC, McWright CG, Alford TC, Glew DH, Gold P and Herberman RB (1972) Separation of skin-reactive intestinal cancer antigen from the carcinoembryonic antigen of Gold. Science 177: 887-889
62. Hu SL, Plowman GD, Sridhar P, Stevenson US, Brown JP and Estin CD (1988) Characterization of a recombinant vaccinia virus expressing human melanomaassociated antigen p97. J Virol 62: 176-180
63. Ioannides CG, Freedman RS, Platsoucas CD, Rashed S and Kim YP (1991) Cytotoxic T cell clones isolated from ovarian tumour infiltrating lymphocytes recognize multiple antigenic epitopes on autologous tumour cells. J Immunol 146: 1700-1707
64. Ioannides CG, Fisk B, Jerome KR, Irimura T, Wharton JT and Finn OJ (1993) Cytotoxic T cells from ovarian malignant tumours can recognize polymorphic epithelial mucin core peptides. J Immunol 151: 5481-5491
65. Jain RK (1987) Transport of molecules in the tumour interstitium: a review. Cancer Res 47: 3039-3051
66. Jain RK (1988) Determinants of tumour blood flow: a review. Cancer Res 48: 2641-2658
67. Jerne NK (1974) Towards a network theory of the immune system. Ann Immunol 125(C): 373-389
68. Jiao S, Williams P, Berg RK, Hodgeman BA, Liu L, Repetto G and Wolff JA (1992) Direct gene transfer into non-human primate myofibers. Hum Gene Ther 3: 21-33
69. Johnson PW, Burchill SA and Selby PJ (1995) The molecular detection of circulating tumour cells. Br J Cancer 72: 268-276
70. Kantor J, Tran R, Greiner JW, Pestka S, Fisher PB, Snivels JE and Schlom J (1989) Modulation of carcinoembryonic antigen messenger RNA levels in human colon carcinoma cells by recombinant human γ-interferon. Cancer Res 49: 2651-2655
71. Kantor J, Irvine K, Abrams S, Kaufman H, DiPietro J and Schlom J (1992a) Antitumour activity and immune responses induced by a recombinant carcinoembryonic antigen vaccinia virus vaccine. J Natl Cancer Inst 84: 1084-1091
72. Kantor J, Irvine K, Abrams S, Snoy P, Olsen R, Greiner J, Kaufman H, Eggensperger D and Schlom J (1992b) Immunogenicity and safety of a recombinant vaccinia virus vaccine expressing the carcinoembryonic antigen gene in a nonhuman primate. Cancer Res 52: 6917-6925
73. Kantor J, Abrams S, Irvine K, Snoy P, Kaufman H and Schlom J (1993) Specific immunotherapy using a recombinant vaccinia virus expressing human carcinoembryonic antigen. Ann NY Acad Sci 690: 370-373
74. Kapsopoulou-Dominos K and Anderer FA (1979) An approach to the routine estimation of circulating carcinoembryonic antigen immune complexes in patients with carcinomata of the gastrointestinal tract. Clin Exp Immunol 37: 25-32
75. Karzon DT (1985) Considerations of safety, efficacy and potential applications of vaccinia vectors for immunoprophylaxis: an alternative approach for control of human disease for which vaccines are available. In Vaccinia Viruses as Vectors for Vaccine Antigens, Quinnan GV. (ed.), pp. 231-236. Elsevier: New York
76. Kaufman H, Schlom J and Kantor J (1991) A recombinant vaccinia virus expressing human carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). Int J Cancer 48: 900-970
77. King's Fund Forum (1990) Cancer of the colon and rectum. Br J Surg 77: 1063-1065
78. 2 fragmentation, carrier and adjuvant. Tumor Targeting 1: 115-124
79. Konstadoulakis MM, Syrigos KN, Albanopoulos C, Mayers G and Golematis B (1994) The presence of anti-carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) antibodies in the sera of patients with gastrointestinal malignancies. J Clin Immunol 14: 310-313
80. Kradin RL, Lazarus DS and Dubinett SM (1989) Tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes and interleukin-2 in treatment of advanced cancer. Lancet 1: 577-578
81. Lathe R, Kieny MP, Gerlinger P, Clertant P, Guizani I, Cuzin F and Chambon P (1987) Tumour prevention and rejection with recombinant vaccinia. Nature 326: 878-880
82. Lejtenyi MC, Freedman SO and Gold P (1971) Response of lymphocytes from patients with gastrointestinal carcinoma to the carcinoembryonic antigen of the human digestive system. Cancer 28: 115-120
