Integrating molecular techniques with field methods in studies of social behavior: A revolution results

Ecology

Volumn 79, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 383-399

  Hughes, Colin ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NORTH DAKOTA   (United States)

Author keywords

DNA fingerprinting; Mating system; Microsatellites; Molecular markers; Molecular techniques; Relatedness; Social behavior

Indexed keywords

ANALYTICAL METHOD; BEHAVIORAL ECOLOGY; DNA FINGERPRINTING; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR;

AVES; FORMICIDAE; INSECTA; VERTEBRATA;

EID: 0031871566     PISSN: 00129658     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1890/0012-9658(1998)079[0383:IMTWFM]2.0.CO;2     Document Type: Review

References (179)

1. Alexander, R. D. 1974. The evolution of social behavior. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 5:325-383.
2. Altmann, J., S. Alberts, and S. A. Haines. 1996. Behavior predicts genetic structure in a wild primate group. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 93: 5797-5801.
3. Amos, B., J. Barren, and G. A. Dover. 1991. Breeding behaviour of pilot whales revealed by DNA fingerprinting. Heredity 67:49-55.
4. Amos, B., C. Schlötterer, and D. Tautz. 1993a. Social structure of pilot whales revealed by analytical DNA profiling. Science 260:670-672.
5. Amos, W., S. Twiss, P. P. Pomeroy, and S. S. Anderson. 1993b. Male mating success and paternity in the grey seal, Halichoerus gryphus: a study using DNA fingerprinting. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 252: 199-207.
6. Amos, B., S. Twiss, P. Pomeroy, and S. Anderson. 1995. Evidence for mate fidelity in the gray seal. Science 268: 1897-1899.
7. Avise, J. C. 1994. Molecular markers, natural history and evolution. Chapman and Hall, New York, New York, USA.
8. Baker, M., and P. Marler. 1980. Behavioral adaptations that constrain the gene pool in vertebrates. Pages 59-80 in H. Markl, editor. Evolution of social behavior, hypotheses and empirical tests. Verlag Chemie, Weinheim, Germany.
9. Birkhead, T. 1987. Sperm competition in birds. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 2:268-272.
10. Birkhead, T. R., T. Burke, R. Zann, F. M. Hunter, and A. P. Krupa. 1990. Extrapair paternity and intraspecific brood parasitism in wild zebra finches Taeniopygia guttata, revealed by DNA fingerprinting. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 27:315-324.
11. Birkhead, T. R., and A. P. Møller. 1992. Sperm competition in birds. Academic Press, London, UK.
12. Bishop, C. M., G. Jones, C. M. Lazarus, and P. A. Racey. 1992. Discriminate suckling in pipistrelle bats is supported by DNA fingerprinting. Molecular Ecology 1:255-258.
13. Bjørn, T. H., and K. E. Erikstad, 1994. Patterns of intraspecific nest parasitism in the high Arctic Common Eider (Somateria mollissima borealis). Canadian Journal of Zoology 72:1027-1034.
14. Blanchetot, A. 1991. Genetic relatedness in honeybees as established by DNA fingerprinting. Journal of Heredity 82: 391-396.
15. Bollinger, E. K., and T. A. Gavin. 1991. Patterns of extrapair fertilizations in bobolinks. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 29:1-7.
16. Boomsma, J. J. 1990. Intraspecific variation in ant sex ratios and the Trivers-Hare hypothesis. Evolution 44:1026-1034.
17. Boomsma, J. J., and A. Grafen. 1991. Colony-level sex ratio selection in the eusocial Hymenoptera. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 3:383-407.
18. Bourke, A. F. G., T. M. van der Have, and N. R. Franks. 1988. Sex ratio determination and worker reproduction in the slave-making ant Harpagoxenus sublaevis. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 23:233-245.
19. Brooker, M. G., I. Rowley, M. Adams, and P. R. Baverstock. 1990. Promiscuity: an inbreeding avoidance mechanism in a socially monogamous species. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 26:191-199.
20. Brookfield, J. F. Y., and D. T. Parkin. 1993. The use of single-locus DNA probes in the establishment of relatedness in wild populations. Heredity 70:660-663.
