Cultures in competition: Ukrainian foreign policy and the 'cultural threat' from abroad

Europe - Asia Studies

Volumn 50, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 287-303

  Shulman, Stephen ^a  

^a SOUTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CULTURAL CONFLICT; FOREIGN POLICY; TELECOMMUNICATIONS;

UKRAINE;

EID: 0031874661     PISSN: 09668136     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/09668139808412536     Document Type: Article

References (87)

1. Until quite recently the role of culture in world politics has received little attention among political scientists. Some of the more notable works in this area include Samuel Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (New York, 1996); Yosef Lapid & Friedrich Kratochwil (eds), The Return of Culture and Identity in IR Theory (Boulder, 1996); Peter J. Katzenstein (ed.), The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World Politics (New York, 1996); Richard Payne, The Clash With Distant Cultures: Values, Interests, and Force in American Foreign Policy (Albany, NY, 1995); Frederick Buell, National Culture and the New Global System (Baltimore, 1994); and Michael J. Mazarr, 'Culture and International Relations: A Review Essay', The Washington Quarterly, 19, 2, pp. 177-197.
2. Until quite recently the role of culture in world politics has received little attention among political scientists. Some of the more notable works in this area include Samuel Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (New York, 1996); Yosef Lapid & Friedrich Kratochwil (eds), The Return of Culture and Identity in IR Theory (Boulder, 1996); Peter J. Katzenstein (ed.), The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World Politics (New York, 1996); Richard Payne, The Clash With Distant Cultures: Values, Interests, and Force in American Foreign Policy (Albany, NY, 1995); Frederick Buell, National Culture and the New Global System (Baltimore, 1994); and Michael J. Mazarr, 'Culture and International Relations: A Review Essay', The Washington Quarterly, 19, 2, pp. 177-197.
3. Until quite recently the role of culture in world politics has received little attention among political scientists. Some of the more notable works in this area include Samuel Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (New York, 1996); Yosef Lapid & Friedrich Kratochwil (eds), The Return of Culture and Identity in IR Theory (Boulder, 1996); Peter J. Katzenstein (ed.), The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World Politics (New York, 1996); Richard Payne, The Clash With Distant Cultures: Values, Interests, and Force in American Foreign Policy (Albany, NY, 1995); Frederick Buell, National Culture and the New Global System (Baltimore, 1994); and Michael J. Mazarr, 'Culture and International Relations: A Review Essay', The Washington Quarterly, 19, 2, pp. 177-197.
4. Until quite recently the role of culture in world politics has received little attention among political scientists. Some of the more notable works in this area include Samuel Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (New York, 1996); Yosef Lapid & Friedrich Kratochwil (eds), The Return of Culture and Identity in IR Theory (Boulder, 1996); Peter J. Katzenstein (ed.), The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World Politics (New York, 1996); Richard Payne, The Clash With Distant Cultures: Values, Interests, and Force in American Foreign Policy (Albany, NY, 1995); Frederick Buell, National Culture and the New Global System (Baltimore, 1994); and Michael J. Mazarr, 'Culture and International Relations: A Review Essay', The Washington Quarterly, 19, 2, pp. 177-197.
5. Until quite recently the role of culture in world politics has received little attention among political scientists. Some of the more notable works in this area include Samuel Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (New York, 1996); Yosef Lapid & Friedrich Kratochwil (eds), The Return of Culture and Identity in IR Theory (Boulder, 1996); Peter J. Katzenstein (ed.), The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World Politics (New York, 1996); Richard Payne, The Clash With Distant Cultures: Values, Interests, and Force in American Foreign Policy (Albany, NY, 1995); Frederick Buell, National Culture and the New Global System (Baltimore, 1994); and Michael J. Mazarr, 'Culture and International Relations: A Review Essay', The Washington Quarterly, 19, 2, pp. 177-197.
6. Until quite recently the role of culture in world politics has received little attention among political scientists. Some of the more notable works in this area include Samuel Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (New York, 1996); Yosef Lapid & Friedrich Kratochwil (eds), The Return of Culture and Identity in IR Theory (Boulder, 1996); Peter J. Katzenstein (ed.), The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World Politics (New York, 1996); Richard Payne, The Clash With Distant Cultures: Values, Interests, and Force in American Foreign Policy (Albany, NY, 1995); Frederick Buell, National Culture and the New Global System (Baltimore, 1994); and Michael J. Mazarr, 'Culture and International Relations: A Review Essay', The Washington Quarterly, 19, 2, pp. 177-197.
