메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 62, Issue 3, 1998, Pages 821-841

On the use of demographic models of population viability in endangered species management

Author keywords

Endangered species; Extinction; Metapopulation; Population modeling; Population viability; Population viability analysis; Spatially explicit model; Viability

Indexed keywords

ENDANGERED SPECIES; POPULATION MODEL; POPULATION VARIABILITY; WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT;

EID: 0031872298     PISSN: 0022541X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/3802534     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (755)

References (137)
  • 2
    • 0028811894 scopus 로고
    • Linking landscape data with population viability analysis: Management options for the helmeted honeyeater Lichenostomus melanops cassidix
    • AKÇAKAYA, H. R., M. A. MCCARTHY, AND J. L. PEARCE. 1995. Linking landscape data with population viability analysis: management options for the helmeted honeyeater Lichenostomus melanops cassidix. Biological Conservation 73:169-176.
    • (1995) Biological Conservation , vol.73 , pp. 169-176
    • Akçakaya, H.R.1    Mccarthy, M.A.2    Pearce, J.L.3
  • 3
    • 0030749847 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modeling the persistence of small populations of strongly interdependent species: Figs and fig wasps
    • ANSTETT, M-C., M. HOSSAERT-MCKEY, AND D. McKEY. 1997. Modeling the persistence of small populations of strongly interdependent species: figs and fig wasps. Conservation Biology 11:204-213.
    • (1997) Conservation Biology , vol.11 , pp. 204-213
    • Anstett, M.-C.1    Hossaert-Mckey, M.2    McKey, D.3
  • 4
    • 0028981448 scopus 로고
    • On the nature of population extremes
    • ARINO, A., AND S. L. PIMM. 1995. On the nature of population extremes. Evolutionary Ecology 9: 429-443.
    • (1995) Evolutionary Ecology , vol.9 , pp. 429-443
    • Arino, A.1    Pimm, S.L.2
  • 5
    • 0027881555 scopus 로고
    • A population viability analysis for African elephant (Loxodonta africana): How big should reserves be?
    • ARMBRUSTER, P., AND R. LANDE. 1993. A population viability analysis for African elephant (Loxodonta africana): how big should reserves be? Conservation Biology 7:602-610.
    • (1993) Conservation Biology , vol.7 , pp. 602-610
    • Armbruster, P.1    Lande, R.2
  • 6
    • 0028974875 scopus 로고
    • Acceptance criteria for using individual-based models to make management decisions
    • BART, J. 1995. Acceptance criteria for using individual-based models to make management decisions. Ecological Applications 5:411-420.
    • (1995) Ecological Applications , vol.5 , pp. 411-420
    • Bart, J.1
  • 7
    • 0038038495 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metapopulation models, tenacious tracking, and cougar conservation
    • D. R. McCullough, editor. Island Press, Washington, D.C., USA
    • BEIER, P. 1996. Metapopulation models, tenacious tracking, and cougar conservation. Pages 293-324 in D. R. McCullough, editor. Metapopulations and wildlife conservation. Island Press, Washington, D.C., USA.
    • (1996) Metapopulations and Wildlife Conservation , pp. 293-324
    • Beier, P.1
  • 8
    • 0022835535 scopus 로고
    • Demography, environmental uncertainty, and the evolution of mate desertion in the snail Kite
    • BEISSINGER, S. R. 1986. Demography, environmental uncertainty, and the evolution of mate desertion in the snail Kite. Ecology 67:1445-1459.
    • (1986) Ecology , vol.67 , pp. 1445-1459
    • Beissinger, S.R.1
  • 9
    • 0003550184 scopus 로고
    • Population trends of the marbled murrelet projected from demographic analyses
    • C. J. Ralph, G. L. Hunt, Jr., M. G. Raphael, and J. F. Piatt, editors. U.S. Forest Service General Technical Report PSW-GTR-152
    • _. 1995a. Population trends of the marbled murrelet projected from demographic analyses. Pages 385-393 in C. J. Ralph, G. L. Hunt, Jr., M. G. Raphael, and J. F. Piatt, editors. Ecology and conservation of the marbled murrelet. U.S. Forest Service General Technical Report PSW-GTR-152.
    • (1995) Ecology and Conservation of the Marbled Murrelet , pp. 385-393
  • 10
    • 0028984290 scopus 로고
    • Modeling extinction in periodic environments: Everglades water levels and snail kite population viability
    • _. 1995b. Modeling extinction in periodic environments: Everglades water levels and snail kite population viability. Ecological Applications 5: 618-631.
    • (1995) Ecological Applications , vol.5 , pp. 618-631
  • 11
    • 0001232815 scopus 로고
    • Are variable environments stochastic?: A review of methods to quantify environmental predictability
    • J. Yoshimura and C. W. Clarks, editors. Springer-Verlag, New York, New York, USA
    • _, AND J. P. GIBBS. 1993. Are variable environments stochastic?: a review of methods to quantify environmental predictability. Pages 132-146 in J. Yoshimura and C. W. Clarks, editors. Adaptation in stochastic environments. Springer-Verlag, New York, New York, USA.
    • (1993) Adaptation in Stochastic Environments , pp. 132-146
    • Gibbs, J.P.1
  • 12
    • 0345581199 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Appendix B: Population trends of the marbled murrelet projected from demographic analysis
    • U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Portland, Oregon, USA
    • _, AND N. NUR. 1997. Appendix B: population trends of the marbled murrelet projected from demographic analysis. Pages B1-B35 in Recovery Plan for the marbled murrelet (Brachyramphus marmoratus) in Washington, Oregon, and California. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Portland, Oregon, USA.
    • (1997) Recovery Plan for the Marbled Murrelet (Brachyramphus Marmoratus) in Washington, Oregon, and California
    • Nur, N.1
  • 13
    • 0002930593 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Using diffusion models to simulate the effects of land use on grizzly bear dispersal in the Rocky Mountains
    • BOONE, R. B., AND M. L. HUNTER. 1996. Using diffusion models to simulate the effects of land use on grizzly bear dispersal in the Rocky Mountains. Landscape Ecology 11:51-64.
