메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 14, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 155-166

Complex regional pain syndromes: Guidelines for therapy

Author keywords

Causalgia; Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) types I and II; Reflex sympathetic dystrophy; Treatment algorithm

Indexed keywords

4 AMINOBUTYRIC ACID; ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; AMITRIPTYLINE; ANTIARRHYTHMIC AGENT; ANTICONVULSIVE AGENT; ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR; CALCITONIN; CAPSAICIN; CLONIDINE; DESIPRAMINE; LIDOCAINE; LOCAL ANESTHETIC AGENT; MAPROTILINE; MEXILETINE; NABUMETONE; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; OPIATE; PHENOXYBENZAMINE; PRAZOSIN; PRILOCAINE; STEROID; TERAZOSIN;

EID: 0031866511     PISSN: 07498047     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00002508-199806000-00012     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (303)

References (74)
  • 1
    • 0028790405 scopus 로고
    • Reflex sympathetic dystrophy: Changing concepts and taxonomy
    • Stanton-Hicks M, Jänig W, Hassenbusch S, et al. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy: changing concepts and taxonomy. Pain 1995;63:127-33.
    • (1995) Pain , vol.63 , pp. 127-133
    • Stanton-Hicks, M.1    Jänig, W.2    Hassenbusch, S.3
  • 3
    • 0002191274 scopus 로고
    • Clinical and pathophysiological aspects of reflex sympathetic dystrophy and sympathetically maintained pain
    • Jänig W, Schmidt RF, eds. New York: VCH Verlagsgesellschaft
    • Blumberg H. Clinical and pathophysiological aspects of reflex sympathetic dystrophy and sympathetically maintained pain. In: Jänig W, Schmidt RF, eds. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy: pathophysiological mechanisms and clinical implications. New York: VCH Verlagsgesellschaft, 1992:29-50.
    • (1992) Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy: Pathophysiological Mechanisms and Clinical Implications , pp. 29-50
    • Blumberg, H.1
  • 4
    • 0002046275 scopus 로고
    • Multidisciplinary management of reflex sympathetic dystrophy
    • Stanton-Hicks M, Jänig W, Boas RA, eds. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers
    • Raj P, Cannella J, Kelly J, et al. Multidisciplinary management of reflex sympathetic dystrophy. In: Stanton-Hicks M, Jänig W, Boas RA, eds. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1990:165-71.
    • (1990) Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy , pp. 165-171
    • Raj, P.1    Cannella, J.2    Kelly, J.3
  • 5
    • 0009872997 scopus 로고
    • Sympathetically maintained pain, principles of diagnosis and therapy
    • Stanton-Hicks M, Jänig W, Boas RA, eds. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers
    • Wilson PR. Sympathetically maintained pain, principles of diagnosis and therapy. In: Stanton-Hicks M, Jänig W, Boas RA, eds. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1990:25-8.
    • (1990) Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy , pp. 25-28
    • Wilson, P.R.1
  • 6
    • 0009036435 scopus 로고
    • Reflex sympathetic dystrophy, non-invasive methods of treatment
    • Stanton-Hicks M, Jänig W, Boas RA, eds. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers
    • Charlton JE. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy, non-invasive methods of treatment. In: Stanton-Hicks M, Jänig W, Boas RA, eds. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1990:153-64.
    • (1990) Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy , pp. 153-164
    • Charlton, J.E.1
  • 7
    • 0021260674 scopus 로고
    • Current concepts review: The treatment of reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome
    • Schutzer SF, Gossling HR. Current concepts review: the treatment of reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome. J Bone Joint Surg 1984;66A:625-9.
    • (1984) J Bone Joint Surg , vol.66 A , pp. 625-629
    • Schutzer, S.F.1    Gossling, H.R.2
  • 8
    • 0017882512 scopus 로고
    • Reflex sympathetic dystrophy: Successful treatment by transcutaneous nerve stimulation
    • Richlin DM, Carron H, Rowlingson JC, et al. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy: successful treatment by transcutaneous nerve stimulation. Int J Pediatr 1978;93:84-6.