7. The most prominent scholar of national integration adopting this approach is Karl W. Deutsch. See his Nationalism and Social Communication: An Inquiry into the Foundations of Nationality (Cambridge, 1953).
8. Among the scholars who have studied the effect of state policy on inter-ethnic relations are Paul R. Brass (ed.), Ethnic Groups and the State (Totowa, NJ, 1985), Donald L. Horowitz, Ethnic Groups in Conflict (Berkeley, 1985); and John McGarry & Brenda O'Leary (eds). The Politics of Ethnic Conflict Regulation (London, 1993).
9. Among the scholars who have studied the effect of state policy on inter-ethnic relations are Paul R. Brass (ed.), Ethnic Groups and the State (Totowa, NJ, 1985), Donald L. Horowitz, Ethnic Groups in Conflict (Berkeley, 1985); and John McGarry & Brenda O'Leary (eds). The Politics of Ethnic Conflict Regulation (London, 1993).
10. Among the scholars who have studied the effect of state policy on inter-ethnic relations are Paul R. Brass (ed.), Ethnic Groups and the State (Totowa, NJ, 1985), Donald L. Horowitz, Ethnic Groups in Conflict (Berkeley, 1985); and John McGarry & Brenda O'Leary (eds). The Politics of Ethnic Conflict Regulation (London, 1993).
11. See, for example, Malcolm Waters, Globalization (London, 1995); Leslie Sklair, Sociology of the Global System (Baltimore, 1991); and Jonathan Friedman, Cultural Identity and the Global Process (London, 1994).
12. See, for example, Malcolm Waters, Globalization (London, 1995); Leslie Sklair, Sociology of the Global System (Baltimore, 1991); and Jonathan Friedman, Cultural Identity and the Global Process (London, 1994).
13. See, for example, Malcolm Waters, Globalization (London, 1995); Leslie Sklair, Sociology of the Global System (Baltimore, 1991); and Jonathan Friedman, Cultural Identity and the Global Process (London, 1994).
14. See, for example, Herbert Schiller, Communication and Cultural Domination (White Plains, NY, 1976); Elie Abel, Many Voices, One World: Communication and Society, Today and Tomorrow: The McBride Report (Paris, 1980); and John Tomlinson, Cultural Imperialism: A Critical Introduction (Baltimore, 1991).
15. See, for example, Herbert Schiller, Communication and Cultural Domination (White Plains, NY, 1976); Elie Abel, Many Voices, One World: Communication and Society, Today and Tomorrow: The McBride Report (Paris, 1980); and John Tomlinson, Cultural Imperialism: A Critical Introduction (Baltimore, 1991).
16. See, for example, Herbert Schiller, Communication and Cultural Domination (White Plains, NY, 1976); Elie Abel, Many Voices, One World: Communication and Society, Today and Tomorrow: The McBride Report (Paris, 1980); and John Tomlinson, Cultural Imperialism: A Critical Introduction (Baltimore, 1991).
17. Stephen C. Shulman, International and National Integration in Multiethnic States: The Sources of Ukrainian (Dis) Unity, PhD dissertation, University of Michigan, 1996.
18. A note of clarification regarding terminology is in order. When I speak of the 'nationalist' position I have in mind those Ukrainians who seek to promote ethnic Ukrainian culture and language, particularly by making them the foundation of the nascent Ukrainian nation-state. For lack of a better term, the 'pro-Russian' position refers to those who defend the standing of Russian culture and language inside Ukraine.
19. Discussion of the history and cultural influence of Ukraine's ties with Europe can be found in N. N. Varvartsev (ed.), Kul'turnye i obshchestvennye svyazi Ukrainy so stranami Evropy (Kiev, 1990); Nicholas D. Czubatyj, 'Ukraine and the Western World', Ukrainian Quarterly, 3, 2, 1947. pp. 145-150; and Ivan Mirchuk, 'Western Tendencies in Ukrainian Culture'. Ukrainian Quarterly, 4, 3, 1948, pp. 263-269.
20. Discussion of the history and cultural influence of Ukraine's ties with Europe can be found in N. N. Varvartsev (ed.), Kul'turnye i obshchestvennye svyazi Ukrainy so stranami Evropy (Kiev, 1990); Nicholas D. Czubatyj, 'Ukraine and the Western World', Ukrainian Quarterly, 3, 2, 1947. pp. 145-150; and Ivan Mirchuk, 'Western Tendencies in Ukrainian Culture'. Ukrainian Quarterly, 4, 3, 1948, pp. 263-269.