    • (1996) Landscape Ecology , vol.11 , pp. 51-64
    • Boone, R.B.1    Hunter, M.L.2
  • 15
    • 0005018843 scopus 로고
    • Population viability analysis: Adaptive management for threatened and endangered species
    • _. 1993. Population viability analysis: adaptive management for threatened and endangered species. Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference 58:520-527.
    • (1993) Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference , vol.58 , pp. 520-527
  • 16
    • 0003143750 scopus 로고
    • Habitatbased PVA for the northern spotted owl
    • D. J. Fletcher and B. F. J. Manly, editors. University of Otago Press, Dunedin, New Zealand
    • _, J. S. MEYER, AND L. IRWIN. 1994. Habitatbased PVA for the northern spotted owl. Pages 63-85 in D. J. Fletcher and B. F. J. Manly, editors. Statistics in ecology and environmental monitoring. University of Otago Press, Dunedin, New Zealand.
    • (1994) Statistics in Ecology and Environmental Monitoring , pp. 63-85
    • Meyer, J.S.1    Irwin, L.2
  • 17
    • 0343417022 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does population viability analysis software predict the behaviour of real populations? A retrospective study on the Lord Howe Island woodhen Tricholimnas sylvestris (Sclater)
    • BROOK, B. W., L. LIM, R. HARDEN, AND R. FRANKHAM. 1997. Does population viability analysis software predict the behaviour of real populations? A retrospective study on the Lord Howe Island woodhen Tricholimnas sylvestris (Sclater). Biological Conservation 82:119-128.
    • (1997) Biological Conservation , vol.82 , pp. 119-128
    • Brook, B.W.1    Lim, L.2    Harden, R.3    Frankham, R.4
  • 19
    • 0030466289 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Population viability analysis of captive and released bearded vulture populations
    • BUSTAMANTE, J. 1996. Population viability analysis of captive and released bearded vulture populations. Conservation Biology 10:822-831.
    • (1996) Conservation Biology , vol.10 , pp. 822-831
    • Bustamante, J.1
  • 20
    • 0000088482 scopus 로고
    • The validation problem
    • B. C. Patten, editor. Academic Press, New York, New York, USA
    • CASWELL, H. 1976. The validation problem. Pages 313-325 in B. C. Patten, editor. Systems analysis and simulation ecology. Volume 4. Academic Press, New York, New York, USA.
    • (1976) Systems Analysis and Simulation Ecology , vol.4 , pp. 313-325
    • Caswell, H.1
  • 21
    • 0004022281 scopus 로고
    • Sinauer, Sunderland, Massachusetts, USA
    • _. 1989. Matrix population models. Sinauer, Sunderland, Massachusetts, USA.
    • (1989) Matrix Population Models
  • 22
    • 0001448909 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Second derivatives of population growth rate: Calculation and applications
    • _. 1996. Second derivatives of population growth rate: calculation and applications. Ecology 77:870-879.
    • (1996) Ecology , vol.77 , pp. 870-879
  • 23
    • 0028179911 scopus 로고
    • Directions in conservation biology
    • CAUGHLEY, G. 1994. Directions in conservation biology. Journal of Animal Ecology 63:215-244.
    • (1994) Journal of Animal Ecology , vol.63 , pp. 215-244
    • Caughley, G.1
  • 25
    • 0001243278 scopus 로고
    • Predictability, constancy, and contingency of periodic phenomena
    • COLWELL, R. K. 1974. Predictability, constancy, and contingency of periodic phenomena. Ecology 55: 1148-1153.
    • (1974) Ecology , vol.55 , pp. 1148-1153
    • Colwell, R.K.1
  • 26
    • 0023467688 scopus 로고
    • A stage-based population model for loggerhead sea turtles and Implications for conservation
    • CROUSE D. T., L. B. CROWDER, AND H. CASWELL. 1987. A stage-based population model for loggerhead sea turtles and Implications for conservation. Ecology 68:1412-1423.
    • (1987) Ecology , vol.68 , pp. 1412-1423
    • Crouse, D.T.1    Crowder, L.B.2    Caswell, H.3
  • 27
    • 0028176747 scopus 로고
    • Predicting the impact of turtle excluder devices on loggerhead sea turtle populations
    • CROWDER L. B., D. T. CROUSE, S. S. HEPPELL, AND T. H. MARTIN. 1994. Predicting the impact of turtle excluder devices on loggerhead sea turtle populations. Ecological Applications 4:437-445.
    • (1994) Ecological Applications , vol.4 , pp. 437-445
    • Crowder, L.B.1    Crouse, D.T.2    Heppell, S.S.3    Martin, T.H.4
  • 28
    • 0001693589 scopus 로고
    • Elasticity: The relative contribution of demographic parameters to population growth rate
    • DE KROON, H., A. PLAISER, J. VAN GROENENDAEL, AND H. CASWELL. 1986. Elasticity: the relative contribution of demographic parameters to population growth rate. Ecology 67:1427-1431.
    • (1986) Ecology , vol.67 , pp. 1427-1431
    • De Kroon, H.1    Plaiser, A.2    Van Groenendael, J.3    Caswell, H.4
  • 29
    • 0026015808 scopus 로고
    • Estimation of growth and extinction parameters for endangered species
    • DENNIS, B. P., L. MUNHOLLAND, AND J. M. SCOTT. 1991. Estimation of growth and extinction parameters for endangered species. Ecological Monographs 61:115-143.
    • (1991) Ecological Monographs , vol.61 , pp. 115-143
    • Dennis, B.P.1    Munholland, L.2    Scott, J.M.3
  • 30
    • 0031404728 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gap crossing decisions by forest songbirds during the post-fledging period
    • DESROCHERS, A., AND S. J. HANNON. 1997. Gap crossing decisions by forest songbirds during the post-fledging period. Conservation Biology 11: 1204-1210.
    • (1997) Conservation Biology , vol.11 , pp. 1204-1210
    • Desrochers, A.1    Hannon, S.J.2
  • 31
    • 0028176749 scopus 로고
    • Modeling population viability for the desert tortoise in the western Mojave Desert
    • DOAK, D., P. KAREIVA, AND B. KLEPETKA. 1994. Modeling population viability for the desert tortoise in the western Mojave Desert. Ecological Applications 4:446-460.