21. Burke, T., N. B. Davies, M. W. Bruford, and B. J. Hatchwell. 1989. Parental care and mating behavior of polyandrous dunnocks Prunella modularis related to paternity by DNA fingerprinting. Nature 338:249-251.
22. Carpenter, J. M. 1989. Testing scenarios: wasp social behavior. Cladistics 5:131-144.
23. _. 1991. Phylogenetic relationships and the origin of social behavior in the Vespidae. Pages 7-32 in K. Ross and R. Matthews, editors. The social biology of wasps. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, USA.
24. Chavarría, G., and J. M. Carpenter. 1994. "Total evidence" and the evolution of highly social bees. Cladistics 10:229-258.
25. Chesser, R. K. 1991a. Influence of gene flow and breeding tactics on gene diversity within populations. Genetics 129: 573-584.
26. _. 1991b. Gene diversity and female philopatry. Genetics 127:437-448.
27. Choudhary, M., J. E. Strassman, C. R. Solis, and D. C. Queller. 1993. Microsatellite variation in a social insect. Biochemical Genetics 31:87-96.
28. Connor, R. C. 1995. Altruism among non-relatives: alternatives to the 'Prisoner's Dilemma'. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 10:84-86.
29. Côté, I. M., and R. Poulin. 1994. Parasitism and group size in social animals: a meta-analysis. Behavioral Ecology 6: 159-165.
30. Creel, S. R., and P. M. Waser. 1994. Inclusive fitness and reproductive strategies in dwarf mongooses. Behavioral Ecology 5:339-348.
31. Davies, N. B. 1985. Cooperation and conflict among Dunnocks, Prunella modularis, in a variable mating system. Animal Behaviour 33:628-648.
32. _. 1989. Sexual conflict and the polygamy threshold. Animal Behaviour 38:226-234.
33. _. 1991. Mating systems. Pages 263-294 in J. R. Krebs and N. B. Davies, editors. Behavioural ecology, an evolutionary approach, Third edition. Blackwell, London, UK.
34. Davies, N. B., I. R. Hartley, B. J. Hatchwell, and N. E. Langmore. 1996. Female control of copulations to maximize male help: a comparison of polygynandrous alpine accentors, Prunella collaris, and dunnocks, P. modularis. Animal Behaviour 51:27-47.
35. Decker, M. D., P. G. Parker, D. J. Minchella, and K. N. Rabenold. 1993. Monogamy in black vultures: genetic evidence from DNA fingerprinting. Behavioral Ecology 4:29-35.
36. DeLay, L. S., J. Faaborg, J. Naranjo, S. M. Paz, T. DeVries, and P. G. Parker. 1996. Paternal care in the cooperatively polyandrous Galapagos hawk. Condor 98:300-311.
37. Dickinson J., J. Haydock J., W. Koenig, M. Stanback, and F. Pitelka. 1995. Genetic monogamy in single-male groups of acorn woodpeckers, Melanerpes formicivorous. Molecular Ecology 4:765-769.
38. Dixon, A., D. Ross, S. L. C. O'Malley, and T. Burke. 1994. Paternal investment inversely related to degree of extrapair paternity in the Reed Bunting. Nature 371:698-700.
39. Dunn, P. O., R. J. Robertson, D. Michaud-Freeman, and P. T. Boag. 1994. Extra-pair paternity in Tree Swallows: why do females mate with more than one male? Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 35:273-281.
40. Edwards, S. V., and S. Naeem. 1993. The phylogenetic component of cooperative breeding in perching birds. American Naturalist 141:754-789.
41. Emlen, S. T. 1994. Benefits, constraints and the evolution of the family. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 9:282-285.
42. Emlen, S. T., and L. W. Oring. 1977. Ecology, sexual selection, and the evolution of mating systems. Science 197: 215-223.
43. Estoup, A., A. Scholl, A. Pouvreau, and M. Solignac. 1995. Monoandry and polyandry in bumble bees (Hymenoptera; Bombinae) as evidenced by highly variable microsatellites. Molecular Ecology 4:89-93.
44. Evans, J. D. 1993. Parentage analyses in ant colonies using simple sequence repeat loci. Molecular Ecology 2:393-397.