    • (1978) Int J Pediatr , vol.93 , pp. 84-86
    • Richlin, D.M.1    Carron, H.2    Rowlingson, J.C.3
  • 9
    • 85025491338 scopus 로고
    • Treatment of reflex sympathetic dystrophy using the stress-loading program
    • Carlson LK, Watson HK. Treatment of reflex sympathetic dystrophy using the stress-loading program. J Hand Ther 1988;1:149-54.
    • (1988) J Hand Ther , vol.1 , pp. 149-154
    • Carlson, L.K.1    Watson, H.K.2
  • 10
    • 0028349493 scopus 로고
    • Reflex sympathetic dystrophy: Early treatment and psychological aspects
    • Geertzen JB, De Bruyn H, De Bruyn-Kofman AT, et al. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy: early treatment and psychological aspects. Arch Phys Med Rehabit 1994;75:442-6.
    • (1994) Arch Phys Med Rehabit , vol.75 , pp. 442-446
    • Geertzen, J.B.1    De Bruyn, H.2    De Bruyn-Kofman, A.T.3
  • 11
    • 0344049967 scopus 로고
    • Psychosomatic aspects of reflex sympathetic dystrophy
    • Stanton-Hicks M, Jänig W, Boas RA, eds. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers
    • Egle UT, Hoffman SO. Psychosomatic aspects of reflex sympathetic dystrophy. In: Stanton-Hicks M, Jänig W, Boas RA, eds. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1990:29-36.
    • (1990) Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy , pp. 29-36
    • Egle, U.T.1    Hoffman, S.O.2
  • 12
    • 0025022663 scopus 로고
    • The movement disorder of reflex sympathetic dystrophy
    • Schwartzman RJ, Kerrigan J. The movement disorder of reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Neurology 1990;40:57-61.
    • (1990) Neurology , vol.40 , pp. 57-61
    • Schwartzman, R.J.1    Kerrigan, J.2
  • 13
    • 0027534354 scopus 로고
    • Ketorolac in reflex sympathetic dystrophy
    • Farah BA. Ketorolac in reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Clin Neuropharmacol 1993;16:88-9.
    • (1993) Clin Neuropharmacol , vol.16 , pp. 88-89
    • Farah, B.A.1
  • 14
    • 0023936423 scopus 로고
    • Lack of analgesic effect of opioids on neuropathic and idiopathic forms of pain
    • Arnér S, Meyerson BA. Lack of analgesic effect of opioids on neuropathic and idiopathic forms of pain. Pain 1988;33:11-23.
    • (1988) Pain , vol.33 , pp. 11-23
    • Arnér, S.1    Meyerson, B.A.2
  • 15
    • 0025677366 scopus 로고
    • The nature of opioid responsiveness and its implications for neuropathic pain: A new hypothesis derived from studies of opioid infusions
    • Portenoy RK, Foley KM, Inturrisi CE. The nature of opioid responsiveness and its implications for neuropathic pain: a new hypothesis derived from studies of opioid infusions. Pain 1990;43:273-86.
    • (1990) Pain , vol.43 , pp. 273-286
    • Portenoy, R.K.1    Foley, K.M.2    Inturrisi, C.E.3
  • 16
    • 0026095534 scopus 로고
    • Both intravenous lidocaine and morphine reduce the pain of postherpetic neuralgia
    • Rowbotham MC, Reisner Keller LA, Fields HL. Both intravenous lidocaine and morphine reduce the pain of postherpetic neuralgia. Neurology 1991;41:1024-8.
    • (1991) Neurology , vol.41 , pp. 1024-1028
    • Rowbotham, M.C.1    Reisner Keller, L.A.2    Fields, H.L.3
  • 17
    • 0024359624 scopus 로고
    • Single doses of the serotonin agonists buspirone and m-chlorophenylpiperazine do not relieve neuropathic pain
    • Kishore Kumar R, Schafer SC, Lawlor BA, et al. Single doses of the serotonin agonists buspirone and m-chlorophenylpiperazine do not relieve neuropathic pain. Pain 1989;37:223-7.
    • (1989) Pain , vol.37 , pp. 223-227
    • Kishore Kumar, R.1    Schafer, S.C.2    Lawlor, B.A.3
  • 18
    • 0023784370 scopus 로고
    • Amitriptyline, but not lorazepam, relieves postherpetic neuralgia
    • Max MB, Schafer SC, Culnane M, et al. Amitriptyline, but not lorazepam, relieves postherpetic neuralgia. Neurology 1988;38:1427-32.