    • (1994) Ecological Applications , vol.4 , pp. 446-460
    • Doak, D.1    Kareiva, P.2    Klepetka, B.3
  • 33
    • 0024427589 scopus 로고
    • Terrestrial population models for ecological risk assessment: A state-of-the-art review
    • EMLEN, J. M. 1989. Terrestrial population models for ecological risk assessment: a state-of-the-art review. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 8: 831-842.
    • (1989) Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry , vol.8 , pp. 831-842
    • Emlen, J.M.1
  • 34
    • 0028179780 scopus 로고
    • Predicting extinction times from environmental stochasticity and carrying capacity
    • FOLEY, P. 1994. Predicting extinction times from environmental stochasticity and carrying capacity. Conservation Biology 8:124-137.
    • (1994) Conservation Biology , vol.8 , pp. 124-137
    • Foley, P.1
  • 35
    • 0030435677 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A hypothesis regarding the abruptness of density dependence and the growth rate of populations
    • GETZ, W. M. 1996. A hypothesis regarding the abruptness of density dependence and the growth rate of populations. Ecology 77:2014-2026.
    • (1996) Ecology , vol.77 , pp. 2014-2026
    • Getz, W.M.1
  • 37
    • 0002248643 scopus 로고
    • The importance of small wetlands for the persistence of local populations of wetland-associated animals
    • GIBBS, J. P. 1993. The importance of small wetlands for the persistence of local populations of wetland-associated animals. Wetlands 13:25-31.
    • (1993) Wetlands , vol.13 , pp. 25-31
    • Gibbs, J.P.1
  • 39
    • 0030469847 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Forty-eight parrots and the origins of population viability analysis
    • GILPIN, M. 1996a. Forty-eight parrots and the origins of population viability analysis. Conservation Biology 10:1491-1493.
    • (1996) Conservation Biology , vol.10 , pp. 1491-1493
    • Gilpin, M.1
  • 40
    • 0001886888 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metapopulations and wildlife conservation: Approaches to modeling spatial structure
    • D. R. McCullough, editor. Island Press, Washington, D.C., USA
    • _. 1996b. Metapopulations and wildlife conservation: approaches to modeling spatial structure. Pages 11-27 in D. R. McCullough, editor. Metapopulations and wildlife conservation. Island Press, Washington, D.C., USA.
    • (1996) Metapopulations and Wildlife Conservation , pp. 11-27
  • 41
    • 0002324167 scopus 로고
    • Minimum viable populations: Processes of species extinction
    • M. E. Soulé, editor. Sinauer, Sunderland, Massachusetts, USA
    • _, AND M. E. SOULÉ. 1986. Minimum viable populations: processes of species extinction. Pages 19-34 in M. E. Soulé, editor. Conservation biology: the science of scarcity and diversity. Sinauer, Sunderland, Massachusetts, USA.
    • (1986) Conservation Biology: The Science of Scarcity and Diversity , pp. 19-34
    • Soulé, M.E.1
  • 42
    • 0025250838 scopus 로고
    • Reconstructability of density dependence and the conservative assessment of extinction risks
    • GINZBURG, L. R., S. FERSON, AND H. R. AKÇAKAYA. 1990. Reconstructability of density dependence and the conservative assessment of extinction risks. Conservation Biology 4:63-70.
    • (1990) Conservation Biology , vol.4 , pp. 63-70
    • Ginzburg, L.R.1    Ferson, S.2    Akçakaya, H.R.3
  • 43
    • 0020178288 scopus 로고
    • Quasiextinction probabilities as a measure of impact on population growth
    • _, B. SLOBODKIN, K. JOHNSON, AND A. G. BINDMAN. 1982. Quasiextinction probabilities as a measure of impact on population growth. Risk Analysis 2:171-181.
    • (1982) Risk Analysis , vol.2 , pp. 171-181
    • Slobodkin, B.1    Johnson, K.2    Bindman, A.G.3
  • 44
    • 0028810016 scopus 로고
    • Area requirements for viable populations of the Australian gliding marsupial
    • GOLDINGWAY, R., AND H. POSSINGHAM. 1995. Area requirements for viable populations of the Australian gliding marsupial. Biological Conservation 73:161-167.
    • (1995) Biological Conservation , vol.73 , pp. 161-167
    • Goldingway, R.1    Possingham, H.2
  • 45
    • 0002078456 scopus 로고
    • The demography of chance extinction
    • M. E. Soulé, editor. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom
    • GOODMAN, D. 1987. The demography of chance extinction. Pages 11-34 in M. E. Soulé, editor. Viable populations for conservation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
    • (1987) Viable Populations for Conservation , pp. 11-34
    • Goodman, D.1
  • 46
    • 0030885508 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • When relocation of loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) nests becomes a useful strategy
    • GRAND, J., AND S. R. BEISSINGER. 1997. When relocation of loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) nests becomes a useful strategy. Journal of Herpetology 31:426-134.
    • (1997) Journal of Herpetology , vol.31 , pp. 426-1134
    • Grand, J.1    Beissinger, S.R.2
  • 48
    • 0001804727 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The analysis of population persistence: An outlook on the practice of viability analysis
    • P. L. Fiedler and P. M. Kareiva, editors. Chapman & Hall, New York, New York, USA
    • GROOM, M. J., AND M. A. PASCUAL. 1998. The analysis of population persistence: an outlook on the practice of viability analysis. Pages 4-27 in P. L. Fiedler and P. M. Kareiva, editors. Conservation biology. Chapman & Hall, New York, New York, USA.
    • (1998) Conservation Biology , pp. 4-27
    • Groom, M.J.1    Pascual, M.A.2
  • 49
    • 0028984828 scopus 로고
    • Dispersal and use of corridors by birds in wooded patches on an agricultural landscape
    • HAAS, C. A. 1995. Dispersal and use of corridors by birds in wooded patches on an agricultural landscape. Conservation Biology 9:845-854.
    • (1995) Conservation Biology , vol.9 , pp. 845-854
    • Haas, C.A.1
  • 50
    • 0027843782 scopus 로고
    • Population viability analysis for a small population of red-cockaded woodpeckers and an evaluation of enhancement strategies
    • HAIG, S. M., J. R. BELTHOFF, AND D. H. ALLEN. 1993. Population viability analysis for a small population of red-cockaded woodpeckers and an evaluation of enhancement strategies. Conservation Biology 7:289-301.