45. _. 1995. Relatedness threshold for the production of female sexuals in colonies of a polygynous ant. Myrmica tahoensis, as revealed by microsatellite DNA analysis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 92: 6514-6517.
46. Faaborg, J., P. G. Parker, L. DeLay, T. de Vries, J. C. Bednarz, S. Maria Paz, J. Naranjo, and T. A. Waite. 1995. Confirmation of cooperative polyandry in the Galapagos Hawk (Buteo galapagoensis). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 36:83-90.
47. Gertsch, P., P. Pamilo, and S.-L. Varvio. 1995. Microsatellites reveal high genetic diversity within colonies of Camponotus ants. Molecular Ecology 4:257-260.
48. Gibbs, H. L., A. W. Goldizen, C. Bullough, and A. R. Goldizen. 1994. Parentage analysis of multi-male social groups of Tasmanian Native Hens (Tribonyx mortierii): genetic evidence for monogamy and polyandry. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 35:363-371.
49. Gibbs, H. L., P. J. Weatherhead, P. T. Boag, B. N. White, L. M. Tabak, and D. J. Hoysak. 1990. Realized reproductive success of polygynous red-winged blackbirds revealed by DNA markers. Science 250:1394-1397.
50. Goodnight, K. F., J. E. Strassmann, C. J. Klingler, and D. C. Queller. 1996. Single mating and its implications for kinship structure in a multiple-queen wasp, Parachartergus colobopterus. Ethology, Ecology and Evolution 8:191-198.
51. Gowaty, P. A., and W. C. Bridges. 19910. Behavioral, demographic and environmental correlates of extra-pair fertilizations in eastern blue birds. Behavioral Ecology 2:339-350.
52. Gowaty, P. A., and W. C. Bridges. 1991b. Nestbox availability affects extra-pair fertilizations and conspecific nest parasitism in eastern bluebirds, Sialia sialis. Animal Behaviour 41:661-675.
53. Gowaty, P. A., and A. A. Karlin. 1984. Multiple maternity and paternity in single broods of apparently monogamous eastern bluebirds (Sialia sialis). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 15:91-95.
54. Graves, J., R. T. Hay, M. Scallan, and S. Rowe. 1991. Extra-pair paternity in the shag, Phalacrocorax aristotelis, as determined by DNA fingerprinting. Journal of Zoology. London 226:399-408.
55. Gray, E. M. 1996. Female control of offspring paternity in a western population of red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 38: 267-278.
56. Gyllensten, U. B., S. Jakobsson, and H. Temrin. 1990. No evidence for illegitimate young in monogamous and polygynous warblers. Nature 343:168-170.
57. Haberl, M., and R. F. A. Moritz. 1994. Estimation of intracolonial worker relationship in a honey bee colony (Apis mellifera L.) using DNA fingerprinting. Insectes Sociaux 41:263-272.
58. Haig, S. M., J. R. Walters, and J. H. Plissner. 1994. Genetic evidence for monogamy in the cooperatively breeding Red-Cockaded Woodpecker. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 34:295-303.
59. Hamilton, W. D. 1964a. The genetical evolution of social behaviour. I. Journal of Theoretical Biology 7:1-16.
60. _. 1964. The genetical evolution of social behaviour. II. Journal of Theoretical Biology 7:17-52.
61. _. 1972. Altruism and related phenomena, mainly in the social insects. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 3:193-232.
62. Harvey, P. H., and M. D. Pagel. 1991. The comparative method in evolutionary biology. In R. M. May and P. H. Harvey, editors. Oxford Series in Ecology and Evolution. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
63. Hasselquist, D., S. Bensch, and T. von Schantz, 1995. Low frequency of extra-pair paternity in the polygynous Great Reed Warbler, Acrocephalus arundinaceus. Behavioral Ecology 6:27-38.
64. Haydock, J., P. G. Parker, and K. N. Rabenold. 1996. Extra-pair paternity uncommon in the cooperatively breeding bicolored wren, Campylorhynchus griseus. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 38:1-16.
65. Hughes, C. R., and D. C. Queller. 1993. Detection of highly polymorphic microsatellite loci in a species with little allozyme polymorphism. Molecular Ecology 2:131-137.