    • (1988) Neurology , vol.38 , pp. 1427-1432
    • Max, M.B.1    Schafer, S.C.2    Culnane, M.3
  • 19
    • 0025754758 scopus 로고
    • Efficacy of desipramine in painful diabetic neuropathy: A placebo-controlled trial
    • Max MB, Kishore-Kumar R, Schafer SC, et al. Efficacy of desipramine in painful diabetic neuropathy: a placebo-controlled trial. Pain 1991;45:69-73.
    • (1991) Pain , vol.45 , pp. 69-73
    • Max, M.B.1    Kishore-Kumar, R.2    Schafer, S.C.3
  • 20
    • 0020028811 scopus 로고
    • Amitriptyline vs. placebo in postherpetic neuralgia
    • Watson CP, Evans RJ, Reed K, et al. Amitriptyline vs. placebo in postherpetic neuralgia. Neurology 1981;32:671-3.
    • (1981) Neurology , vol.32 , pp. 671-673
    • Watson, C.P.1    Evans, R.J.2    Reed, K.3
  • 21
    • 0026505452 scopus 로고
    • Amitriptyline vs. maprotiline in postherpetic neuralgia: A randomized, double-blind, crossover
    • Watson CP, Chipman M, Reed K, et al. Amitriptyline vs. maprotiline in postherpetic neuralgia: a randomized, double-blind, crossover trial Pain 1991;48:29-36.
    • (1991) Trial Pain , vol.48 , pp. 29-36
    • Watson, C.P.1    Chipman, M.2    Reed, K.3
  • 22
    • 0022968584 scopus 로고
    • Anticonvulsants in the therapy of neuralgic pain
    • Swerdlow M. Anticonvulsants in the therapy of neuralgic pain. Pain Clin 1986;1:9-19.
    • (1986) Pain Clin , vol.1 , pp. 9-19
    • Swerdlow, M.1
  • 23
    • 0024549541 scopus 로고
    • Phenytoin in reflex sympathetic dystrophy
    • Chaturvedi SK. Phenytoin in reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Pain 1989;36:379-80.
    • (1989) Pain , vol.36 , pp. 379-380
    • Chaturvedi, S.K.1
  • 24
    • 0028999227 scopus 로고
    • Gabapentin in the management of reflex sympathetic dystrophy
    • Mellick GA, Mellick LB. Gabapentin in the management of reflex sympathetic dystrophy. J Pain Sympt Manage 1995; 10:265-6.
    • (1995) J Pain Sympt Manage , vol.10 , pp. 265-266
    • Mellick, G.A.1    Mellick, L.B.2
  • 25
    • 0023838493 scopus 로고
    • Mexilitine for treatment of chronic painful diabetic neuropathy
    • Dejgard A, Petersen P, Kastrup J. Mexilitine for treatment of chronic painful diabetic neuropathy. Lancer 1988;1:9-11.
    • (1988) Lancer , vol.1 , pp. 9-11
    • Dejgard, A.1    Petersen, P.2    Kastrup, J.3
  • 26
    • 0000299778 scopus 로고
    • Treatment of chronic painful diabetic neuropathy with intravenous lidocaine infusion
    • Kastrup J, Angelo HR, Peterson P, et al. Treatment of chronic painful diabetic neuropathy with intravenous lidocaine infusion. Br Med J 1985;292:173.
    • (1985) Br Med J , vol.292 , pp. 173
    • Kastrup, J.1    Angelo, H.R.2    Peterson, P.3
  • 28
    • 0028034996 scopus 로고
    • Treatment of reflex sympathetic dystrophy with EMLA cream
    • Rashiq S, Knight B, Ellsworth J. Treatment of reflex sympathetic dystrophy with EMLA cream. Reg Anesth 1994;19:434-5.
    • (1994) Reg Anesth , vol.19 , pp. 434-435
    • Rashiq, S.1    Knight, B.2    Ellsworth, J.3
  • 29
    • 0002679628 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multicenter, double-blind, vehicle controlled trial of long-term use of lidocaine patches for postherpetic neuralgia
    • IASP, Vancouver, August 17-22
    • Rowbotham MC, Davies PS, Galer BS. Multicenter, double-blind, vehicle controlled trial of long-term use of lidocaine patches for postherpetic neuralgia. Presented at the 8th World Congress on Pain, IASP, Vancouver, August 17-22, 1996.
