Management of subclavian-axillary vein thrombosis: A review

Canadian Journal of Surgery

Volumn 41, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 13-25

  Hicken, Gary J ^a   Michael Ameli, F ^b  

^a ST MICHAEL'S HOSPITAL   (Canada)

^b EH Jones Building ^*  (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTICOAGULANT AGENT; FIBRINOLYTIC AGENT; HEPARIN; STREPTOKINASE; TISSUE PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR; UROKINASE;

ANAPHYLAXIS; ANTICOAGULANT THERAPY; ANTICOAGULATION; ARM EDEMA; AXILLARY VEIN; BLEEDING; BLOOD CLOT LYSIS; DATA ANALYSIS; FEVER; FOLLOW UP; HEADACHE; HUMAN; INJECTION PAIN; INTRAVENOUS DRUG ADMINISTRATION; PATIENT CARE; PATIENT SELECTION; REVIEW; SUBCLAVIAN VEIN; SYMPTOM; TREATMENT OUTCOME; TREATMENT PLANNING; VEIN THROMBOSIS;

ANTICOAGULANTS; AXILLARY VEIN; HUMANS; SUBCLAVIAN VEIN; THROMBECTOMY; THROMBOLYTIC THERAPY; THROMBOSIS;

EID: 0031884841     PISSN: 0008428X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (115)