66. Hunter, F. M., T. Burke, and S. E. Watts. 1992. Frequent copulation as a method of paternity assurance in the northern fulmar. Animal Behavior 44:149-156.
67. Jarvis, J. U. M., J. O'Riain, N. C. Bennet, and P. W. Sherman. 1994. Mammalian eusociality: a family affair. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 9:47-51.
68. Joste, N., D. Ligon, and P. B. Stacey. 1985. Shared paternity in the acorn woodpecker (Melanerpes formicivorus). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 17:39-41.
69. Kaufmann, B., J. J. Boomsma, L. Passera, and K. N. Peterson. 1992. Relatedness and inbreeding in a French population of the unicolonial ant Iridomyrmex humilis (Mayr). Insectes Sociaux 39:195-213.
70. Keane, B., P. M. Waser, S. R. Creel, N. M. Creel, L. F. Elliot, and D. J. Minchella. 1994. Subordinate reproduction in dwarf mongooses. Animal Behaviour 47:65-75.
71. Kempenaers, B., G. R. Verheyen, M. Van Den Broeck, T. Burke, C. Van Broeckhoven, and A. A. Dhondt. 1992. Extra-pair paternity results from female preference for high-quality males in the blue tit. Nature 357:494-496.
72. Koenig, W. D., F. A. Pitelka, W. J. Carmen, R. L. Mumme, and M. T. Stanback. 1992. The evolution of delayed dispersal in cooperative breeders. Quarterly Review of Biology 67:111-150.
73. Komdeur, J. 1992. Importance of habitat saturation and territory quality for evolution of cooperative breeding in the Seychelles warbler. Nature 358:493-495.
74. Kukuk, P. F., and G. K. Sage. 1994. Reproductivity and relatedness in a communal halictine bee Lasioglossum (Chilalictus) hemichalceum. Insectes Sociaux 41:443-455.
75. Lambert, D. M., C. D. Millar, K. Jack, S. Anderson, and J. L. Craig. 1994. Single-and multilocus DNA fingerprinting of communally breeding Pukeko: do copulations or dominance ensure reproductive success? Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, (U S A) 91:9641-9645.
76. Lifjeld, J. T., T. Slagsvold, and H. M. Lampe. 1991. Low frequency of extra-pair paternity in pied flycatchers revealed by DNA fingerprinting. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 29:95-101.
77. Lightbody, J. P., and P. J. Weatherhead. 1988. Female settling patterns and polygyny: tests of a neutral-mate-choice hypothesis. American Naturalist 132:20-33.
78. Ligon, J. D. 1993. The role of phylogenetic history in the evolution of contemporary mating and parental care systems. Pages 1-46 in D. M. Power, editor. Current Ornithology. Volume 10. Plenum, New York, New York, USA.
79. MacWhirter, R. B. 1991. On the rarity of intraspecific brood parasitism. Condor 91:485-492.
80. Mauck, R. A., T. A. Waite, and P. G. Parker. 1995. Monogamy in Leach's storm petrel: DNA fingerprinting evidence. Auk 112:473-482.
81. McCracken, G. F. 1984. Communal nursing in mexican freetailed bat maternity colonies. Science 223:1090-1091.
82. McDonald, D. B. 1989. Cooperation under sexual selection: age-graded changes in a lekking bird. American Naturalist 134:709-730.
83. McDonald, D. B., and W. K. Potts. 1994. Cooperative display and relatedness among males in a lek-mating bird. Science 266:1030-1032.
84. McKitrick, M. C. 1992. Phylogenetic analysis of avian parental care. Auk 109:828-846.
85. McRae, S. B., and T. Burke. 1996. Intraspecific brood parasitism in the moorhen: parentage and parasite-host relationships determined by DNA fingerprinting. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 38:115-129.
86. McRae, S. B., and K. M. Kovacs. 1994. Paternity exclusion by DNA fingerprinting, and mate guarding in the hooded seal Cystophora cristala. Molecular Ecology 3:101-107.
87. Meek, S. B., R. J. Robertson, and P. T. Boag. 1994. Extra-pair paternity and intraspecific brood parastism in Eastern Bluebirds revealed by DNA fingerprinting. Auk 111:739-744.