    • (1996) 8th World Congress on Pain
    • Rowbotham, M.C.1    Davies, P.S.2    Galer, B.S.3
  • 30
    • 0020378425 scopus 로고
    • The reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome: Response to treatment with corticosteroids
    • Christensen K, Jensen EM, Noer I. The reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome: response to treatment with corticosteroids. Acta Chir Scand 1982;148:653-5.
    • (1982) Acta Chir Scand , vol.148 , pp. 653-655
    • Christensen, K.1    Jensen, E.M.2    Noer, I.3
  • 31
    • 0027383956 scopus 로고
    • Reflex sympathetic dystrophy of the hand: An excessive inflammatory response?
    • Oyen WJ, Arntz I, Claessens RM, et al. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy of the hand: an excessive inflammatory response? Pain 1993;55:151-7.
    • (1993) Pain , vol.55 , pp. 151-157
    • Oyen, W.J.1    Arntz, I.2    Claessens, R.M.3
  • 32
    • 0026501933 scopus 로고
    • The effect of adding calcitonin to physical treatment on reflex sympathetic dystrophy
    • Gobelet C, Waldburger M, Meier JL. The effect of adding calcitonin to physical treatment on reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Pain 1992;48:171-5.
    • (1992) Pain , vol.48 , pp. 171-175
    • Gobelet, C.1    Waldburger, M.2    Meier, J.L.3
  • 33
    • 0028104275 scopus 로고
    • Reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome secondary to organophosphate intoxication induced neuropathy
    • Sahin M, Bernay I, Canturk F, et al. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome secondary to organophosphate intoxication induced neuropathy. Ann Nucl Med 1994;8:299-300.
    • (1994) Ann Nucl Med , vol.8 , pp. 299-300
    • Sahin, M.1    Bernay, I.2    Canturk, F.3
  • 34
    • 0023892725 scopus 로고
    • Post-herpetic neuralgia and topical capsaicin
    • Watson CP, Evans RJ, Watt VR. Post-herpetic neuralgia and topical capsaicin. Pain 1988;33:333-40.
    • (1988) Pain , vol.33 , pp. 333-340
    • Watson, C.P.1    Evans, R.J.2    Watt, V.R.3
  • 35
    • 0024145793 scopus 로고
    • Effects of topical capsaicin on normal skin and affected dermatomes in herpes zoster
    • Westerman RA, Roberts RG, Kotzmann RR, et al. Effects of topical capsaicin on normal skin and affected dermatomes in herpes zoster. Clin Exp Neurol 1988;25:71-84.
    • (1988) Clin Exp Neurol , vol.25 , pp. 71-84
    • Westerman, R.A.1    Roberts, R.G.2    Kotzmann, R.R.3
  • 36
    • 0025098786 scopus 로고
    • Argon laser induced cutaneous sensory and pain thresholds in post-herpetic neuralgia. quantitative modulation by topical capsaicin
    • Bjerring P, Arendt Nielsen L, Söderberg U. Argon laser induced cutaneous sensory and pain thresholds in post-herpetic neuralgia. quantitative modulation by topical capsaicin. Acta Derm Venereal (Stockh) 1990;70:121-5.
    • (1990) Acta Derm Venereal (Stockh) , vol.70 , pp. 121-125
    • Bjerring, P.1    Arendt Nielsen, L.2    Söderberg, U.3
  • 37
    • 0025168573 scopus 로고
    • Treatment of reflex sympathetic dystrophy with topical capsaicin: Case report
    • Cheshire WP, Snyder CR. Treatment of reflex sympathetic dystrophy with topical capsaicin: case report. Pain 1990;42:307-11.
    • (1990) Pain , vol.42 , pp. 307-311
    • Cheshire, W.P.1    Snyder, C.R.2
  • 38
    • 0021154778 scopus 로고
    • Phenoxybenzamine in the treatment of causalgia: Report of 40 cases
    • Ghostine SY, Comair YG, Turner DM. Phenoxybenzamine in the treatment of causalgia: report of 40 cases. J Neurosurg 1984;6:1263-8.