    • (1993) Conservation Biology , vol.7 , pp. 289-301
    • Haig, S.M.1    Belthoff, J.R.2    Allen, D.H.3
  • 51
    • 0026289858 scopus 로고
    • Single-species metapopulation dynamics: Concepts, models, and observations
    • HANSKI, I. 1991. Single-species metapopulation dynamics: concepts, models, and observations. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 42:17-38.
    • (1991) Biological Journal of the Linnean Society , vol.42 , pp. 17-38
    • Hanski, I.1
  • 52
    • 0029777716 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Minimum viable metapopulation size
    • _, A. MOILANEN, AND M. GYLLENBERG. 1996. Minimum viable metapopulation size. American Naturalist 147:527-541.
    • (1996) American Naturalist , vol.147 , pp. 527-541
    • Moilanen, A.1    Gyllenberg, M.2
  • 53
    • 0029753709 scopus 로고
    • The quantitative incidence function model and persistence of an endangered butterfly metapopulation
    • _, _, T. PAKKALA, AND M. KUUSSAARI. 1995. The quantitative incidence function model and persistence of an endangered butterfly metapopulation. Conservation Biology 10:578-590.
    • (1995) Conservation Biology , vol.10 , pp. 578-590
    • Pakkala, T.1    Kuussaari, M.2
  • 54
    • 0002261251 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The metapopulation approach, its history, conceptual domain, and application to conservation
    • I. Hanksi and M. Gilpin, editors. Academic Press, San Diego, California, USA
    • _, AND D. SIMBERLOFF. 1997. The metapopulation approach, its history, conceptual domain, and application to conservation. Pages 5-26 in I. Hanksi and M. Gilpin, editors. Metapopulation biology: ecology, genetics, and evolution. Academic Press, San Diego, California, USA.
    • (1997) Metapopulation Biology: Ecology, Genetics, and Evolution , pp. 5-26
    • Simberloff, D.1
  • 55
    • 0028174966 scopus 로고
    • Metapopulation dynamics and conservation: A spatially explicit model applied to butterflies
    • _, AND C. D. THOMAS. 1994. Metapopulation dynamics and conservation: a spatially explicit model applied to butterflies. Biological Conservation 68:167-180.
    • (1994) Biological Conservation , vol.68 , pp. 167-180
    • Thomas, C.D.1
  • 56
    • 0028974340 scopus 로고
    • Population viability estimates: Theory and practice for a wild gorilla population
    • HARCOURT, A. H. 1995. Population viability estimates: theory and practice for a wild gorilla population. Conservation Biology 9:134-142.
    • (1995) Conservation Biology , vol.9 , pp. 134-142
    • Harcourt, A.H.1
  • 57
  • 58
    • 0026296239 scopus 로고
    • Local extinction in a metapopulation context: An empirical evaluation
    • HARRISON, S. 1991. Local extinction in a metapopulation context: an empirical evaluation. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 42:73-88.
    • (1991) Biological Journal of the Linnean Society , vol.42 , pp. 73-88
    • Harrison, S.1
  • 59
    • 0024920798 scopus 로고
    • Correlated environments and the persistence of metapopulations
    • _, AND J. F. QUINN. 1989. Correlated environments and the persistence of metapopulations. Oikos 56:293-298.
    • (1989) Oikos , vol.56 , pp. 293-298
    • Quinn, J.F.1
  • 61
    • 0026540176 scopus 로고
    • Conservation genetics: Techniques and fundamentals
    • _, AND P. S. MILLER. 1992. Conservation genetics: techniques and fundamentals. Ecological Applications 2:30-46.
    • (1992) Ecological Applications , vol.2 , pp. 30-46
    • Miller, P.S.1
  • 62
    • 0030427822 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Disease in metapopulation models: Implications for conservation
    • HESS, G. R. 1996a. Disease in metapopulation models: implications for conservation. Ecology 77: 1617-1632.
    • (1996) Ecology , vol.77 , pp. 1617-1632
    • Hess, G.R.1
  • 63
    • 0030513444 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Linking extinction to connectivity and habitat destruction in metapopulation models
    • _. 1996b. Linking extinction to connectivity and habitat destruction in metapopulation models. American Naturalist 148:226-236.
    • (1996) American Naturalist , vol.148 , pp. 226-236
  • 64
    • 0030616677 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stochastic dynamics and deterministic skeletons: Population behavior of dungeness crab
    • HIGGINS, K., A. HASTINGS, J. N. SARVELA, AND L. W. BOTSFORD. 1997 Stochastic dynamics and deterministic skeletons: population behavior of dungeness crab. Science 276:1431-1435.
    • (1997) Science , vol.276 , pp. 1431-1435
    • Higgins, K.1    Hastings, A.2    Sarvela, J.N.3    Botsford, L.W.4
  • 65
    • 0030616871 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diagnosing a shorebird local population decline with a stage-structured population model
    • HITCHCOCK, C. L., AND C. GRATTO-TREVOR. 1997. Diagnosing a shorebird local population decline with a stage-structured population model. Ecology 78:522-534.
    • (1997) Ecology , vol.78 , pp. 522-534
    • Hitchcock, C.L.1    Gratto-Trevor, C.2
  • 66
    • 0003522670 scopus 로고
    • International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Species Survival Commission, Gland, Switzerland
    • INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR THE CONSERVATION OF NATURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES. 1994. IUCN red list categories. International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Species Survival Commission, Gland, Switzerland.
    • (1994) IUCN Red List Categories
  • 67
    • 0003390812 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reevaluating the use of models to predict the consequences of habitat loss and fragmentation
    • S. T. A. Pickett, R. S. Ostfeld, M. Shachak, and G. E. Likens, editors. Chapman & Hall, New York, New York, USA
    • KAREIVA, P., D. SKELLY, AND M. RUCKELSHAUS. 1997. Reevaluating the use of models to predict the consequences of habitat loss and fragmentation. Pages 156-166 in S. T. A. Pickett, R. S. Ostfeld, M. Shachak, and G. E. Likens, editors. The ecological basis of conservation. Chapman & Hall, New York, New York, USA.