88. Melnick, D. J. 1987. The genetic consequences of primate social organization: a review of macaques, baboons and vervet monkeys. Genetica 73:117-135.
89. Melnick, D. J., C. J. Jolly, and K. K. Kidd. 1984. The genetics of a wild population of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). I. Genetic variability within and between social groups. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 63: 341-360.
90. Mesterton-Gibbons, M., and L. A. Dugatkin. 1992. Cooperation among unrelated individuals: evolutionary factors. Quarterly Review of Biology 67:267-281.
91. Millar, C. D., I. Anthony, D. M. Lambert, P. M. Stapleton, C. C. Bergmann, A. R. Bellamy, and E. C. Young. 1994. Patterns of reproductive success determined by DNA fingerprinting in a communally breeding oceanic bird. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 52:31-48.
92. Mock, D. W., and M. Fujioka. 1990. Monogamy and long-term pair bonding in vertebrates. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 5:39-43.
93. Møller, A. P. 1988. Paternity and paternal care in the swallow, Hirundo rustica. Animal Behaviour 36:996-1005.
94. _. 1991. Defence of offspring by male swallows, Hirundo rustica, in relation to participation in extra-pair copulations by their mates. Animal Behaviour 42:261-268.
95. Møller, A. P., and T. R. Birkhead. 1993. Cuckoldry and sociality: a comparative study of birds. American Naturalist 142:118-140.
96. Morin, P. A., J. J. Moore, R. Chakraborty, J. Li, J. Goodall, and D. S. Woodruff. 1994a. Kin selection, social structure, gene flow and the evolution of chimpanzees. Science 265: 1193-1201.
97. Morin, P. A., J. Wallis, J. J. Moore, and D. S. Woodruff. 1994b. Paternity exclusion in a community of wild chimpanzees using hypervariable simple sequence repeats. Molecular Ecology 3:469-478.
98. Morin, P., and D. S. Woodruff. 1992. Paternity exclusion using multiple hypervariable microsatellite loci amplified from nuclear DNA of hair cells. Pages 63-81 in R. D. Martin, A. F. Dixson, and E. J. Wickings, editors. Paternity in primates: genetic tests and theories. Implications of human DNA fingerprinting. Karger, Basel, Switzerland.
99. Morton, E. S., L. Forman, and M. Braun. 1990. Extra-pair fertilizations and the evolution of colonial breeding in purple martins. Auk 107:275-283.
100. Mumme, R. L., W. D. Koenig, R. M. Zink, and J. A. Marten. 1985. Genetic variation and parentage in a California population of acorn woodpeckers. Auk 102:305-312.
101. O'Donnell, S. 1996. RAPD markers suggest genotypic effects on forager specialization in a eusocial wasp. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 38:83-88.
102. Oldroyd, B. P., T. E. Rinderer, J. R. Harbo, and S. M. Buco. 1992. Effects of intracolonial genetic diversity on the honey bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) colony performance. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 85:335-343.
103. Oring, L. W., R. C. Fleischer, M. J. Reed, and K. E. Marsden. 1992. Cuckoldry through stored sperm in the sequentially polyandrous spotted sandpiper. Nature 359:631-633.
104. Packer, C., D. Gilbert, A. Pusey, and S. O'Brien. 1991. A molecular genetic analysis of kinship and cooperation in African lions. Nature 351:562-565.
105. Packer, L. 1991. The evolution of social behavior and nest architecture in the sweat bees of the sub-genus Evylaeus (Hymenoptera: Halictidae): a phylogenetic approach. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 29:153-160.
106. Page, R. E. 1986. Sperm utilization in social insects. Annual Review of Entomology 31:297-320.
107. Page, R. E., and R. A. Metcalf. 1982. Multiple mating, sperm utilization and social evolution. American Naturalist 119: 263-281.
108. Page, R., G. Robinson, D. Britton, and M. K. Fondrk. 1992. Genotypic variability for rates of behavioral development in worker honeybees (Apis mellifera L.). Behavioral Ecology 3:173-180.
109. Pamilo, P. 1984. Genetic relatedness and evolution of insect sociality. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 15:241-248.
110. Parker, P. G., T. A. Waite, and M. D. Decker. 1995. Kinship and association in communally roosting black vultures. Animal Behaviour 49:395-401.