1. Hughes ES. Venous obstruction in the upper extremity: review of 320 cases. IntAhtrSurjf 1949;88:89-127.
2. Adams JT, McEvoy RK, DeWeese JA. Primary deep venous thrombosis of upper extremity. Arch Sing 1965; 91:29-42.
3. Huribert SN, Rutherford RB. Basic data underlying clinical decision making -primär)' subclavian-axillary vein thrombosis. Ann Vase Sitrg 1995;9(2):217-23.
4. Glanz S, Gordon DH, Lipkowitz GS, Butt KMH, Hong J, Sclafani SJA. Axillary and subclavian vein stenosis: percutaneous angioplasty. Radiology 1988;168(2):371-3.
5. Swinton NVV, Edgett JW, Hall RJ. Primary subclavian-axillary vein thrombosis. Circulation 1968;38:737-45.
6. AbuRahma AF, Sadler D, Stuart P, Khan MZ, Boland JP. Conventional versus thrombolytic therapy in spontaneous (effort) axillary-subclavian vein thrombosis. Am J Siirjj 1991; 161(4):459-65.
7. Baron B, KiproffPM, Khoury MB. Local thrombolysis and percutaneous transluminal venoplasty for the venous complications of thoracic outlet syndrome: case report. Angiology 1992;43(11):957-60.
8. Machleder HI. Evaluation of a new treatment strategy for Paget-Schroetter syndrome: spontaneous thrombosis of the axillary-subclavian vein. / Fnrc S;# 1993;17(2):305-17.
9. Taylor LM, McAllister WR, Dennis DL, Porter JM. Thrombolytic therapy followed by first rib resection for spontaneous ("effort") subclavian vein thrombosis. Am J Surjj 1985; 149(5 ):644-7.
10. Becker GJ, Holden RW, Rabe FE, Castancda-Zuniga WR, Sears N, Dilley RS, et al. Local thrombolytic therapy for subclavian and axillar)' vein thrombosis. Radiology 1983;149(2): 419-23.
11. Wilson JJ, Zahn CA, Newman H. Fibrinolytic therapy for idiopathic subclavian-axillary vein thrombosis.2/5;2rl990;159(2):208-ll.
12. Adams JT, DeWeese JA. "Effort" thrombosis of the axillar)' and subclavian veins. / Trauma 1971;11(11): 923-30.
13. Molina JE. Surgery for effort thrombosis of the subdavian vein. / Tliorac Cardiovasc Smy 1992;103(2):341-6.
14. Machleder HI. Effort thrombosis of the axillosubclavian vein: a disabling vascular disorder. Compr Tlier 1991; 17(5):18-24.
15. Inahara T. Surgical treatment of "effort" thrombosis of the axillar)' and subclavian veins. Am Sing 1968; 34(7):479-83.
16. Giordano A, Muzi M, Massaro M, Rulli F. Scintigraphic assessment of "effort" axillary-subclavian vein thrombosis. Clin NuclMed 1992;7:933-5.
17. Dunant JH. Effort thrombosis, a complication of thoracic outlet syndrome. Vasti 1981;10(4):322-4.
18. Aziz S, Straehley CJ, Whelan TJ. Effort-related axillosubclavian vein thrombosis. A new theory of pathogenesis and a plea for direct surgical intervention. Am J Suiy 1986;152 (1):57-61.
19. Prescott SM, TikoffG. Deep venous thrombosis of the upper extremity: a reappraisal. Circulation 1979;59(2): 350-5.
20. Sanders RJ, Haug C. Subclavian vein obstruction and thoracic outlet syndrome: a review of etiology and management. Ann Vase Surg 1990;4(4): 397-410.
21. Lindblad B, Tengborn L, Bergqvist D. Deep vein thrombosis of the axillary-subclavian veins: epidemiologic data, effects of different types of treatment and late sequelae. Ear J 7rSH27l988;2(3):161-5.
22. Donayre CE, White GE, Mehringer SM, Wilson SE. Pathogenesis determines late morbidity of axillosubclavian vein thrombosis. Am J Surg 1986;152(2):179-84.
23. Campbell CB, Chandler JG, Tegtmeyer CJ, Bernstein EF. Axillary, subclavian, and brachiocephalic vein obstruction. Swgeiy 1977;82(6):816-26.
24. Ben-Shlomo I, Azogui G, Prober A, Cozacov C, Zohar S. Axillary vein thrombosis during pregnanq': a case report. Obstet Gynecol 1992;80(3): 495-7.
25. Laguna P, Sanchez M-A, Moya M. Subclavian vein thrombosis in a patient with Raynaud's disease [letter]. Postgrad MedJ 1994;70(822):312.
26. Coon WW, Willis PW. Thrombosis of axillar)' and subclavian veins. Arch Swy 1967;94(5):657-63.
27. Painter TD, Karpf M. Deep venous thrombosis of the upper extremity five years experience at a university hospital. Aiyiolojy 1984;35(11): 743-9.
28. Lokich JJ, Becker B. Subclavian vein thrombosis in patients treated with infusion chemotherapy for advanced malignancy. Cancer 1983;52(9): 1586-9.
29. Dickey W, Callender ME, Mayne EE. Upper limb venous thrombosis complicating amyloidosis. Ir J Med Sci 1986;155(12):437-8.
30. Warden GD, Wilmore DW, Pruitt BA. Central venous thrombosis: a hazard of medical progress. J Trauma 1973;13(7):620-6.