    • (1984) J Neurosurg , vol.6 , pp. 1263-1268
    • Ghostine, S.Y.1    Comair, Y.G.2    Turner, D.M.3
  • 39
    • 0025787684 scopus 로고
    • Topical application of clonidine relieves hyperalgesia in patients with sympathetically maintained pain
    • Davis KD, Treede RD, Raja SN, et al. Topical application of clonidine relieves hyperalgesia in patients with sympathetically maintained pain. Pain 1991;47:309-17.
    • (1991) Pain , vol.47 , pp. 309-317
    • Davis, K.D.1    Treede, R.D.2    Raja, S.N.3
  • 40
    • 0028943895 scopus 로고
    • Transdermal clonidine compared to placebo in painful diabetic neuropathy using a two-stage enriched enrollment design
    • Byas-Smith MG, Max MB, Muir J, et al. Transdermal clonidine compared to placebo in painful diabetic neuropathy using a two-stage enriched enrollment design. Pain 1995;60:267-74.
    • (1995) Pain , vol.60 , pp. 267-274
    • Byas-Smith, M.G.1    Max, M.B.2    Muir, J.3
  • 41
    • 0027145123 scopus 로고
    • Epidural clonidine treatment for refractory reflex sympathetic dystrophy
    • Rauck RI, Eisenach JC, Jackson K, et al. Epidural clonidine treatment for refractory reflex sympathetic dystrophy [see comments]. Anesthesiology 1993;79:1163-9.
    • (1993) Anesthesiology , vol.79 , pp. 1163-1169
    • Rauck, R.I.1    Eisenach, J.C.2    Jackson, K.3
  • 42
    • 0000653737 scopus 로고
    • Reflex sympathetic dystrophy: Pathophysiological basis for therapy
    • Raja SN. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy: pathophysiological basis for therapy. Pain Digest 1992;2:274-80.
    • (1992) Pain Digest , vol.2 , pp. 274-280
    • Raja, S.N.1
  • 43
    • 0000190529 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of regional anesthetics for diagnosis of reflex sympathetic dystrophy and sympathetically maintained pain: A critical evaluation
    • Jänig W, Stanton-Hicks M, eds. Seattle: IASP Press
    • Stanton-Hicks M, Raj P, Racz G. Use of regional anesthetics for diagnosis of reflex sympathetic dystrophy and sympathetically maintained pain: a critical evaluation. In: Jänig W, Stanton-Hicks M, eds. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy: a reappraisal. Progress in pain management and research. Seattle: IASP Press, 1996:217-37.
    • (1996) Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy: A Reappraisal. Progress in Pain Management and Research , pp. 217-237
    • Stanton-Hicks, M.1    Raj, P.2    Racz, G.3
  • 44
  • 45
    • 0028940493 scopus 로고
    • Intravenous regional sympathetic blockade for pain relief in reflex sympathetic dystrophy: A systematic review and a randomized double-blind crossover study
    • Jadad AR, Caroll D, Glynn CJ. Intravenous regional sympathetic blockade for pain relief in reflex sympathetic dystrophy: a systematic review and a randomized double-blind crossover study. J Pain Sympt Manage 1995;10:13-20.
    • (1995) J Pain Sympt Manage , vol.10 , pp. 13-20
    • Jadad, A.R.1    Caroll, D.2    Glynn, C.J.3
  • 46
    • 0006672142 scopus 로고
    • Prolonged analgesia technique with local anesthetics
    • Raj P, ed. Chicago: Year Book Medical Publishers
    • Raj PP, Denson DD. Prolonged analgesia technique with local anesthetics. In: Raj P, ed. Practical management of pain. Chicago: Year Book Medical Publishers, 1986:687-700.
    • (1986) Practical Management of Pain , pp. 687-700
    • Raj, P.P.1    Denson, D.D.2
  • 47
    • 0023574532 scopus 로고
    • Epidural spinal cord stimulation in management of reflex sympathetic dystrophy
    • Barolat G, Schwartzman R, Woo R. Epidural spinal cord stimulation in management of reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Appl Neurophysiol 1987;50:442-3.