21. Discussion of the history and cultural influence of Ukraine's ties with Europe can be found in N. N. Varvartsev (ed.), Kul'turnye i obshchestvennye svyazi Ukrainy so stranami Evropy (Kiev, 1990); Nicholas D. Czubatyj, 'Ukraine and the Western World', Ukrainian Quarterly, 3, 2, 1947. pp. 145-150; and Ivan Mirchuk, 'Western Tendencies in Ukrainian Culture'. Ukrainian Quarterly, 4, 3, 1948, pp. 263-269.
22. Boris Krupnitsky, 'The West-East Problem in the Historical Development of Russia', Ukrainian Quarterly, 4, 4, 1948, pp. 299-300. See also Mark Raeff, 'Ukraine and Russia: Intellectual and Political Encounters from the Seventeenth to Nineteenth Century', in Peter J. Potichnyi et al. (eds), Ukraine and Russia in Their Historical Encounter (Edmonton, 1992).
23. Boris Krupnitsky, 'The West-East Problem in the Historical Development of Russia', Ukrainian Quarterly, 4, 4, 1948, pp. 299-300. See also Mark Raeff, 'Ukraine and Russia: Intellectual and Political Encounters from the Seventeenth to Nineteenth Century', in Peter J. Potichnyi et al. (eds), Ukraine and Russia in Their Historical Encounter (Edmonton, 1992).
24. V. Rusanivs'koho et al., 'Ukrains'ka natsional'na kul'tura: mynule, suchasne, maibutne', Slovo i chas, 1991, 2, p. 75. See also the book of an émigré scholar on the general question of the Ukrainian-Russian cultural relationship, Petro Holubenko, Ukraina i Rosiya u svitli kul'turnyh vzaemyn (Kiev, 1993).
25. V. Rusanivs'koho et al., 'Ukrains'ka natsional'na kul'tura: mynule, suchasne, maibutne', Slovo i chas, 1991, 2, p. 75. See also the book of an émigré scholar on the general question of the Ukrainian-Russian cultural relationship, Petro Holubenko, Ukraina i Rosiya u svitli kul'turnyh vzaemyn (Kiev, 1993).
26. Vasil' Lyzanchuk, 'Heneza antyukrainstva i suchasni tendentsii', Zu vil'nu Ukruinu, 21 January 1993.
27. See the discussion of regional cultural differences in Anatolii Ponomarov, Ukrains'ka etnohrafiya (Kiev, 1994). For empirical measurement of Ukrainians' perceptions of West-East regional differences in culture, see Shulman, International and National Integration in Multiethnic States.
28. See the discussion of regional cultural differences in Anatolii Ponomarov, Ukrains'ka etnohrafiya (Kiev, 1994). For empirical measurement of Ukrainians' perceptions of West-East regional differences in culture, see Shulman, International and National Integration in Multiethnic States.
29. For a discussion of domestic cultural competition between the core and minority ethnic groups in East European and post-Soviet states, see Rogers Brubaker, 'Nationalizing State in the old "New Europe" - and the New', Ethnic and Racial Studies. 19, 2, 1996, pp. 410-437.
30. Ihor Kravchenko, 'Kul'tura yak natsional'na meta', Viche, 1995, 2, p. 138.
31. Volodymyr Yavors'kyi, 'Navishcho potribno derusyfikatsiya Ukrainy', Za vil'nu Ukrainu, 5 July 1993.
32. For a succinct statement on the need for cultural protectionism, see Ivan Dzyuba's speech to the Congress of Ukrainian Intelligentsia, 'Chy ne sorom Ukrains'kii derzhavi zalyshaty napryzyulyashche Ukrains'ku kul'turu?', Kul'tura i zhyzn', 29 November 1995.
33. See, for example, Oleksandr Hryshchenko & Maksym Strikhlo, 'Kontseptsiya derzhavnoi kul'turnoi politiki Ukrainy', Kul'tura i zhizn', 21 January 1995.
34. See, for example, M. V. Honcharenko, 'Ukrains'ka kul'tura sered inshikh kul'tur svitu', Slovo i chas, 1991, 5, pp. 77-82.