31. Vanhenveghem JL, Yassine T, Goldman M, Vandenbosch G, Delcour C, Struyven J, et al. Subclavian vein thrombosis: a frequent complication of subclavian vein cannulation for hemodialysis. Clin Nepbrol 1986;26(5): 235-8.
32. Bozzetti F, Scarpa D, Terno G, Scotti A, Ammatuna M, Bonalumi MG, et al. Subclavian venous thrombosis due to indwelling catheters: a prospective study on 52 patients. / Parenter Enter Niitr 1983;7(6):560-2.
33. Koo Seen Lin C, Taube D, Al-Kutoubi A. Acute management of subclavian vein thrombosis [letter], Br /S;#1995;82:1140.
34. Lisse JR, Davis CP, ThurmondAnderle ME. Upper extremity deep venous thrombosis: increased prevalence due to cocaine abuse. Am J Med 1989;87:457-8.
35. Wolfe BM, Ryder MA, Nishikawa RA, Halsted CH, Schmidt BF. Complications of parenteral nutrition. Am J Surg 1986;152:93-9.
36. Mashiah A, Liebergall M, Pasik S, David A, Bar-Khayim Y. Axillary vein thrombosis: a rare complication following creation of arteriovenous fistula for hemodialysis. / Cnrdiovnsc Surff (Torino) 1986;27:291-3.
37. Horattas MC, Wright DJ, Fenton AH, Evans DM, Oddi MA, Kamien-ski RW, et al. Changing concepts of deep venous thrombosis of the upper extremity -report of a series and review of the literature. Surgery 1988; 104(3):561-7.
38. AbuRahma AF, Sadler DL, Robinson PA. Axillary-subclavian vein thrombosis. Changing patterns of etiology, diagnostic, and therapeutic modalities. Am Siny 1991;57(2):101-7.
39. Burihan E, Poli de Figueiredo LF, Francisco JJ, Miranda FJ. Upperextremity deep venous thrombosis: analysis of 52 cases. Cardiovasc Siny 1993;l(l):19-22.
40. Lindblad B. Thromboembolic complications and central venous catheters [letter]. Lancet 1982;2:936.
41. Rochester JR, Beard JD. Acute management of subclavian vein thrombosis. BrJStng 1995;82:433-4.
42. Adams JT, DeWeese JA, Mahoney EB, Rob CG. Intermittent subclavian vein obstruction without thrombosis. Suiyetyl968;63(l):U7-65.
43. Scher LA, Veith FJ, Samson RH, Gupta SK, Ascer E. Vascular complications of thoracic outlet syndrome. J Vase Siirg 1986;3(3):565-8.
44. Molina JE. Need for emergenq- treatment in subclavian vein effort thrombosis. JAm CollSurj 1995;181:414-20.
45. Mason BA. Axillary-subclavian vein occlusion in patients with lung neoplasms. Cancer 1981;48(8):1886-9.
46. Pollak EW, Walsh J. Subclavianaxillary venous thrombosis: role of noninvasive diagnostic methods. S0Hf/afe/1980;73(ll):1503-6.
47. Tilney NL, Griffiths HJG, Edwards EA. Natural history of major venous thrombosis of the upper extremity. Arch Sitty 1970;101(6):792-6.
48. Whelan TJ Jr. Management of vascular disease of the upper extremity. Surj Clin North Am 1982;62(3): 373-89.
49. Kerr TM, Lutter KS, Moeller DM, Hasselfeld KA, Roedersheimer LR, McKenna PJ, et al. Upper extremity venous thrombosis diagnosed by duplex scanning. Am J Siny 1990; 160:202-6.
50. Bernier V, Scott AA, Glynn MFX. Thrombosis in the upper extremity: use of Doppler ultrasound for diagnosis. Can Anaesth SocJ 1981 ;28(6): 579-84.
51. Bonnet F, Loriferne JF, Texier JP, Texier M, Salvat A, Vasile N. Evaluation of Doppler examination for diagnosis of catheter-related deep venous thrombosis. Intensive Care Med 1989;15:238-40.
52. Haire WD, Lynch TG, Lund GB, Lieberman RP, Edney JA. Limitations of magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasound-directed (duplex) scanning in the diagnosis of subclavian vein thrombosis. / Vase Surg 1991;13(3):391-7.
53. Haire WD, Lynch TG, Lieberman RP, Lund GB, Edney JA. Utility of duplex ultrasound in the diagnosis of asymptomatic catheter-induced subclavian vein thrombosis./ Ultrasound Mrfl991;10:493-6.
54. Killewich LA, Martin R, Cramer M, Beach KW, Strandness DE Jr. An objective assessment of the physiologic changes in the postthrombotic syndrome. Arch Surg 1985;120:424-6.
55. Gardner GP, Cordts PR, Gillespie DL, LaMorte W, Woodson J, Menzoian JO. Can air plethysmography accurately identify upper extremity deep venous thrombosis? / Vase Siny 1993;18:808-13.
56. Chengelis DL, Glover JL, Bendick P, Elhvood R, Kirsch M, Fornatoro D. The use of intravascular ultrasound in the management of thoracic outlet syndrome. Am Sing 1994;60(8):592-6.
57. Tello R, Scholz E, Finn JP, Costello P. Subclavian vein thrombosis detected with spiral CT and threedimensional reconstruction. AJRAm J Roentjjenol 1993;160(l):33-4.
