Impacts of global environmental change on future health and health care in tropical countries

British Medical Bulletin

Volumn 54, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 475-488

  McMichael, Anthony J ^a   Patz, Jonathan ^b   Kovats, R Sari ^a  

^a LONDON SCHOOL OF HYGIENE AND TROPICAL MEDICINE   (United Kingdom)

^b JOHNS HOPKINS BLOOMBERG SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

FRESH WATER;

BIODIVERSITY; ECOSYSTEM; ENVIRONMENT; HEALTH CARE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; TROPICAL MEDICINE; TROPICS;

EID: 0031855607     PISSN: 00071420     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.bmb.a011702     Document Type: Review

References (51)

1. UN Commission on Sustainable Development. Critical Trends: Global Change and Sustainable Development. New York, NY: United Nations, 1997
2. McMichael AJ. Planetary Overload: Global Environmental Change and the Health of the Human Species. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993
3. IPCC. Climate Change 1995. The Science of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group I to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996
4. UNEP. Environmental Effects of Ozone Depletion: 1994 Assessment. Nairobi: UNEP, 1994
5. Costanza R, d'Arge R, de Groot R et al. The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital. Nature 1997: 387; 253-60
6. Murray CJL, Lopez AD. Global mortality, disability, and the contribution of risk factors: Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet 1997; 349: 1436-2
7. Patz JA, Balbus JM. Methods for the assessment of public health vulnerability to global climate change, clim Res 1996: 6: 113-25
8. Martens WJM. Health Impacts of Climate Change and Ozone Depletion: an eco-epidemiological modelling approach. Maastricht: University of Maastricht, 1997
9. McMichael AJ, Integrated assessment of potential health impact of global environmental change: prospects and limitations. Environ Model .Assess 1997; 2; 129-37
10. Loevinsohn ME. Climatic warming and increased malaria incidence in Rwanda. Lancet 1994; 343: 714-8
11. Tulu AN. Determinants of malaria transmission in the highlands of Ethiopia: the impact of global warming on morbidity and mortality ascribed to malaria. PhD thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. 1966
12. Matola YG, White GB, Magayuka SA. The changed pattern of malaria endemicity and transmission at Amani in the eastern Usambara mountains, north-eastern Tanzania. J Trop Med Hyg 1987: 90: 127-34
13. Epstein PR, Diaz HF, Elias S et al. Biological and physical signs of climate change: focus on mosquito-borne diseases. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 1998; 78: 409-417
14. Ropelewski CF, Halpert MS. Global and regional scale precipitation patterns associated with the El Niño/Southern Oscillation. Monthly Weather Rev 1987; 115: 1606-26
15. Bouma MJ, van der Kaay HJ. The El Niño Southern Oscillation and the historic malaria epidemics on the Indian subcontinent and Sri Lanka: an early warning system. Trop Med Int Health 1996; 1: 86-96
16. Bouma MJ, Sondorp HE, van der Kaay HJ. Climate change and periodic epidemic malaria. Lancet 1994; 343: 1440
17. Bouma M, Rojas W, Chavasse D et al. Malaria epidemics associated with El Niño Southern Oscillation in Columbia. J Trop Med Int Health 1997; 2: 1122-7
18. Dowlatabadi H, Morgan MG. Integrated assessment of climate change. Science 1993; 259: 1813-4
19. Rotmans J. IMAGE - An Integrated Model to Assess the Greenhouse Effect. Dordrecht: Kluwer Publishers, 1990
20. Ellis JH. Acid rain control strategies: options exist despite scientific uncertainties. Environ Sci Technol 1988; 22: 1248-55
21. Martens WJM, Jetten TH, Focks DA. Sensitivity of malaria, schistosomiasis and dengue to global warming. Climat Change 1997; 35: 145-56