    • (1997) The Ecological Basis of Conservation , pp. 156-166
    • Kareiva, P.1    Skelly, D.2    Ruckelshaus, M.3
  • 68
    • 0003161166 scopus 로고
    • Population vis ability assessment of the eastern barred bandicoot in Victoria
    • T. W. Clark and J. H. Seebeck, editors. Chicago Zoological Society, Chicago, Illinois, USA
    • LACY, R. C., AND T. W. CLARK. 1990. Population vis ability assessment of the eastern barred bandicoot in Victoria. Pages 131-145 in T. W. Clark and J. H. Seebeck, editors. Management and conservation of small populations. Chicago Zoological Society, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
    • (1990) Management and Conservation of Small Populations , pp. 131-145
    • Lacy, R.C.1    Clark, T.W.2
  • 70
    • 0029659545 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Greater drought intensity and frequency before AD 1200 in the Northern Great Plains, USA
    • LAIRD, K. R., S. C. FRITZ, K. A. MAASCH, AND B. F. CUMMING. 1996. Greater drought intensity and frequency before AD 1200 in the Northern Great Plains, USA. Nature 384:552-554.
    • (1996) Nature , vol.384 , pp. 552-554
    • Laird, K.R.1    Fritz, S.C.2    Maasch, K.A.3    Cumming, B.F.4
  • 71
    • 0028179788 scopus 로고
    • Reserve design for territorial species: The effects of patch size and spacing on the viability of the northern spotted owl
    • LAMBERSON, R. H., B. R. NOON, C. Voss, AND K. S. McKELVEY. 1994. Reserve design for territorial species: the effects of patch size and spacing on the viability of the northern spotted owl. Conservation Biology 8:185-195.
    • (1994) Conservation Biology , vol.8 , pp. 185-195
    • Lamberson, R.H.1    Noon, B.R.2    Voss, C.3    McKelvey, K.S.4
  • 72
    • 0024164592 scopus 로고
    • Genetics and demography in biological conservation
    • LANDE, R. 1988. Genetics and demography in biological conservation. Science 241:1455-1460.
    • (1988) Science , vol.241 , pp. 1455-1460
    • Lande, R.1
  • 73
    • 0027331845 scopus 로고
    • Risks of population extinction from demographic and environmental stochasticity and random catastrophes
    • _. 1993. Risks of population extinction from demographic and environmental stochasticity and random catastrophes. American Naturalist 142: 911-927.
    • (1993) American Naturalist , vol.142 , pp. 911-927
  • 75
    • 0026490966 scopus 로고
    • Modeling survival and testing biological hypotheses using marked animals: A unified approach
    • LEBRETON, J-D., K. P. BURNHAM, J. CLOBERT, AND D. R. ANDERSON. 1992. Modeling survival and testing biological hypotheses using marked animals: a unified approach. Ecological Monographs 62:67-118.
    • (1992) Ecological Monographs , vol.62 , pp. 67-118
    • Lebreton, J.-D.1    Burnham, K.P.2    Clobert, J.3    Anderson, D.R.4
  • 76
    • 0030865778 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stochastic seasonality and nonlinear density-dependent factors regulate population size in an African rodent
    • LEIRS, H., N. C. STENSETH, J. D. NICHOLS, J. E. HINES, R. VERHAGEN, AND W. VERHEYEN. 1997. Stochastic seasonality and nonlinear density-dependent factors regulate population size in an African rodent. Nature 389:176-180.
    • (1997) Nature , vol.389 , pp. 176-180
    • Leirs, H.1    Stenseth, N.C.2    Nichols, J.D.3    Hines, J.E.4    Verhagen, R.5    Verheyen, W.6
  • 77
    • 0027101175 scopus 로고
    • The problem of pattern and scale in ecology
    • LEVIN, S. A. 1992. The problem of pattern and scale in ecology. Ecology 73:1943-1967.
    • (1992) Ecology , vol.73 , pp. 1943-1967
    • Levin, S.A.1
  • 78
    • 0000065728 scopus 로고
    • Some demographic and genetic consequences of environmental heterogeneity for biological control
    • LEVINS, R. 1969. Some demographic and genetic consequences of environmental heterogeneity for biological control. Bulletin of the Entomological Society of America 15:237-240.
    • (1969) Bulletin of the Entomological Society of America , vol.15 , pp. 237-240
    • Levins, R.1
  • 79
    • 0002233132 scopus 로고
    • Extinction
    • M. Gerstenhaber, editor. Mathematical Society, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
    • _. 1970. Extinction. Pages 77-107 in M. Gerstenhaber, editor. Some mathematical problems in biology. Mathematical Society, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.
    • (1970) Some Mathematical Problems in Biology , pp. 77-107
  • 80
    • 0028981802 scopus 로고
    • A review of the generic computer programs ALEX, RAMAS/space, and VORTEX for modeling the viability of wildlife metapopulations
    • LINDENMAYER, D. B., M. A. BURGMAN, H. R. AKÇAKAYA, R. C. LACY, AND H. P. POSSINGHAM. 1995. A review of the generic computer programs ALEX, RAMAS/space, and VORTEX for modeling the viability of wildlife metapopulations. Ecological Modeling 82:161-174.
    • (1995) Ecological Modeling , vol.82 , pp. 161-174
    • Lindenmayer, D.B.1    Burgman, M.A.2    Akçakaya, H.R.3    Lacy, R.C.4    Possingham, H.P.5
  • 81
    • 0027799350 scopus 로고
    • Predictions of the impacts of changes in population size and environmental variability on Leadbeater's possum, Gymnobelideus leadbeateri McCoy (Marsupialia: Petauridae) using population viability analysis: An application of the computer program VORTEX
    • _, _, V. C. THOMAS, AND T. W. CLARK. 1993. Predictions of the impacts of changes in population size and environmental variability on Leadbeater's possum, Gymnobelideus leadbeateri McCoy (Marsupialia: Petauridae) using population viability analysis: an application of the computer program VORTEX. Wildlife Research 20: 67-86.
    • (1993) Wildlife Research , vol.20 , pp. 67-86
    • Thomas, V.C.1    Clark, T.W.2
  • 82
    • 0028974332 scopus 로고
    • Metapopulation viability of Leadbeater's possum, Gymnobelideus leadbeateri, in fragmented old-growth forests
    • _, AND R. C. LACY. 1995. Metapopulation viability of Leadbeater's possum, Gymnobelideus leadbeateri, in fragmented old-growth forests. Ecological Applications 5:164-182.