58. Scott DJA, Farmilo W, Horrocks M, Taylor P. Venous thrombolysis [letter]. EurJ Vase Siny 1988;2(4):274.
59. Scott DJA, Farmilo RW, Taylor PC. The place of first rib resection in the management of axillary-subclavian thrombosis [letter]. EurJ Vase Suiy 1987;1(5):363. .
60. Sundqvist S-B, Hedner U, Kullenberg HKE, Bergentz S-E. Deep venous thrombosis of the arm: a study of coagulation and fibrinolysis. BMJ 1981;283(6286):265-7.
61. Gloviczki P, Kazmier FJ, Hollier LH. Axillary-subclavian venous occlusion: the morbidity of a nonlethal disease. / Vase Snip 1986;4(4):333-7.
62. Cohen JR, Dubin M. Deep venous thrombosis of the upper extremity. NY State JAM 1988;88:177-9.
63. Ameli FM, Minas T, Weiss M, Provan JL. Consequences of "conservative" conventional management of axillar)' vein thrombosis. Can J Stirj 1987;30(3):167-9.
64. Landercasper J, Gall W, Fischer M, Boyd WC, Dahlberg PJ, Kisken WA, et al. Thrombolytic therapy of axillary-subclavian venous thrombosis. Arch Surj 1987;122(9):1072-5.
65. Urschel HC, Razzuk MA. Improved management of the Paget-Schroetter syndrome secondary to thoracic outlet syndrome. Ann Tljorac Sitty 1991;52:1217-21.
66. Becker DM, Philbrick JT, Walker FB. Axillar}' and subclavian venous thrombosis, prognosis and treatment. Arcb Intern Med 1991;151: 1934-43.
67. Lindblad B, Bergqvist D. Heparin for axillary vein thrombosis [letter]. Ettr J Vase Stnyj 1991;5(4):487-8.
68. DeWeese JA, Adams JT, Gaiser DL. Subclavian venous thrombectomy. Circulation 1970;41-42(Suppl. II): 11158-64.
69. Steed DL, Teodori MF, Peitzman AB, McAuley CE, Kapoor WN, Webster MW. Streptokinase in the treatment of subclavian vein thrombosis. J Vase Sttrg 1986;4(1 ):28-32.
70. Rabinottitz R, Goldfarb D. Surgical treatment of axillosubclavian venous thrombosis: a case report. Sinyery 1971;70(5):703-6.
71. Jacobson JH, Haimov M. Venous revascularization of the arm: report of three cases. Sittgery 1977;81(5):599-604.
72. Hansen B, Feins RS, Dctmer DE. Simple extra-anatomic jugular vein bypass for subclavian vein thrombosis. / Vase Siity 1985;2(6):921-3.
73. Sanders RJ, Cooper MA. Surgical management of subclavian vein obstruction, including six cases of subclavian vein bypass. Surgery 1995; 118:856-63.
74. Koot HWJ, Veen HF. Local thrombolytic therapy for axillar)' subclavian vein thrombosis Netb J Surg 1991; 43(3):71-4.
75. Duckcrt F, Müller G, Nyman D, Benz A, Prisender S, Madar G, et al. Treatment of deep vein thrombosis with streptokinase. BMJ 1975;1 (5956):479-81.
76. Elliot MS, Immelman EJ, Jeffery P, Benatar SR, Funston MR, Smith JA, et al. A comparative randomized trial of heparin versus streptokinase in the treatment of acute proximal venous thrombosis: an interim report of a prospective trial. Br J Siuy 1979;66: 838-43.
77. Hill SL, Martin D, Evans P. Massive venous thrombosis of the extremities. Am J Siny 1989;158:131-5.
78. Sasahara AA, Sharma GVRK, Tow DE, Mclntyre KM, Parisi AF, Cella G. Clinical use of thrombolytic agents in venous thromboembolism. Arch Intern Med 1982;142(4):684-8.
79. Comerota AJ, Aldridge SC. Thrombolytic therapy for deep venous thrombosis: a clinical review. Can] Sing 1993;36(4):359-64.
80. Kunkel JM, Machleder HI. Treatment of Paget-Schroetter syndrome: a staged, multidisciplinary approach. ArchSiny 1989;124(10):1153-8.
81. Malcynski J, O'Donnell TF Jr, Mackey WC, Millan VA. Long-term results of treatment for axillar)' subclavian vein thrombosis. Cnn J Sitiy 1993;36(4):365-71.
82. Ruckley CV, Boulton FE, Redhead D. The treatment of venous thrombosis of the upper and lower limbs with "APSAC" (p-anisoylated streptokinase-plasminogen complex). Ear J Vase Stay 1987;1(2):107-12.
83. Smith-Behn J, Althar R, Katz W. Primary thrombosis of the axillary/subclavianvein. South Med J1986;79(9): 1176-8.
84. van Leeuwen PJCM, Huisman AB, Hohmann FR. Selective low-dose thrombolysis in patients with an axillary-subclavian vein thrombosis. Eiir J Vase Surj 1990;4(5):503-6.
85. Richard HM 3d, Selby JB, Gay SB, Tegtmeyer CJ. Normal venous anatomy and collateral pathways in upper extremity venous thrombosis. Radiographies 1992;12:527-34.
86. Albrechtsson U, Anderson J, Einarsson E, Eklöf B, Norgren L. Streptokinase treatment of deep venous thrombosis and the postthrombotic syndrome. Follow-up evaluation of venous function. Arch Sitrg 1981; 116:33-7.