83. Leusch HG, Hefta SA, Drzeniek Z, Hummel K, Markos-Pusztai Z and Wagener C (1990) Escherichia coli of human origin hinds to carcinoemhryonic antigen (CEA) and non-specific cross-reacting antigen (NCA). FEBS Lett 261: 405-409
84. Lindeman F, Schlimok G, Dirschel P, Witte J and Riethmuller G (1992) Prognostic significance of micrometastatic tumour cells in hone marrow of colorectal cancer patients. Lancet 340: 685-689
85. LoGerfo P, Herter KP and Bennett FJ (1972) Absence of circulating antibodies to CEA in patients with gastrointestinal malignancies. Int J Cancer 9: 341-344
86. MacSween JM (1975) The antigenicity of carcinoembryonic antigen in man. Int J Cancer 15: 246-252
87. Mavligit GM and Stuckey S (1983) Colorectal carcinoma: evidence for circulating CEA-antiCEA complexes. Cancer 52: 146-149
88. Mavligit GM, Gutterman JU, McBride CM and Hersh EM (1973a) Cell mediated immunity to human solid tumours: in vitro detection by lymphocyte blastogenic responses to cell-associated and solubilized tumour antigens. Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 37: 167-176
89. Mavligit GM, Ambus U, Gutterman JU and Hersh KM (1973b) Antigen solubilized from human solid tumours: lymphocyte stimulation and cutaneous delayed hypersensitivity. Nature New Biol 243: 188-190
90. Mayforth K and Quintans J (1990) Designer and catalytic antibodies. N Engl J Med 323: 173-178
91. Miller JFAP and Morahan G (1992) Peripheral T cell tolerance. Ann Rev Immunol 10: 51-70
92. Mittelman A, Chen ZY, Yang H, Wong GY and Ferrone S (1992) Human high molecular weight melanoma-associated antigen (HMW-MAA) mimicry by mouse anti-idiotypic monoclonal antibody MK2-23: induction of humoral anti-HMW MAA immunity and prolongation of survival of patients with stage IV melanoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89: 466-407
93. Miyatake SM, Hanada H and Yamashita J (1986) Induction of human glioma specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte lines hy autologous tumour stimulation and interleukin 2. J Neurol Oncol 4: 55-64
94. Monson JRT, Ramsden C and Guillou PJ (1986) Decreased interleukin-2 production in patients with gastrointestinal cancer. Br J Surg 73: 483-486
95. Morrissey P, Bressler L, Park L, Alpert A and Gillis S (1987) Granulocyte-macrophage colon-stimulating factor augments the primary antibody response hy enhancing the function of antigen presenting cells. J Immunol 139: 1113-1119
96. Morton BA, O'Connor-Tressel M, Beatty BG, Shively JE and Beatty JD (1988) Artefactual CEA elevation due to human anti-mouse antibodies. Arch Surg 123: 1242-1246
97. Moss B and Flexner C (1987) Vaccinia virus expression vectors. Ann Rev Immunol 5: 305-324
98. Moss B, Smith GL, Gerin JL and Purcell RH (1984) Live recombinant vaccinia virus protects chimpanzees against Hepatitis B. Nature 311: 67-69
99. Muraro R, Wunderlich D and Thor A (1985) Definition hy monoclonal antibodies of a repertoire of epitopes on CEA differentially expressed in human colon carcinomas versus normal adult tissues. Cancer Res 45: 5769-5780
100. Nap M, Mollgard K, Burtin P and Fleuren GJ (1988) Immunohistochemistry of carcinoembryonic antigen in the embryo, fetus and adult. Tumor Biol 9: 145-153
101. Nieroda C, Milenic DE, Carrasquillo JA, Schlom J and Greiner JW (1995) Improved tumour radioimmunodetection using a single-chain Fv and interteron-γ: potential clinical applications for radioimmunoguided surgery and γ-scanning. Cancer Res 55: 2858-2865
102. Nijman HN, Houbiers JG, Vierbom MP, van der Burg SH, Drijfhout JW, D'Amaro J, Kenemans P, Melief CJ and Kast WM (1993) Identification of peptide sequences that potentially trigger HLA-A2.1 restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Eur J Immunol 23: 1215-1219
103. Nossal GJV (1983) Cellular mechanisms of immunological tolerance. Ann Rev Immunol 1: 33-62
104. Nossal GJV and Pike BL (1980) Clonal anergy: persistence in tolerant mice of antigen binding B lymphocytes incapable of responding to antigen or mitogen. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 77: 1602-1606