111. Parker, P. G., T. A. Waite, B. Heinrich, and J. M. Marzluff. 1994. Do common ravens share ephemeral food resources with kin? DNA fingerprinting evidence. Animal Behaviour 48:1085-1093.
112. Philipp, D. P., and M. R. Gross. 1994. Genetic evidence for Cuckoldry in bluegill Lepomis macrochirus. Molecular Ecology 3:563-569.
113. Pruett-Jones, S. G., and M. J. Lewis. 1990. Sex ratio and habitat limitation promote delayed dispersal in Superb Fairy-wrens. Nature 348:541-542.
114. Prum, R. O. 1994. Phylogenetic analysis of the evolution of alternative social behavior in the Manakins (Aves: Pipridae). Evolution 48:1657-1675.
115. Pusey, A., and M. Wolf. 1996. Inbreeding avoidance in animals. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 11:201-206.
116. Queller, D. C. 1989. The evolution of eusocialiry; reproductive headstarts of workers. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 86:3224-3226.
117. _. 1993. Genetic relatedness and its components in polygynous colonies of social insects. Pages 132-152 in L. Keller, editor. Queen number and sociality in insects. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
118. Queller, D. C., and K. F. Goodnight. 1989. Estimating relatedness using genetic markers. Evolution 43:258-275.
119. Queller, D. C., C. R. Hughes, and J. E. Strassmann. 1990. Wasps fail to make distinctions. Nature 344:6265.
120. Queller, D. C., J. E. Strassmann, and C. R. Hughes. 1988. Genetic relatedness in colonies of tropical wasps with multiple queens. Science 242:1155-1157.
121. Queller, D. C., J. E. Strassmann, C. R. Solís, C. R. Hughes, and D. M. DeLoach. 1993. A selfish strategy of social insect workers that promotes social cohesion. Nature 365: 639-641.
122. Rabenold, K. N. 1985. Cooperation in breeding by nonreproductive wrens: kinship, reciprocity and demography. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 17:1-17.
123. Rabenold, P. P., K. N. Rabenold, W. H. Piper, J. Haydock, and S.W. Zack. 1990. Shared paternity revealed by genetic analysis in cooperatively breeding tropical wrens. Nature 348:538-540.
124. Rätti, O., M. Hovi, A. Lundberg, H. Tegelström, and R. V. Alatalo. 1995. Extra-pair paternity and male characteristics in the pied flycatcher. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 37:419-425.
125. Reeve, H. K. 1991. Polistes. Pages 99-148 in K. Ross and R. Matthews, editors. The social biology of wasps. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, NY.
126. Reeve, H. K., and L. Keller. 1995. Partitioning of reproduction in mother-daughter versus sibling associations: a test of optimal skew theory. American Naturalist 145:119-132.
127. Reeve, H. K., and P. Nonacs. 1992. Social contracts in wasp societies. Nature 359:823-825.
128. Reeve, H. K., and F. L. W. Ratnieks. 1993. Queen-queen conflicts in polygynous societies: mutual tolerance and reproductive skew. Pages 45-85 in L. Keller, editor. Queen number and sociality in insects. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
129. Reeve, H. K., D. F. Westneat, W. A. Noon, P. W. Sherman, and C. F. Aquadro. 1990. DNA "fingerprinting" reveals high levels of inbreeding in colonies of the eusocial naked mole rat. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 87:2496-2500.
130. Reeve, H. K., D. F. Westneat, and D. C. Queller. 1992. Estimating average within-group relatedness from DNA fingerprints. Molecular Ecology 1:223-232.
131. Reichert, S. E., and R. M. Roeloffs. 1993. Evidence for and consequences of inbreeding in the cooperative spiders. Pages 283-303 in N. Thornhill, editor. The natural history of inbreeding and outbreeding. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
132. Ribble, D. O. 1991. The monogamous mating system of Peromyscus californicus as revealed by DNA fingerprinting. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 29:161-166.
133. Richards, M. H. 1994. Social evolution in the genus Halictus: a phylogenetic approach. Insectes Sociaux 41:315-325.
134. Richards, M. H., L. Packer, and J. Seger. 1995. Unexpected patterns of parentage and relatedness in a primitively eusocial bee. Nature 373:239-241.