    • (1995) Ecological Applications , vol.5 , pp. 164-182
    • Lacy, R.C.1
  • 83
    • 0028976078 scopus 로고
    • The conservation of arboreal marsupials in the montane ash forests of the central highlands ot Victoria, south-eastern Australia-VII. Modeling the persistence of the Leadbeater's possum in response to modified timber harvesting practices
    • _, AND H. P. POSSINGHAM. 1995. The conservation of arboreal marsupials in the montane ash forests of the central highlands ot Victoria, south-eastern Australia-VII. Modeling the persistence of the Leadbeater's possum in response to modified timber harvesting practices. Biological Conservation 73:239-257.
    • (1995) Biological Conservation , vol.73 , pp. 239-257
    • Possingham, H.P.1
  • 84
    • 0029667695 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ranking conservation and timber management options for Leadbeater's possum in southeastern Australia using population viability analysis
    • _, AND _, 1996. Ranking conservation and timber management options for Leadbeater's possum in southeastern Australia using population viability analysis. Conservation Biology 10: 235-251.
    • (1996) Conservation Biology , vol.10 , pp. 235-251
  • 85
    • 0027975041 scopus 로고
    • On the importance of sampling variance to investigations of temporal variation in animal population size
    • LINK, W. A., AND J. D. NICHOLS. 1994. On the importance of sampling variance to investigations of temporal variation in animal population size. Oikos 69:539-544.
    • (1994) Oikos , vol.69 , pp. 539-544
    • Link, W.A.1    Nichols, J.D.2
  • 86
    • 0028848992 scopus 로고
    • Potential effects of a forest management plan on Bachman's sparrow (Aimophilo aestivalis): Linking a spatially explicit model with GIS
    • LIU, J, J. B. DUNNING, AND H. R. PULLIAM. 1995. Potential effects of a forest management plan on Bachman's sparrow (Aimophilo aestivalis): linking a spatially explicit model with GIS. Conservation Biology 9:62-75.
    • (1995) Conservation Biology , vol.9 , pp. 62-75
    • Liu, J.1    Dunning, J.B.2    Pulliam, H.R.3
  • 87
    • 0029731916 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The distribution of population survival times
    • LUDWIG, D. 1996a. The distribution of population survival times. American Naturalist 147:506-526.
    • (1996) American Naturalist , vol.147 , pp. 506-526
    • Ludwig, D.1
  • 88
    • 0030400523 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Uncertainty and the assessment of extinction probabilities
    • _. 1996b. Uncertainty and the assessment of extinction probabilities. Ecological Applications 6: 1067-1076.
    • (1996) Ecological Applications , vol.6 , pp. 1067-1076
  • 89
    • 0026282754 scopus 로고
    • Assessing extinction threats: Toward a reevaluation of IUCN threatened species categories
    • MACE, G. M., AND R. LANDE. 1991. Assessing extinction threats: toward a reevaluation of IUCN threatened species categories. Conservation Biology 5:148-157.
    • (1991) Conservation Biology , vol.5 , pp. 148-157
    • Mace, G.M.1    Lande, R.2
  • 90
    • 0028079093 scopus 로고
    • Four facts every conservation biologist should know about persistence
    • MANGEL, M., AND C. TIER. 1994. Four facts every conservation biologist should know about persistence. Ecology 75:607-614.
    • (1994) Ecology , vol.75 , pp. 607-614
    • Mangel, M.1    Tier, C.2
  • 92
  • 93
    • 0000402425 scopus 로고
    • Matrix methods for avian demography
    • MCDONALD D. B., AND H. CASWELL. 1993. Matrix methods for avian demography. Current Ornithology 10:139-185.
    • (1993) Current Ornithology , vol.10 , pp. 139-185
    • Mcdonald, D.B.1    Caswell, H.2
  • 94
    • 0001818485 scopus 로고
    • Conservation planning for species occupying fragmented landscapes: The case of the northern spotted owl
    • P. M. Kareiva, J. G. Kingsolver, and R. B. Huey, editors. Sinauer, Sunderland, Massachusetts, USA
    • McKELVEY, K., B. R. NOON, AND R. H. LAMBERSON. 1993. Conservation planning for species occupying fragmented landscapes: the case of the northern spotted owl. Pages 424-450 in P. M. Kareiva, J. G. Kingsolver, and R. B. Huey, editors. Biotic interactions and global change. Sinauer, Sunderland, Massachusetts, USA.
    • (1993) Biotic Interactions and Global Change , pp. 424-450
    • McKelvey, K.1    Noon, B.R.2    Lamberson, R.H.3
  • 95
    • 0025227446 scopus 로고
    • Population viability analysis for an endangered plant
    • MENGES, E. S. 1990. Population viability analysis for an endangered plant. Conservation Biology 4:52-62.
    • (1990) Conservation Biology , vol.4 , pp. 52-62
    • Menges, E.S.1
  • 96
    • 2642626377 scopus 로고
    • Endangered species models and predictions
    • MILLER, R. S., AND D. B. BOTKIN. 1974. Endangered species models and predictions. American Scientist 62:172-181.
    • (1974) American Scientist , vol.62 , pp. 172-181
    • Miller, R.S.1    Botkin, D.B.2
  • 99
    • 0002830714 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stochastic demography for conservation biology
    • S. Tuljapurkar and H. Caswell, editors. Chapman & Hall, New York, New York, USA
    • NATIONS, C. S., AND M. S. BOYCE. 1997. Stochastic demography for conservation biology. Pages 451-469 in S. Tuljapurkar and H. Caswell, editors. Structured-population models in marine, terrestrial and freshwater systems. Chapman & Hall, New York, New York, USA.
    • (1997) Structured-population Models in Marine, Terrestrial and Freshwater Systems , pp. 451-469
    • Nations, C.S.1    Boyce, M.S.2
  • 100
    • 0002254053 scopus 로고
    • Capture-recapture models
    • NICHOLS, J. D. 1992. Capture-recapture models. BioScience 42:94-102.
    • (1992) BioScience , vol.42 , pp. 94-102
    • Nichols, J.D.1
  • 101
    • 0001413233 scopus 로고
    • Demography of the Everglade kite: Implications for population management
    • _, G. L. HENSLER, AND P. W. SYKES, JR. 1980. Demography of the Everglade kite: implications for population management. Ecological Modeling 9:215-232.