87. Druy EM, Trout HH 3d, Giordano JM, Hix WR. Lytic. therapy in the treatment of axillar)' and subclavian vein thrombosis. / Vase Sing 1985; 2(6):821-7.
88. Smith BM, Shield GW, Riddell DH, Snell JD. Venous gangrene of the upper extremity. Ann Surg 1985;201 (4):511-9.
89. Harley DP, White RA, Nelson RJ, Mehringer CM. Pulmonary embolism secondary to venous thrombosis of the arm. Am J Snrg 1984; 147:221-4.
90. Monreal M, Lafoz E, Ruiz J, Vails R, Alastrue A. Upper-extremity deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. A prospective study. Chest 1991;99(2):280-3.
91. Black MD, French GJ, Rasuli P, Bouchard AC. Upper extremity deep venous thrombosis. Underdiagnosed and potentially lethal. Chest 1993; 103(6):1887-90.
92. Persson AV, Robichaux WT, Jaxheimer EC, DiPronio EM. Burst therapy. A method of administering fibrinolytic agents. AmJSiirj 1984; 147:531-6.
93. Bookstein JJ, Valji K. Pulse-spray pharmacomechanical thrombolysis. Cnrdiovasc Intervent Radial 1992; 15:228-33.
94. Roberts AC, Valji K, Bookstein JJ, Hye RJ. Pulse-spray pharmacomechanical thrombolysis for treatment of thrombosed dialysis access grafts. Am J Sing 1993;166(2):221-6.
95. Yusuf SW, Whitaker SC, Gregson RHS, Wenham PW, Hopkinson BR, Makin GS. Experience with pulsespray technique in peripheral thrombolysis. EnrJ Vnsc Suiy 1994;8(3): 270-5.
96. Bell WR, Meek AG. Guidelines for the use of thrombolytic agents. N EiylJMed 1979;301(23):1266-70.
97. Pires LA, Jay G. Upper-extremity deep-vein thrombosis: thrombolytic therapy with antistrepalase. Ann Emery Med 1993;22(4):748-50.
98. Kwaan HC. Thrombolytic therapy for deep vein thrombosis. J Lab Clin Mfrfl992;119(5):450-l.
99. Francis CW, Marder VJ. Fibrinolytic therapy for venous thrombosis. Prog Cnrrf/op/ïADwl991;34(3):193-204.
100. Rogers LQ, Lutcher CL. Streptokinase therapy for deep vein thrombosis: a comprehensive review of the English literature. AtnJMeii 1990; 88:389-95.
101. Glass BA. The relationship of axillary venous thrombosis to the thoracic outlet compression syndrome. Ann Tliorac Sniy 1975;19(6):613-21.
102. Etheredge S, Wilbur B, Stoney RJ. Thoracic outlet syndrome. Am J S727l979;138:175-82.
103. Thompson RW, Schneider PA, Nelken NA, Skioldebrand CG, Stoney RJ. Circumferential venolysis and paraclavicular thoracic outlet decompression for "effort thrombosis" of the subclavian vein. / Vase Sing 1992; 16(5):723-32.
104. Perler BA, Mitchell SE. Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and transaxillary first rib resection. A multidisciplinary approach to the thoracic outlet syndrome. Am Sing 1986;52 (9):485-8.
105. Criado E, Marston WA, Jaques PF, Mauro MA, Keagy BA. Proximal venous outflow obstruction in patients with upper extremity arteriovenous dialysis access. Ann Vnsc Siuy 1994; 8:530-5.
106. Irving JD, Dondelinger RF, Reidy JF, Schild H, Dick R, Adam A, et al. Gianturco self-expanding stents: clinical experience in the vena cava and large veins. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 1992;15:328-33.
107. Arrieta J, DeBlas M, Merino S, Olivar E. Central-vein stenosis affecting AV fistula function. Correction with a self-expanding intravascular stent. Nepbrol Dial Transplant 1994;9:192-5.
108. Kovalik EC, Newman GE, Suhocki P, Knelson M, Schwab SJ. Correction of central venous stenoses: use of angioplasty and vascular Wallstents. Kidney Int 1994;45:1177-81.
109. Shoenfeld R, Hermans H, Novick A, Brener B, Cordero P, Eisenbud D, et al. Stenting of proximal venous obstructions to maintain hcmodialysis access. J Vase Sing 1994;19(3):532-9.
110. Stevenson IM, Parry EW. Radiological study of the aetiological factors in venous obstruction of the upper limb. / Cardiovasc Stay (Torino) 1975;16:580-5.
111. Rauwerda JA, Bakker FC, van den Brock TAA, Dwars BJ. Spontaneous subclavian vein thrombosis: a successful combined approach of local thrombolytic therapy followed by first-rib resection. Surgery 1988;103 (4):477-80.
112. Pittam MR, Darke SG. The place of first rib resection in the management of axillary-subclavian vein thrombosis. EtirJ Vase Swy 1987;1(1):5-10.
113. Hill SL, Berry RE. Subclavian vein thrombosis: a continuing challenge. Surgery 1990;108:l-9.
114. Elliot J. Greater use of fibrinolytic agents urged. JAAfA 1980;243(22): 2275-6.
115. Haire WD. Arm vein thrombosis. Clin Chest Med 1995;16(2):341-51.