135. Rohwer, F. C., and S. Freeman. 1989. The distribution of conspecific nest parasitism in birds. Canadian Journal of Zoology 67:239-253.
136. Ross, K. G. 1990. Breeding systems and kin selection in social Hymenoptera. Pages 347-348 in G. K. Veeresh, B. Mallik, and C. A. Viraktamath, editors. Social insects and the environment. Oxford University Press, New Delhi, India.
137. Rowell, D. M., and L. Avilés. 1995. Sociality in a barkdwelling huntsman spider from Australia, Delena cancerides Walckenaer (Areneae: Sparassidae). Insectes Sociaux 42:287-302.
138. Rowley, I., and E. M. Russell. 1990. Philandering - a mixed mating strategy in the splendid fairy wren Malurus splendens. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 27:431-437
139. Schartl, M., C. Erbelding-Denk, S. Hölter, I. Nanda, M. Schmid, J. H. Schröder, and J. T. Epplen. 1993. Reproductive failure of dominant males in the poeciliid fish Limia perugiae determined by DNA fingerprinting. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 90:7064-7068.
140. Scheffrahn, W., N. Ménard, D. Vallet, and B. Gaci. 1993. Ecology, demography, and population genetics of barbary macaques in Algeria. Primates 34:381-394.
141. Schwartz, J. M., G. F. McCracken, and G. M. Burghardt. 1989. Multiple paternity in wild populations of the garter snake, Thamnophilus sirtalis. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 25:269-273.
142. Seppä, P., and P. Pamilo. 1995. Gene flow and population viscosity in Myrmica ants. Heredity 74:200-209.
143. Sera, W. E., and M. S. Gaines. 1994. The effect of relatedness on spacing behavior and fitness of female prairie voles. Ecology 75:1560-1566.
144. Sherman, P. W., T. D. Seeley, and H. K. Reeve. 1988. Parasites, pathogens, and polyandry in social Hymenoptera. American Naturalist 131:602-610.
145. Sibley, C. G., and J. E. Ahlquist. 1990. Phylogeny and classification of birds. Yale University Press, New Haven. Connecticut, USA.
146. Sibley, C. G., J. E. Ahlquist, and B. L. Monroe, Jr. 1988. A classification of the living birds of the world based on DNA-DNA hybridization studies. Auk 105:409-423.
147. Sillero-Zubiri, C., D. Gottelli, and D. W. Macdonald. 1996. Male philopatry, extra-pack copulations and inbreeding avoidance in Ethiopian wolves (Canis simensis). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 38:331-340.
148. Stille, M., and B. Stille. 1992. Intraand inter-nest variation in mitochondrial DNA in the polygynous ant Leptothorax acervorum (Hymenoptera; Formicidae). Insectes Sociaux 39:335-340.
149. Stille, M., B. Stille, and P. Douwes. 1991. Polygyny, relatedness and nestfounding in the polygynous myrmicine ant Leptothorax acervorum (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 28:91-96.
150. Strassmann, J. E. 1993. Weak queen or social contract? Nature 363:502-503.
151. Strassmann, J. E., C. R. Hughes, D. C. Queller, S. Turillazzi, R. Cervo, S. K. Davis, and K. F. Goodnight. 1989. Genetic relatedness in primitively eusocial wasps. Nature 342:268-270.
152. Strassmann, J. E., C. R. Solís, C. R. Hughes, K. F. Goodnight, and D. C. Queller. 1997. Colony life history and demography of a swarm founding wasp. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 40:71-78.
153. Stutchbury, B. J., and E. S. Morton. 1995. The effect of breeding synchrony on extra-pair mating systems in songbirds. Behaviour 132:675-690.
154. Stutchbury, B. J., J. M. Rhymer and E. S. Morton. 1994. Extra-pair paternity in hooded warblers. Behavioral Ecology 5:384-392.
155. Swatschek, I., D. Ristow, and M. Wink. 1994. Mate fidelity and parentage in cory's shearwater Caloneciris diomedea - field studies and DNA fingerprinting. Molecular Ecology 3:259-262.