22. Woodward A, Hales S, Weinstein P. Climate change and human health in the Asia Pacific region: who will be the most vulnerable? Clim Res 1998; In press
23. Bohle HG, Downing TE, Watts MJ. Climate change and social vulnerability: towards a sociology and geography of food insecurity. Global Environ Change 1994; 4: 37-48
24. McMichael AJ, Haines A. Global climate change: the potential effects on health. BMJ 1997; 315: 805-9
25. Patz JA, Epstein PR, Burke TA, Balbus JM. Global climate change and emerging infectious diseases. JAMA 1996; 275: 217-23
26. Wilson ME. Infectious disease: an ecological perspective. BMJ 1995; 311: 1681
27. Morse SS. Factors in the emergence of infectious diseases. Emerg Infect Dis 1995; 1: 7-15
28. Butler D. Time to put malaria control on the global agenda. Nature 1997; 386: 535-40
29. Martin PH, Lefebvre MG. Malaria and climate: sensitivity of malaria potenrial transmission to climate. Ambio 1995; 24: 200-7.
30. Martens WJM, Niessen LW, Rotmans J, Jetten TH, McMichael AJ. Potential impact of global climate change on malaria risk. Environ Health Perspect 1995; 103: 458-64
31. Walsh JF, Molineaux DH, Birley MH. Deforestation: effects on vector-borne disease. Parasitology 1993; 106: S55-75.
32. Sawyer DO. Economic and social consequences of malaria in new colonization projects in Brazil. Soc Sci Med 1993; 37: 1131-6
33. Coluzzi M. Malaria and the Afrorroptcal ecosystems: impact of man-made environmental changes. Parassitologia 1994; 36: 223
34. Gubler DJ, Clark GC, Dengue/dengue haemorrhagic fever: the emergence of a global health problem. Emerg Infect Dis 1995; 1: 55-7
35. Lifson A. Mosquitoes, models and dengue. Lancet 1996; 347: 1201-2
36. Herrera-Basto E, Prevots R, Zarate MAL, Suva JL, Sepulveda-Amor J. First reported outbreak of classical dengue fever at 1,700 meters above sea level in Guerrero State, Mexico, June 1988. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1992; 46: 649-53
37. Patz JA, Martens WJM, Focks DA, Jetten TH. Dengue fever epidemic potential as projected by General Circulation Models of climate change. Environ Health Perspect 1997; In press
38. Harb M, Paris R, Gad AM, Hafez ON, Ramzy R, Buck AA. The resurgence of lymphatic filariasis in the Nile delta. Bull World Health Organ 1993; 71: 49-54
39. Kendall HW, Pimentel D. Constraints on the expansion of the global food supply. Ambio 1994; 23: 198-205
40. Doos BR. Environmental degradation, global food production, and risk for large-scale migrations. Ambio 1994; 23: 124-130
41. Dyson T Population and Food: Global Trends and Future Prospects, London: Routledge, 1996
42. Alexandratos N (ed) World Agriculture Towards 2010. An FAO Study. Chichester: Wiley, 1995
43. Reilly J, Baethgen W, Chege FE et al. Agriculture in a changing climate: impacts and adaptation. In: Watson RT, Zinyowera MC, Moss RH. (eds) Climate Change 1995: Impacts, Adaptations, and Mitigation of Climate Change. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 1996; 427-67
44. Doos BR. Predicting environmental migration. Tiempo 1997; 24: 1-10
45. Kibreab G. Environmental causes and impacts of refugee movements: a critique of the current debate. Disasters 1997; 21: 20-38
46. King M, Elliott C, Hellberg H et al. Does demographic entrapment challenge the two-child paradigm. Health Policy Planning 1995; 10: 376-83
47. King M, Elliott C. Legitimate double-think. Lancet 1993; 341: 669-72
48. Last JM. Redefining the unacceptable. Lancet 1995; 346: 1642-3
49. Norberg-Hodge H, Goering P. The future of progress. In: Goldsmith E, Norberg-Hodge H, Khor M. (eds) The Future of Progress. Devon: Green Books, 1995, 11-30
50. Lowenson R. Labour insecurity and health: an epidemiological study in Zimbabwe. Soc Sci Med 1997; 4: 334-42
51. De Cock KM, Lucas SB, Mabey D, Parry E. Tropical medicine for the 21st century. BMJ 1995; 311: 860-2