Variable reproductive success of bald eagles on the British Columbia coast

Journal of Wildlife Management

Volumn 62, Issue 2 SUPPL., 1998, Pages 518-529

  Elliott, John E ^a,c   Moul, Ian E ^a,b   Cheng, Kimberly M ^a,b  

^a ENVIRONMENT CANADA   (Canada)

^b Foul Bay Ecological Research Ltd   (Canada)

^c UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

Author keywords

Bald eagle; Plasma lipids; Prey delivery; Productivity

Indexed keywords

BALD EAGLE; PRODUCTIVITY; REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS;

BRITISH COLUMBIA; CANADA; STRAIT OF GEORGIA;

HALIAEETUS LEUCOCEPHALUS; HELIAEETUS LEUCOCEPHALUS;

EID: 0031866678     PISSN: 0022541X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/3802325     Document Type: Article

References (43)

1. AINLEY, D. G., H. R. CARTER, D. w. ANDERSON, K. T. BRIGGS, M. C. COULTER, F. CRUZ, J. B. Cnuz, C. A. VALLE, S. I. FEFER, S. A. HATCH, E. A. SCHREIBER, R. W. SCHREIBER, AND G. SMITH. 1988. El Niiio-Southem Oscillation effects on Pacific Océan marine bird populations. Proceedings of the International Ornithological Congress 19:1747-1758.
2. ANTHONY, R. G., R. W. FRENZEL, R. B. ISSACS, AND M. G. GARRETT. 1994. Probable causes of nesting failures in Oregon's bald eagle population. Wildlife Society Bulletin 22:576-582.
3. BORTOLOTTI, G. R. 1984. Sexual size dimorphism and age-related size variation in bald eagles. Journal of Wildlife Management 48:72-81.
4. BUTLER, R. W., AND R. W. CAMPBELL. 1987. The birds of the Fraser River Delta: populations, ecology and international significance. Canadian Wildlife Service Occasional Paper 65.
5. DEGRAW, W. A., M. D. KERN, AND J. R. KING. 1979. Seasonal changes in blood composition of captive and free-living white-crowned sparrows. Journal of Comparative Physiology 129:151-162.
6. DYKSTRA, C. J. R. 1994. Effects of contaminants, food availability, and weather on the reproductive rate of Lake Superior bald eagles (Haliacctus Icncoccplialus). Dissertation, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
7. Dzus, E. H., AND J. M. GERRARD. 1993. Factors influencing bald eagle densities in northcentral Saskatchewan. Journal of Wildlife Management 57:771-778.
8. ELLIOTT, J. E., R. W. BUTLER, R. J. NOHSTROM AND P. E. WlIITEHEAD. 1989. Environmental contaminants and reproductive success of great blue herons, Anlca licroclias, in British Columbia, 19S6-S7. Environmental Pollution 59:91-114.
9. K. M. LANGELIER, P. MINEAU, AND L. K. WILSON. 1996(7. Poisoning of bald eagles and red-tailed hawks by carbofuran and fensulfothion in the Fraser Delta of British Columbia, Canada. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 32:486-491.
10. A. M. SCHEUHAMMER, P. H. SINCLAIR, AND P. W. WlIITEHEAD. 1992. Incidence of lead poisoning in bald eagles and lead shot in waterfowl gizzards from British Columbia, 1988-91. Canadian Wildlife Service Progress Notes 200.
11. AND R. J. NORSTROM. 1998. Chlorinated hydrocarbon contaminants and productivity of bald
12. S. E. KENNEDY, H. PHILIBERT, J. J. STEGEMAN, L. E. HART, G. D. BELLWARD, AND K. M. ClIENG. 1996/j. Biological effects of polychlorinated dibenzo-;>-dioxins, dibenzofnran and biphenyls in bald eagle (Haliaccttis Icticocephtiltts) chicks. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 15:782-793.
13. SMITH, G. E. J. 1996c. Patterns, trends and toxicological significance of chlorinated hydrocarbon and mercury contaminants in bald eagle eggs from the Pacific coast of Canada, 1990-94. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 31:354-367.
14. FRASER, J. D., L. D. FRENZEL, J. E. MATIIISEN, F. MARTIN, AND M. E. SIIOUG1983. Scheduling bald eagle reproduction surveys. Wildlife Society Bulletin 11:13-16.
15. GROSCOLAS, R. 1982. Changes in plasma lipids during breeding, molting, and starvation in male and female emperor penguins (Aptcnodijtes Forstcrii). Physiological Zoolog)' 55:45-55.
16. HANSEN. A. J. 1987. Regulation of bald eagle reproductive rates in Southeast Alaska. Ecology 68: 1387-1392.
17. HAY, D. E., M. C. HEALEY, D. M. WARE, AND N. J. WlLIMOVSKY. 1992. Distribution, abundance, and habitat of prey fish on the west coast of Vancouver Island. Pages 22-29 i;i K. Vermeer, R. W. Butler, and K. Morgan, editors. The ecology', status, and conservation of marine and shoreline birds on the west coast of Vancouver Island. Canadian Wildlife Service Occasional Paper 75.
18. JENNI-EIERMANN, S., AND L. JENNI. 1994. Plasma metabolite levels predict individual body-mass changes in a small long-distance migrant, the garden warbler. Auk 111:888-899.
19. KAISER, T. E., W. L. REICHEL, L. N. LOCKE, E. CROMARTIE, A. J. KRYNITSKY, T. G. LAMONT, B. M. MULHERN, R. M. PROUTY, C. J. STAFFORD, AND D. M. SvviNEFORD. 1980. Organochlorine pesticide, PCB and PBB residues and necropsy data for bald eagles from 29 states, 1975-1977. Pesticides Monitoring Journal 13:145-149.
20. KNIGHT, R. L., P. J. RANDOLPH, G. T. ALLEN, L. S. YOUNG, AND R. J. WlGEN. 1991. Diets of nesting bald eagles, Haliaccttis leucoccpluilus, in western Wasliington. Canadian Field-Naturalist 10-1:545-51.