156. Temrin, H., and B. Sillén-Tullberg. 1994. The evolution of avian mating systems: a phylogenetic analysis of male and female polygamy and length of pair bond. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 52:121-149.
157. Temrin, H., and B. Sillén-Tullberg. 1995. A phylogenetic analysis of the evolution of avian mating systems in relation to altricial and precocial development. Behavioral Ecology 6:296-307.
158. Tinbergen, N. 1953. Social behaviour in animals. In M. Abercrombie, editor. Methuen's monographs on biological subjects. Methuen, London, UK.
159. Travis, S. E., C. N. Slobodchikoff, and P. Keim, 1995a. Ecological and demographic effects on intraspecific variation in the social system of prairie dogs. Ecology 76:1794-1803.
160. Travis, S. E., C. N. Slobodchikoff, and P. Keim. 1995b. Social assemblages and mating relationships in prairie dogs: a DNA fingerprint analysis. Behavorial Ecology 7:95-100.
161. Trivers, R. L., and H. Hare. 1976. Haplodiploidy and the evolution of the social insects. Science 191:249-263.
162. Tsuchida, K. 1994. Genetic relatedness and the breeding structure of the Japanese paper wasp, Polistes jadwigae. Ethology Ecology and Evolution 6:237-242.
163. Vehrencamp, S. L. 1983. A model for the evolution of despotic versus egalitarian societies. Animal Behaviour 31: 667-682.
164. von Segesser, F., W. Scheffrahn, and R. D. Martin. 1995. Parentage analysis within a semi-free-ranging group of Barbary macaques, Macaca svlvanus. Molecular Ecology 5: 115-120.
165. Wagner, R. H., M. D. Schug, and E. S. Morton. 1996. Condition-dependent control of paternity by female purple martins: implications for coloniality. Behavioral Ecology Sociobiology 38:379-389.
166. Wagner, R. H., M. D. Schug, and E. S. Morton. In press. Sexual selection and colony formation: relative control of extra-pair fertilizations by female purple martins. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology.
167. Warkentin, I. G., A. D. Curzon, R. E. Carter, J. H. Wetton, P. C. James, L. W. Oliphants, and D. T. Parkin. 1994. No evidence for extrapair fertilizations in the merlin revealed by DNA fingerprinting. Molecular Ecology 3:229-234.
168. Watt, E. M., and M. B. Fenton. 1995. DNA fingerprinting provides evidence of discriminative suckling and non-random mating in little brown bats Myotis lucifugus. Molecular Ecology 4:261-264.
169. Weatherhead, P. J., and P. T. Boag. 1995. Pair and extra-pair mating success relative to male quality in red-winged blackbirds. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 37:81-91.
170. Westneat, D. 1987a. Extra-pair fertilizations in a predominantly monogamous birds: genetic evidence. Animal Behavior 35:877-886.
171. _. 1987b. Extra-pair copulations in a predominantly monogamous bird: observations of behaviour. Animal Behavior 35:865-876.
172. _. 1988. Male parental care and extrapair copulations in the indigo bunting. Auk 105:149-160.
173. _. 1994. To guard mates or go forage: conflicting demands affect the paternity of male Red-Winged Blackbirds. American Naturalist 144:343-354.
174. Westneat, D. F., P. W. Sherman, and M. L. Morton. 1990. The ecology and evolution of extra-pair copulations in birds. Volume 7. Current ornithology. Plenum, New York, New York, USA.
175. Wilkinson, G. S. 1984. Reciprocal food sharing in the vampire bat. Nature 308:181-184.
176. _. 1985a. The social organization of the common vampire bat. I. Pattern and cause of association. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 17:111-121.
177. _. 1985b. The social organization of the common vampire bat. II. Mating system, genetic structure, and relatedness. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 17:123-134.
178. Yezerinac, S. M., P. J. Weatherhead, and P. T. Boag. 1995. Extra-pair paternity and the opportunity for sexual selection in a socially monogamous bird (Dendroica petechia). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 37:179-188.
179. Vezerinac, S. M., P. J. Weatherhead, and P. T. Boag. 1996. Cuckoldry and lack of parentage dependent paternal care in yellow warblers: a cost benefit approach. Animal Behaviour 52:821-132.