105. Oosterwijk E, Warnaar SO, Zwartendijk J, Van der Velde EA, Fleuren GJ and Cornelisse CJ (1988) Relationship between DNA ploidy, antigen expression and survival in renal cell carcinoma. Int J Cancer 42: 703-708
106. Osborne M, Wong GY, Asina S, Old LJ, Cote RJ and Rosen PP (1991) Sensitivity of immunocytochemical detection of breast cancer cells in human hone marrow. Cancer Res 51: 2706-2709
107. Pertmer TM, Eisenbraun MD and McCabe D (1997) Gene gun based nucleic acid immunization: elicitation of humoral and cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses following epidermal delivery of nanogram quantities of DNA. Vaccine 13: 1427-1430
108. Pressman D, Chu TM and Grossberg AL (1980) Carcinoembryonic antigen binding immunoglobulin isolated from normal human serum by affinity chromatography. Transpl Proc 12: 195-197
109. Raganhammar P, Fagerberg J, Frodin J-E, Hjelm A-L, Lindemalm C, Magnusson I, Masucci G and Mellstedt H (1993) Effect of monoclonal antibody 17-1A and GM-CSF in patients with advanced colorectal carcinoma - long-lasting complete remissions can be induced. Int J Cancer 53: 751-758
110. Raganhammar P, Fagerberg J, Frodin J-E, Wersall P, Hansson L-O and Mellstedt H (1995) Granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor augments the induction of antibodies, especially anti-idiotypic antibodies, to therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. Cancer Immunol Immunother 40: 367-375
111. 2. J Immunol 145: 760-767
112. Richman P and Bodmer WF (1987) Monoclonal antibodies to human colorectal epithelum: markers for differentiation and tumour characterization. Int J Cancer 39: 317-328
113. Riethmuller G and Johnson GP (1992) Monoclonal antibodies in the detection and therapy of micrometastalic epithelial cancers. Curr Opin Immunol 4: 647-655
114. Riethmuller G, Sehneider-Gadicke E, Schlimok W, Raab R, Hooken K, Gruber R and the German Cancer Aid 17-1A Study Group (1994) Randomized trial of monoclonal antibody for adjuvant therapy of resected Dukes' C colorectal carcinoma. Lancet 343: 1177-1183
115. Robins RA, Denton GWL, Austin EB, Hardcastle JD and Durrant LG (1991a) Anti-tumour immune responses and interleukin-2 production in colorectal cancer patients by immunization with human monoclonal anti-idiotypic antibody. Cancer Res 51: 5425-5429
116. Robins RA, Demon GWL, Austin EB, Hardcastle JD and Durrant LG (1991b) Anti-tumour immune responses and interleukin-2 production in colorectal cancer patients by immunization with human monoclonal anti-idiotypic anlibody. Cancer Res 51: 5425-5429
117. Rodenburg CJ, Cornelisse CJ, Heintz APM, Hermans J and Fleuren GJ (1987) Tumour ploidy as a major prognostic factor in advanced ovarian cancer. Cancer 59: 317-323
118. Rosa FM and Fellous M (1988) Regulation of HLA-DR gene by IFN-γ: transcriptional and post-transcriptional control. J Immunol 140: 1660-1664
119. Rosenberg SA, Lotze MT, Yang JC, Aebersold PM, Linehan WM, Seip CA and White DE (1989) Experience with the use of high-dose interleukin-2 in the treatment of 652 cancer patients. Ann Surg 210: 474-185
120. Schlimok G, Funke I, Bock B, Schweiberer B, Witte J and Riethmuller G (1990) Epithelial tumour cells in the bone marrow of patients with colorectal cancer: immunocytochemical detection, phenotypic characterization and prognosis significance. J Clin Oncol 8: 831-837
121. Shortman K (1992) Cellular aspects of early T cell development. Curr Opin Immunol 4: 140-146
122. Sidransky D, Tokino T, Hamilton SR, Kinzler KW, Levin B, Frost P and Vogelstein B (1992) Identification of ras oncogene mutations in the stool of patients with curable colorectal tumours. Science 256: 102-105
123. Sieff CA, Emerson SG, Donahue RE, Nathan DG, Wang EA, Wong GG and Clark SC (1985) Human recombinant granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor: a multilineage haematopoietin. Science 230: 1171-1173
124. Slingluff CL, Cox AL, Henderson RA, Hunt DF and Engelhard VH (1993) Recognition of human melanoma cells by HLA-A2.I restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes is mediated by at least six shared peptide epitopes. J Immunol 150: 2955-2963