21. KoziE, K. D., AND R. K. ANDERSON. 1991. Productivity, diet, and environmental contaminants in bald eagles nesting near the Wisconsin shoreline of Lake Superior. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 18:706-722.
22. LEBLOND, P. H. 19S9. Physical oceanography of the Strait of Georgia as related to marine birds. Pages 10-18 in K. Vermeer, R. W. Butler, and K. Morgan, editors. The ecology, status, and conservation of marine and shoreline birds on the west coast of Vancouver Island. Canadian Wildlife Service Occasional Paper 75.
23. LECLERCQ, B., I. HASSAN, AND J. C. BLUM. 1974. The influence of force-feeding on the transport of plasma lipids in the chicken (Callus galltts L.). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 47B: 289-296.
24. MES, J. 1987. Pol/chlorinated biplienyl in children's blood. Environmental Research 44:213-220.
25. NEWTON, I. 1979. Population ecology of raptors. Buteo Books, Vermillion, South Dakota, USA.
26. 1986. The sparrowhawk. T. & A. D. Poyser, Gallon, United Kingdom.
27. POSTUPALSKY, S. 1974. Raptor reproductive success: some problems with methods, criteria, and terminology. Pages 21-31 in F. N. Hamerstrom, B. E. Harrell, and R. Ohlendorf, editors. Management of raptors, proceedings of the conference on raptor conservation techniques. Raptor Research Report 2.
28. RIDPATH, M. G., AND M. G. BROOKER. 19SG. The breeding of the wedge-tailed eagle (Acjitila audax) in relation to its food supply in arid western Australia. Ibis 128:177-194.
29. SANDERSON J. T., J. E. ELLIOTT, R. J. NORSTROM, P. E. WHITEHEAD, L. E. HART, K. M. CIIENG, AND G. D. BELLWARD. 1994n. Monitoring biological effects of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans and biphenyls in great blue heron chicks. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health 41:435-450.
30. R. J. NORSTROM, J. E. ELLIOTT, L. E. HART, K. M. CHEXG, AND G. D. BELLWARD. 1994&. Biological effects of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins, dibenzofurans and biphenyls in double-crested cormorant chicks. Journal of Toxicology' and Environmental Health 41:247-265.
31. SPRUNT, A., IV, W. B. ROBERTSON, S. POSTUPALSKY, R. J. HENSEL, C. E. KKODER, AND F. J. LIGAS. 1973. Comparative productivity of six bald eagle populations. Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference 38: 96-106.
32. THOMSON, R. E. 19S1. Oceanography of the British Columbia coast. Canadian Special Publication on Fish Aquatic Sciences 56.
33. VAN DAELE, J., AND A. VAN DAEI.E. 19S2. Factors affecting the productivity of ospreys nesting in west-central Idaho. Condor 84:292-299.
34. VERMEER, K. 1983. Marine bird populations in the Strait of Georgia: comparison with the west coast of Vancouver Island. Canadian Technical Report on Hydrographie Ocean Sciences 19.
35. AND K. DEVITO. 1989. Population trends of nesting glaucous-winged gulls in the Strait of Georgia. Pages 88-93 in K. Vermeer and R. W. Butler, editors. The ecology and status of marine and shoreline birds in the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia. Canadian Wildlife Service Special Publication.
36. AND K. MORGAN. 1992. Marine bird population and habitat use in a fjord on the west coast of Vancouver Island. Pages 86-96 in K. Vermeer, R. W. Butler, and K. Morgan, editors. The ecology, status, and conservation of marine and shoreline birds on the west coast of Vancouver Island. Canadian Wildlife Service Occasional Paper 75.
37. R. W. BUTLER, AND G. E. J. SMITH. 1989(7. Population, nesting habitat, and food of bald eagles in the Gulf Islands. Pages 123-130 iii K. Vermeer and R. W. Butler, editors. The ecology and status of marine and shoreline birds in
38. the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia. Canadian Wildlife Service Special Publication.
39. AND P. J. EWIXS. 1992. Population trends of pelagic cormorants and glaucous-winged gulls on the west coast of Vancouver Island. Pages 60-64 in K. Vermeer, R. W. Butler, and K. Morgan, editors. The ecology, status, and conservation of marine and shoreline birds on the west coast of Vancouver Island. Canadian Wildlife Service Occasional Paper 75.
40. AND G. E. J. SMITH. 1989b. Population trends and nesting habitat of double-crested and pelagic cormorants in the Strait of Georgia. Pages 94-99 In K. Venneer and R. W. Butler, editors. The ecology and status of marine and shoreline birds in the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia. Canadian Wildlife Service Special Publication.
41. WATSON, J., S. R. RAE, AND R. STILLMAN. 1992. Nesting density and breeding success of golden eagles Aquila Chysaetos in relation to food supply in Scotland. Journal of Animal Ecology 61:543-550.
42. WlEMEYER, S. N., C. M. BUNCK, AND C. J. STAFFORD. 1993. Environmental contaminants in bald eagle eggs 19SO-84 and further interpretations of relationships to productivity and shell thickness. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 24:213-227.
43. WILLIAMS, T. D., K. CHEBREMESKEL, G. WILLIAMS, AND M. A. CRAWFORD. 1992. Breeding and moulting fasts in macaroni penguins: do birds exhaust their fat reserves? Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 103A:783-785.