    • (1980) Ecological Modeling , vol.9 , pp. 215-232
    • Hensler, G.L.1    Sykes Jr., P.W.2
  • 102
    • 0003064220 scopus 로고
    • Population models for passerine birds: Structure, parameterization, and analysis
    • D. R. McCullough and R. H. Barrett, editors. Elsevier Applied Science, New York, New York, USA
    • NOON, B. R., AND J. H. SAUER. 1992. Population models for passerine birds: structure, parameterization, and analysis. Pages 441-464 in D. R. McCullough and R. H. Barrett, editors. Wildlife 2001: populations. Elsevier Applied Science, New York, New York, USA.
    • (1992) Wildlife 2001: Populations , pp. 441-464
    • Noon, B.R.1    Sauer, J.H.2
  • 103
    • 0024923867 scopus 로고
    • Learning to live with errors in spatial databases
    • M. Goodchild and S. Gopal, editors. Taylor and Francis, London, United Kingdom
    • OPENSHAW, S. 1989. Learning to live with errors in spatial databases. Pages 263-276 in M. Goodchild and S. Gopal, editors. Accuracy of spatial databases. Taylor and Francis, London, United Kingdom.
    • (1989) Accuracy of Spatial Databases , pp. 263-276
    • Openshaw, S.1
  • 104
    • 0028763687 scopus 로고
    • Verification, validation, and the confirmation of numerical models in the earth sciences
    • ORESKES, N., K. SHRADER-FRENCHETTE, AND K. BELITZ. 1994. Verification, validation, and the confirmation of numerical models in the earth sciences. Science 263:641-646.
    • (1994) Science , vol.263 , pp. 641-646
    • Oreskes, N.1    Shrader-Frenchette, K.2    Belitz, K.3
  • 105
    • 0030856627 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of model structure on conclusions about the viability and harvesting of Serengeti wildebeest
    • PASCUAL, M. A., P. KAREIVA, AND R. HILBORN. 1997. The influence of model structure on conclusions about the viability and harvesting of Serengeti wildebeest. Conservation Biology 11:966-976.
    • (1997) Conservation Biology , vol.11 , pp. 966-976
    • Pascual, M.A.1    Kareiva, P.2    Hilborn, R.3
  • 106
    • 0029840576 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reproductive stages limiting productivity of the endangered Attwater's prairie chicken
    • PETERSON, M. J., AND N. J. SILVY. 1996. Reproductive stages limiting productivity of the endangered Attwater's prairie chicken. Conservation Biology 10:1264-1276.
    • (1996) Conservation Biology , vol.10 , pp. 1264-1276
    • Peterson, M.J.1    Silvy, N.J.2
  • 107
    • 0004295054 scopus 로고
    • University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, USA
    • PIMM, S. L. 1991. The balance of nature? University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
    • (1991) The Balance of Nature?
    • Pimm, S.L.1
  • 108
    • 0024228836 scopus 로고
    • The variability of animal populations
    • _, AND A. REDFEARN. 1988. The variability of animal populations. Nature 334:613-614.
    • (1988) Nature , vol.334 , pp. 613-614
    • Redfearn, A.1
  • 109
    • 0001129283 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modelers, mammalogists, and metapopulations
    • D. R. McCullough, editor. Island Press, Washington, D.C., USA
    • PRICE, M. V., AND M. GILPIN. 1996. Modelers, mammalogists, and metapopulations. Pages 217-240 in D. R. McCullough, editor. Metapopulations and wildlife conservation. Island Press, Washington, D.C., USA.
    • (1996) Metapopulations and Wildlife Conservation , pp. 217-240
    • Price, M.V.1    Gilpin, M.2
  • 110
    • 0024224682 scopus 로고
    • Sources, sinks, and population regulation
    • PULLIAM, H. R. 1988. Sources, sinks, and population regulation. American Naturalist 132:652-661.
    • (1988) American Naturalist , vol.132 , pp. 652-661
    • Pulliam, H.R.1
  • 111
    • 0002736298 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How viable is population viability analysis?
    • S. T. A. Pickett, R. S. Ostfeld, M. Shachak, and G. E. Likens, editors. Chaman & Hall, New York, New York, USA
    • RALLS, K., AND B. L. TAYLOR. 1997. How viable is population viability analysis? Pages 228-235 in S. T. A. Pickett, R. S. Ostfeld, M. Shachak, and G. E. Likens, editors. The ecological basis of conservation. Chaman & Hall, New York, New York, USA.
    • (1997) The Ecological Basis of Conservation , pp. 228-235
    • Ralls, K.1    Taylor, B.L.2
  • 114
    • 0031446468 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessing the data requirements of spatially explicit dispersal models
    • RUCKELHAUS, M., C. HARTWAY, AND P. KAREIVA. 1997. Assessing the data requirements of spatially explicit dispersal models. Conservation Biology 11:1298-1306.
    • (1997) Conservation Biology , vol.11 , pp. 1298-1306
    • Ruckelhaus, M.1    Hartway, C.2    Kareiva, P.3
  • 115
    • 0027869560 scopus 로고
    • Status of piping plovers in the Great Plains of North America: A demographic simulation model
    • RYAN, M. R., B. G. ROOT, AND P. M. MAYER. 1993. Status of piping plovers in the Great Plains of North America: a demographic simulation model. Conservation Biology 7:581-585.
    • (1993) Conservation Biology , vol.7 , pp. 581-585
    • Ryan, M.R.1    Root, B.G.2    Mayer, P.M.3
  • 118
    • 0000905848 scopus 로고
    • Minimum population sizes for species conservation
    • SHAFFER, M. L. 1981. Minimum population sizes for species conservation. BioScience 31:131-134.
    • (1981) BioScience , vol.31 , pp. 131-134
    • Shaffer, M.L.1
  • 119
    • 0000469688 scopus 로고
    • Determining minimum viable population sizes for the grizzly bear
    • _. 1983. Determining minimum viable population sizes for the grizzly bear. International Conference on Bear Research and Management 5: 133-139.