    • (1987) Appl Neurophysiol , vol.50 , pp. 442-443
    • Barolat, G.1    Schwartzman, R.2    Woo, R.3
  • 48
    • 0028820029 scopus 로고
    • Long-term intraspinal infusions of opioids in the treatment of neuropathic pain
    • Hassenbusch S, Stanton-Hicks M, Covington EC, et al. Long-term intraspinal infusions of opioids in the treatment of neuropathic pain. J Pain Sympt Manage 1995;10:527-43.
    • (1995) J Pain Sympt Manage , vol.10 , pp. 527-543
    • Hassenbusch, S.1    Stanton-Hicks, M.2    Covington, E.C.3
  • 49
    • 0024500994 scopus 로고
    • Spinal cord stimulation for relief of chronic pain in vasospastic disorders of the upper limbs
    • Robaina F, Dominguez M, Diaz M, et al. Spinal cord stimulation for relief of chronic pain in vasospastic disorders of the upper limbs. Neurosurgery 1989;24:63-7.
    • (1989) Neurosurgery , vol.24 , pp. 63-67
    • Robaina, F.1    Dominguez, M.2    Diaz, M.3
  • 50
    • 0020057863 scopus 로고
    • Chronic epidural dorsal column stimulation in the treatment of causalgic pain
    • Broseta J, Roldan P, Gonzales-Darder J, et al. Chronic epidural dorsal column stimulation in the treatment of causalgic pain. Appl Neurophysiol 1982;45:190-4.
    • (1982) Appl Neurophysiol , vol.45 , pp. 190-194
    • Broseta, J.1    Roldan, P.2    Gonzales-Darder, J.3
  • 51
    • 0024372499 scopus 로고
    • Epidural spinal cord stimulation in the management of reflex sympathetic dystrophy
    • Barolat G, Schwartzman R, Woo R. Epidural spinal cord stimulation in the management of reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 1989;53:29-39.
    • (1989) Stereotact Funct Neurosurg , vol.53 , pp. 29-39
    • Barolat, G.1    Schwartzman, R.2    Woo, R.3
  • 53
    • 0030047549 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term results of peripheral nerve stimulation for reflex sympathetic dystrophy
    • Hassenbusch S, Stanton-Hicks M, Schoppa D. et al. Long-term results of peripheral nerve stimulation for reflex sympathetic dystrophy. J Neurosurg 1996;84:415-23.
    • (1996) J Neurosurg , vol.84 , pp. 415-423
    • Hassenbusch, S.1    Stanton-Hicks, M.2    Schoppa, D.3
  • 54
    • 0027185260 scopus 로고
    • Reflex sympathetic dystrophy in children: An orthopedic perspective
    • Stanton RP, Malcolm JR, Wesdock KA, et al. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy in children: an orthopedic perspective. Orthopedics 1993;16:773-9.
    • (1993) Orthopedics , vol.16 , pp. 773-779
    • Stanton, R.P.1    Malcolm, J.R.2    Wesdock, K.A.3
  • 55
    • 0026757712 scopus 로고
    • Reflex sympathetic dystrophy in children: Clinical characteristics and follow-up of seventy patients
    • Wilder RT, Berde CB, Wolohan M, et al. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy in children: clinical characteristics and follow-up of seventy patients. J Bone Joint Surg 1992:74A:910-9.
    • (1992) J Bone Joint Surg , vol.74 A , pp. 910-919
    • Wilder, R.T.1    Berde, C.B.2    Wolohan, M.3
  • 56
    • 0023797040 scopus 로고
    • Reflex sympathetic dystrophy in children: Treatment with transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation
    • Kesler RW, Saulsbury FT, Miller LT, et al. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy in children: treatment with transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation. Pediatrics 1988;82:728-32.
    • (1988) Pediatrics , vol.82 , pp. 728-732
    • Kesler, R.W.1    Saulsbury, F.T.2    Miller, L.T.3
  • 57
    • 0020045551 scopus 로고
    • Reflex sympathetic dystrophy in children
    • Ruggeri SB, Athreya BH, Doughty R, et al. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy in children. Clin Orthop 1982;163:225-30.
    • (1982) Clin Orthop , vol.163 , pp. 225-230
    • Ruggeri, S.B.1    Athreya, B.H.2    Doughty, R.3
  • 58
    • 0017687426 scopus 로고
    • Reflex sympathetic dystrophy in a 6-year-old: Successful treatment by transcutaneous nerve stimulation
    • Stilz RJ, Carron H, Sanders DB. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy in a 6-year-old: successful treatment by transcutaneous nerve stimulation. Anesth Analg 1977;56:438-43.