125. Slovin SV, Lackman RD, Ferrone S, Kiely PE and Mastrangelo MJ (1986) Cellular immune response to human sarcomas: cytotoxic T cell clones reactive with autologous sarcomas. J Immunol 137: 3042-3048
126. Sorokin JJ, Kupchick HZ and Zamchek N (1973) Carcinoembryonic antigen in colon cancer: absence in perchloric acid precipitates in plasma. J Natl Cancer Inst 51: 1081-1083
127. Staab HJ, Anderer FA, Stumpf E and Fischer R (1980) Are circulating CEA immune complexes a prognostic marker in patients with carcinoma of the gastrointestinal tract? Br J Cancer 42: 26-33
128. 2A anti-tumour immunoglobulins destroy human cancer cells. Science 221: 865-876
129. Steplewski Z, Herlyn D, Lubeck M, Kimoto Y, Herlyn M and Koprowski H (1986) Mechanisms of tumour growth inhibition. Hybridoma 5 (suppl. 1): S59-S62
130. Thompson J and Zimmerman W (1988) The carcinoembryonic gene family: structure, expression and evolution. Tumour Biol 9: 63-83
131. Thompson JA, Grunert F and Zimmerman W (1991) Carcinoembryonic antigen gene family: molecular biology and clinical perspectives. J Clin Lab Anal 5: 344-366
132. Trauth BC, Klas C, Peters AMJ, Matzku S, Moller P, Falk W, Debatin KM and Krummer PH (1989) Monoclonal antibody mediated tumour regression by induction of apoptosis. Science 245: 301-305
133. Tsang KY, Zaremba S, Nieroda CA, Zhu MZ, Hamilton JM and Schlom J (1995) Generation of human cytotoxic T cells specific for human carcinoembryonic antigen epitopes from patients immunized with recombinant vaccinia-CEA vaccine. J Natl Cancer Inst 87: 982-990
134. Tynan K, Olsen A, Trask B, de Jong P, Thompson J, Zimmerman W, Carrano A and Mohrenweiser H (1992) Assembly and analysis of cosmid contigs in the CEA-gene family region of human chromosome 19. Nucleic Acids Res 20: 1629-1636
135. Ura Y, Ochi Y, Hamazu M, Ishida M, Nakajima K and Watanabe T (1985) Studies on circulating anitbody against carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and CEA-like antigen in cancer patients. Cancer Lett 25: 283-285
136. Wadhwa M, Bird C, Fagerberg J, Gaines-Das R, Raganhammar P and Mellstedt H (1996) Production of neutralizing granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) antibodies in carcinoma patients following GM-CSF combination therapy. Clin Exp Immunol 104: 351-358
137. Wang B, Boyer J, Srikantan V, Coney L, Carrano R, Phan C, Mena M, Dang K, Agadjanan M and Gilbert L (1993) DNA inoculation induces neutralizing immune responses against human immunodeficiency virus type I in mice and non human primates. DNA Cell Biol 12: 799-805
138. Williams AF and Barclay AN (1988) The immunoglobulin superfamily - domains for cell surface recognition. Annu Rev Immunol 6: 381-405
139. Winter G and Milstein C (1991) Man-made antibodies. Nature 349: 293-299
140. Wolfel T, Schneider J, Meyer zum Buschenfelde K-H, Rammensee H-G, Rotzchke O and Falk K (1994) Isolation of naturally processed peptides recognized by cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL) on human melanoma cells in association with HLA-A2. Int J Cancer 57: 413-418
141. Wolff JA, Malone RW, Williams P, Chong W, Acsadi G, Jani A and Felgner PL (1990) Direct gene transfer into mouse muscle in vivo. Science 247: 1465-1468
142. Wolff JA, Ludike JJ, Acsadi G, Williams P and Jani A (1992) Long term persistence of plasmid DNA and foreign gene expression in mouse muscle. Hum Molec Genet 1: 363-369
143. Wyllie AH, Kerr JFR and Currie AR (1980) Cell death: the significance of apoptosis. Int Rev Cytol 68: 251-306
144. Yang N-S, Burkholder J, Roberts B, Montinell B and McCabe D (1990) In vivo and in vitro gene transfer to mammalian somatic cells by particle bombardment. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87: 9568-9572
145. Zhou X, Berglund P, Zhao H, Liljestrom P and Jondal M (1995) Generation of cytotoxic and humoral immune responses by nonreplicative recombinant Semiliki Forest virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92: 3009-3013