    • (1983) International Conference on Bear Research and Management , vol.5 , pp. 133-139
  • 120
    • 0003132566 scopus 로고
    • Minimum viable populations: Coping with uncertainty
    • M. E. Sonlé, editor. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom
    • _. 1987. Minimum viable populations: coping with uncertainty. Pages 69-86 in M. E. Sonlé, editor. Viable populations for conservation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
    • (1987) Viable Populations for Conservation , pp. 69-86
  • 121
    • 0001292192 scopus 로고
    • Population size and extinction: A note on determining critical population size
    • _, AND F. B. SAMSON. 1985. Population size and extinction: a note on determining critical population size. American Naturalist 125:144-152.
    • (1985) American Naturalist , vol.125 , pp. 144-152
    • Samson, F.B.1
  • 122
    • 0029751553 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interpretation of elasticity matrices as an aid to the management of plant populations for conservation
    • SILVERTOWN, J., M. FRANCO, AND E. MENGES. 1996. Interpretation of elasticity matrices as an aid to the management of plant populations for conservation. Conservation Biology 10:591-597.
    • (1996) Conservation Biology , vol.10 , pp. 591-597
    • Silvertown, J.1    Franco, M.2    Menges, E.3
  • 123
    • 84985817809 scopus 로고
    • Conspecific attraction and the determination of metapopulation colonization rates
    • SMITH, A. T., AND M. M. PEACOCK. 1990. Conspecific attraction and the determination of metapopulation colonization rates. Conservation Biology 4: 320-323.
    • (1990) Conservation Biology , vol.4 , pp. 320-323
    • Smith, A.T.1    Peacock, M.M.2
  • 124
    • 0000468464 scopus 로고
    • Reproduction and demography of the Florida Everglade (snail) kite
    • SNYDER, N. F. R., S. R. BEISSINGER, AND R. E. CHANDLER. 1989. Reproduction and demography of the Florida Everglade (snail) kite. Condor 91:300-316.
    • (1989) Condor , vol.91 , pp. 300-316
    • Snyder, N.F.R.1    Beissinger, S.R.2    Chandler, R.E.3
  • 126
    • 0001925103 scopus 로고
    • Introduction
    • M. E. Soulé, editor. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom
    • SOULÉ, M. E. 1987a. Introduction. Pages 3-10 in M. E. Soulé, editor. Viable populations for conservation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
    • (1987) Viable Populations for Conservation , pp. 3-10
    • Soulé, M.E.1
  • 127
    • 0002089381 scopus 로고
    • Where do we go from here?
    • M. E. Soulé, editor. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom
    • _. 1987b. Where do we go from here? Pages 175-183 in M. E. Soulé, editor. Viable populations for conservation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
    • (1987) Viable Populations for Conservation , pp. 175-183
  • 128
    • 0028828019 scopus 로고
    • Modeling the reintroduction of the greater bilby Macrotis lagotis using the metapopulation model analysis of the likelihood of extinction (ALEX)
    • SOUTHGATE, R., AND H. POSSINGHAM. 1995. Modeling the reintroduction of the greater bilby Macrotis lagotis using the metapopulation model analysis of the likelihood of extinction (ALEX). Biological Conservation 73:151-160.
    • (1995) Biological Conservation , vol.73 , pp. 151-160
    • Southgate, R.1    Possingham, H.2
  • 129
    • 0026498552 scopus 로고
    • Environmental variation and the persistence of small populations
    • STACEY, P. B., AND M. TAPER. 1992. Environmental variation and the persistence of small populations. Ecological Applications 2:18-29.
    • (1992) Ecological Applications , vol.2 , pp. 18-29
    • Stacey, P.B.1    Taper, M.2
  • 130
    • 0030619059 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A pragmatic approach to modeling for wildlife management
    • STARFIELD, A. M. 1997. A pragmatic approach to modeling for wildlife management. Journal of Wildlife Management 61:261-270.
    • (1997) Journal of Wildlife Management , vol.61 , pp. 261-270
    • Starfield, A.M.1
  • 131
    • 0013447590 scopus 로고
    • On measuring fluctuating environments: Predictability, constancy, and contingency
    • STEARNS, S. C. 1981. On measuring fluctuating environments: predictability, constancy, and contingency. Ecology 62:185-199.
    • (1981) Ecology , vol.62 , pp. 185-199
    • Stearns, S.C.1
  • 132
    • 0030619362 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Correlated extinctions, colonization and population fluctuation in a highly connected ringlet butterfly metapopulation
    • SUTCLIFFE, O., C. D. THOMAS, T. J. YATES, AND J. N. GREATOREX-DAVIES. 1997. Correlated extinctions, colonization and population fluctuation in a highly connected ringlet butterfly metapopulation. Oecologia 109:235-241.
    • (1997) Oecologia , vol.109 , pp. 235-241
    • Sutcliffe, O.1    Thomas, C.D.2    Yates, T.J.3    Greatorex-Davies, J.N.4
  • 133
    • 0028978833 scopus 로고
    • The reliability of using population viability analysis for risk classification of species
    • TAYLOR, B. L. 1995. The reliability of using population viability analysis for risk classification of species. Conservation Biology 9:551-558.
    • (1995) Conservation Biology , vol.9 , pp. 551-558
    • Taylor, B.L.1
  • 134
    • 0024675201 scopus 로고
    • An uncertain life: Demography in random environments
    • TULJAPURKAR, S. 1989. An uncertain life: demography in random environments. Theoretical Population Biology 35:227-294.
    • (1989) Theoretical Population Biology , vol.35 , pp. 227-294
    • Tuljapurkar, S.1
  • 136
    • 0027869987 scopus 로고
    • A landscape simulation model of winter foraging by large ungulates
    • _, Y. Wu, W. H. ROMME, AND L. L. WALLACE. 1993. A landscape simulation model of winter foraging by large ungulates. Ecological Modeling 69:163-184.
    • (1993) Ecological Modeling , vol.69 , pp. 163-184
    • Wu, Y.1    Romme, W.H.2    Wallace, L.L.3
  • 137
    • 0030619061 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sensitivity analysis to guide population recovery: Prairie-chickens as an example
    • WISDOM, M. J., AND L. S. MILLS. 1997. Sensitivity analysis to guide population recovery: prairie-chickens as an example. Journal of Wildlife Management 61:302-312.
    • (1997) Journal of Wildlife Management , vol.61 , pp. 302-312
    • Wisdom, M.J.1    Mills, L.S.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.