35. V. S. Pustotin, 'Problema kul'tury-posrednika i perspektivy russko-Ukrainskogo prostranstva', in Yu. V. Petrov et al. (eds), Russkaya kul'tura v kontekste sotsial'no-istoricheskikh realii Ukrainy (konets XX stoletiya). Materialy mezhdunarodnoi nauko-prakticheskoi konferentsii (Kiev, 1993), p. 78.
36. A. V. Korneev, 'Gosudarstvo i problemy garmonizatsii Ukrainskoi i Russkoi kul'tury', in Petrov et al. (eds). pp. 10-11.
37. See, for example, V. I. Mozgovoi, 'Kul'turnyi fenomen Pereyaslava', in 340 rokiv Pereyaslavs'koi rady. Mizhnarodna naukova konferentsiya. Vypusk I (Donetsk, 1994), pp. 47-48; V. S. Ostapchuk, 'Pereyaslavskaya rada i printsipy vzaimodeistviya sovremennykh politicheskikh sistem Ukrainy i Rossii', in ibid., pp. 38-39; and L. O. Krutova & V. L. Rybalko, 'Ukraina i Rossiya: istorychnyi vybir', in ibid., pp. 34-35.
38. See, for example, V. I. Mozgovoi, 'Kul'turnyi fenomen Pereyaslava', in 340 rokiv Pereyaslavs'koi rady. Mizhnarodna naukova konferentsiya. Vypusk I (Donetsk, 1994), pp. 47-48; V. S. Ostapchuk, 'Pereyaslavskaya rada i printsipy vzaimodeistviya sovremennykh politicheskikh sistem Ukrainy i Rossii', in ibid., pp. 38-39; and L. O. Krutova & V. L. Rybalko, 'Ukraina i Rossiya: istorychnyi vybir', in ibid., pp. 34-35.
39. See, for example, V. I. Mozgovoi, 'Kul'turnyi fenomen Pereyaslava', in 340 rokiv Pereyaslavs'koi rady. Mizhnarodna naukova konferentsiya. Vypusk I (Donetsk, 1994), pp. 47-48; V. S. Ostapchuk, 'Pereyaslavskaya rada i printsipy vzaimodeistviya sovremennykh politicheskikh sistem Ukrainy i Rossii', in ibid., pp. 38-39; and L. O. Krutova & V. L. Rybalko, 'Ukraina i Rossiya: istorychnyi vybir', in ibid., pp. 34-35.
40. V. A. Anan'in, 'Kul'tura Ukrainy v kontekste Russko-Ukrainskogo kul'turnogo prostranstva', in Petrov et al. (eds), p. 64.
41. Yu. G. Morozov, 'Russkie Ukraintsy - nositeli dvukh yazykovykh kul'tur - Russkoi i Ukrainskoi', Vidrodzhennya, 1994, 1, p. 7.
42. Ivan Dzyuba, 'Ukrainskaya kul'tura - eto ne tol'ko chopak', Novoe vremya, 1993, 9, p. 14.
43. V. Kholodnyi, 'Zahal'nolyuds'ki tsinnosti i natsional'na samosvidomist', Visnyk AN Ukrainy, 1993, 10, p. 77.
44. Taras Semeniuk, 'Het' vid Moskva aktual'no i s'ohodni', Za vil'nu Ukrainu, No. 156, 1994.
45. Author's interview with Adam Kardash, 23 December 1995.
46. Interview with author, 22 December 1995.
47. Interview with author, 21 December 1995.
48. Author's interview with Bohdan Illich Rozhak, 21 December 1995.
49. The exception is Vasil' Volodymyrovich Ventsel', member of the Lviv section of the Organisation of Ukrainian Nationalists. 'To fear the influence of the West, of America, is ridiculous. We should fear those who pull us backwards, and not forwards. The West has a higher culture, better technology'. Interview with author, 19 December 1995.
50. Interview with author, 18 December 1995.
51. Anatolii Svidzyns'kyi, 'Rozdumy z pryvodu prohram rozvytku Ukrains'koi kul'tury', Suchasnist', 1993, 2, p. 155.
52. Author's interview with Inessa Mikhailovna Artamonova. 6 September 1994.
53. D. Kryvenko, 'Mova i natsiya', Derzhavnist', 1991, 1, p. 19.
54. Rusanivs'koho et al., p. 79.
55. Author's interview with Valerii Georgievich Lyashenko, 5 January 1995.
56. V. L. Skalkin, 'Perevesti zhitelei goroda, regiona, a tem bolee strany v tselom na inoi yazyk putem primeneniya administrativnykh mer nevozmozhno', Vidrodzhennya, 1994, 1, p. 9.