    • (1977) Anesth Analg , vol.56 , pp. 438-443
    • Stilz, R.J.1    Carron, H.2    Sanders, D.B.3
  • 59
    • 0024078310 scopus 로고
    • Reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome in children
    • Greipp ME. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome in children. Pediatr Nurs 1988;14:369-72.
    • (1988) Pediatr Nurs , vol.14 , pp. 369-372
    • Greipp, M.E.1
  • 61
    • 0018150183 scopus 로고
    • Chronic intractable benign pain: A syndrome and its treatment with intensive short-term group psychotherapy
    • Pinsky JJ. Chronic intractable benign pain: a syndrome and its treatment with intensive short-term group psychotherapy. J Hum Stress 1978;4:17-21.
    • (1978) J Hum Stress , vol.4 , pp. 17-21
    • Pinsky, J.J.1
  • 63
    • 0026031398 scopus 로고
    • Psychogenic abdominal pain
    • Jenkins PL. Psychogenic abdominal pain. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 1991;13:27-30.
    • (1991) Gen Hosp Psychiatry , vol.13 , pp. 27-30
    • Jenkins, P.L.1
  • 64
    • 0025275263 scopus 로고
    • Psychogenic regional pain
    • Feinmann C. Psychogenic regional pain. Br J Hosp Med 1990;43:123-7.
    • (1990) Br J Hosp Med , vol.43 , pp. 123-127
    • Feinmann, C.1
  • 65
    • 0007234836 scopus 로고
    • Chronic pain patient versus the malingering patient
    • Foley K, Payne BC, eds. Philadelphia: Decker
    • Hendler N, Talo S. Chronic pain patient versus the malingering patient. In: Foley K, Payne BC, eds. Current therapy of pain. Philadelphia: Decker, 1989:14-22.
    • (1989) Current Therapy of Pain , pp. 14-22
    • Hendler, N.1    Talo, S.2
  • 66
    • 0018104624 scopus 로고
    • Emotional adjustment and chronic pain
    • Merskey H, Boyd D. Emotional adjustment and chronic pain. Pain 1978;5:173-8.
    • (1978) Pain , vol.5 , pp. 173-178
    • Merskey, H.1    Boyd, D.2
  • 67
    • 0018614737 scopus 로고
    • A preoperative screening test for chronic back pain patient
    • Hendler NH, Viernstein MC, Gucer P, et al. A preoperative screening test for chronic back pain patient. Psychosomatics 1979;20:800-8.
    • (1979) Psychosomatics , vol.20 , pp. 800-808
    • Hendler, N.H.1    Viernstein, M.C.2    Gucer, P.3
  • 69
    • 0344912472 scopus 로고
    • The four stages of pain
    • Hendler N, Long DM, Wise T, eds. Littleton, MA: Wright - PSG
    • Hendler NH. The four stages of pain. In: Hendler N, Long DM, Wise T, eds. Diagnosis and treatment of chronic pain. Littleton, MA: Wright - PSG, 1982:1-8.
    • (1982) Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Pain , pp. 1-8
    • Hendler, N.H.1
  • 70
    • 0027527535 scopus 로고
    • Overlook physical diagnosis in chronic pain patients involved in litigation
    • Hendler NH, Kozikowski J. Overlook physical diagnosis in chronic pain patients involved in litigation. Psychosomatics 1993;34:494-501.
    • (1993) Psychosomatics , vol.34 , pp. 494-501
    • Hendler, N.H.1    Kozikowski, J.2
  • 72
    • 0024311718 scopus 로고
    • Current perspectives psychiatry and chronic pain
    • Merskey H. Current perspectives psychiatry and chronic pain. Can J Psychiatry 1989;34:329-36.
    • (1989) Can J Psychiatry , vol.34 , pp. 329-336
    • Merskey, H.1
  • 74
    • 0020527558 scopus 로고
    • The hospital anxiety and depression scale
    • Zigmond AS, Snaith RP. The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1983;67:361-70.
    • (1983) Acta Psychiatr Scand , vol.67 , pp. 361-370
    • Zigmond, A.S.1    Snaith, R.P.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.