57. A. I. Radzievsky, 'Ukraina i Rossiya 1654 god i sovremennost", in 340 rokiv Pereyaslavs'koi rady. Mizhnarodna naukova konferentsiya. Vypusk I (Donetsk, 1994), p. 27.
58. Oleh Rudakevich, 'Chy volodiie suverenitetom Ukrains'ka natsiya?, Ukrains'ke slovo, 30 November 1995.
59. Author's interview with Vladimir Ivanovich Petrenko, 27 December 1994.
60. Borys Parakhons'kyi, 'Stratehichni orientyry kul'turnoho rozvytku Ukrainy', Skhid, 1995, 1, pp. 39-40.
61. Interview with author, 21 December 1994.
62. Members of the intelligentsia working in 17 occupations at 27 organisations in Donetsk, and at 23 organisations in Lviv completed the survey. Occupations included university professors, school teachers, factory managers, government administrators, lawyers, doctors, musicians, artists, museum administrators, librarians and others. A total of 498 in Donetsk and 491 in Lviv participated in the survey, with 82% of all distributed questionnaires returned.
63. The phrase 'national' culture in the survey question designates what I have been referring to as 'ethnic' culture. In popular speech on the subject the term 'ethnic' culture is rarely used in Ukraine.
64. See, for example, Ihor Rushchenko, 'Ukrains'ka pyramyda', Suchasnist', 1995, 2, p. 76; and 'Derzhavna stanovlennya Ukrains'koi natsii i nastionalistychnyi rukh', Shlyakh peremohy, 20 March 1993.
65. See, for example, Ihor Rushchenko, 'Ukrains'ka pyramyda', Suchasnist', 1995, 2, p. 76; and 'Derzhavna stanovlennya Ukrains'koi natsii i nastionalistychnyi rukh', Shlyakh peremohy, 20 March 1993.
66. Vasil' Lyzanchuk, Navichno kaidany kuvaly (Lviv, 1995), p. 371.
67. Romas' Sinner, 'Pidvodnyi kamin' Evraziistva, na yakyi plyve Ukraina?', Derzhavnist', 1993, 1, p. 6.
68. Ihor Rushchenko, 'Suchasna Ukrains'ka politychna natsiya', Berezil', 1993, 7-8, p. 123.
69. The fact that Western informational imperialism threatens both ethnic Russian and Ukrainian cultures equally and thus does not alter the internal balance of power between these cultures may explain most Ukrainian nationalists' greater concern for Russian informational imperialism.
70. Ol'ha Zernets'ka, 'Informatsiya: vil'nyi obmin chy vzaemna zalezhnist', Polityka i chas, 1995, 6, p. 55.
71. 'Telebachu-Ukrainu', Post-Postup, 1994, 36.
72. Ibid.
73. 'Ukrains'ke telebachennya - Moskos'ka kal'ka chy dzerkalo Ukrains'koho svitu?, Sotsial natsionalist, 24 December 1994.
74. Vladimir Alekseev, 'Komu otdaem teleefir', Golos Ukrainy, 25 October 1995.
75. 'Vdalosya zberehty potentsial', Kul'tura i zhyzn', 22 March 1995.
76. 'Ukraine Switches Channels for Ostankino', The Ukrainian Weekly, 6 August 1995.
77. Author's interview with Volodymyr Ivanovych Kmetyk, 22 December 1995.
78. Alekseev.
79. See the Civic Congress' response to the decree in Aleksandr Bazilyuk, 'Zayavlenie partii grazhdanskii kongress Ukrainy', Novaya gazeta, No. 28, August 1995.
80. Interview with Makarsky.
81. Natalya Kostenko et al., 'Ukrainian Mass Media and Freedom of Information', Politychna dumka, 1994, 4, p. 152.
82. Ibid. p. 154.
83. Ibid.
84. Lyzanchuk, p. 373.
85. K. Rodik, 'Knigopechatanie v Moskve i Kieve: dvizhenie v protivopolozhnye storony?, Vechernii Kiev, 20 July 1993.
86. S. Myshanich, 'Stratehiya natsional'noho vyzhyvannya i problemy vidrodzhennya Ukrains'koi kul'tury v umovakh donechchiny', Rozbudova derzhavy, 1995, 10, p. 18.
87. Author's interview with Anatolii Lupynis, 18 December 1995.