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Roberts RE, Kaplan GA, Shema SJ, Strawbridge WJ. Does growing old increase the risk for depression? Am J Psychiatry 1997; 154:1384-1390. This study examined the symptoms of depression in 2219 community residents, over 50 years of age, followed up for 1 year. Point prevalence for major depressive episodes was 9%. The only apparent age effects on depression were caused by chronic health problems and functional impairment. Healthy, normally functioning older adults were at no greater risk for depression than were younger adults.
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Koenig HG, Hays JC, George LK, Blazer DG, Larson DB, Landerman LR. Modeling the cross-sectional relationships between religion, physical health, social support, and depressive symptoms. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 1997; 5:131-144. The authors examined models of relationships between religious activities, physical health, social support and depressive symptoms in a sample of 4000 people aged 65 years and older. Religious activity as a whole was correlated both with social support and with good physical health, but was not related to depression. Frequency of church going, however, was negatively related to depression.
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Am J Geriatr Psychiatry
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Koenig, H.G.1
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Reitzes DC, Mutran EJ, Fernandez ME. Does retirement hurt well-being? Factors influencing self-esteem and depression among retirees and workers. Gerontologist 1996; 36:649-656.
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Prince MJ, Harwood RH, Blizard RA, Thomas A, Mann AH. Social support deficits, loneliness and life events as risk factors for depression in old age. The Gospel Oak Project VI. Psychol Med 1997; 27:323-332.
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Hays JC, Saunders WB, Flint EP, Kapplan BH, Blazer DG. Social support and depression as risk factors for loss of physical function in late life. Aging Mental Health 1997; 1:209-220.
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Cole MG, Bellavance F. The prognosis of depression in old age. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 1997; 5:4-14. The authors review 16 hospital-based and five community-based follow-up studies on depressed patients over 60 years of age. Most studies had serious methodological limitations. Physical illness, cognitive impairment and severe depressive symptoms were frequently but inconsistently related to poor prognosis.
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Am J Geriatr Psychiatry
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Cole, M.G.1
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Henderson AS, Korten AE, Jacomb PA, Mackinnon AJ, Jorm AF, Christensen H, Rodgers B. The course of depression in the elderly: a longitudinal community-based study in Australia. Psychol Med 1997; 27:119-129.
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Ganzini L, Smith DM, Fenn DS, Lee MA. Depression and mortality in medically ill older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 1997; 45:307-312. This is a 30-month, follow-up study of 100 veterans, half of whom had a depressive disorder, recruited from inpatient medical and surgical units. Two factors predicted mortality: severity of medical illness and depression. The authors conclude that the presence of a major depression in medically ill older hospitalized veterans continues to be a risk factor 30 months after diagnosis.
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J Am Geriatr Soc
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Ganzini, L.1
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Gallo JJ, Rabins PV, Lyketsos CG, Tien AY, Anthony JC. Depression without sadness: functional outcomes of nondysphoric depression in later life. J Am Geriatr Soc 1997; 45:570-578. This paper is part of a 13-year, follow-up study of 1612 community adults aged over 50 years. Compared to noncases, those who reported depressive symptoms but denied sadness (nondysphoric depression) were at increased risk of death, impairment in activities of daily living, psychological distress and cognitive impairment. Nondysphoric depression may be as important as major depression in outcome for this group.
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J Am Geriatr Soc
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Pearson JL, Conwell Y, Lindesay J, Takahashi Y, Caine ED. Elderly suicide: a multinational view. Aging Mental Health 1997; 1:107-111. Internationally, depression is a very common precursor of suicide. Elderly people are more likely to consult primary care rather than mental health services when depressed. Public health initiatives to reduce the lethality of methods of suicide may reduce the suicide rate.
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Aging Mental Health
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Pearson, J.L.1
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Forsell Y, Jorm AF, Winblad B. Suicidal thoughts and associated factors in an elderly population. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1997; 95:108-111. This study examined the prevalence of suicidal thoughts in 969 elderly community-based individuals. In total, 13% had had suicidal thoughts during the past 2 weeks. Of these a significant proportion were depressed. Suicidal thoughts were associated with increased disability in daily living, institutionalization, visual problems and the use of psychotropic drugs.
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Acta Psychiatr Scand
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Hepple J, Quinton C. One hundred cases of attempted suicide in the elderly. Br J Psychiatry 1997; 171:42-46. This paper reports on a 2-5 year follow-up on 100 patients over 65 years of age who had attempted suicide. There were 12 suspected suicides, representing a completed suicide rate of at least 1.5%/year. Those at risk of further self-harm were likely to be in contact with psychiatric services and to be suffering from persistent depression.
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Br J Psychiatry
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Kaplan MS, Adamek ME, Geling O. Sociodemographic predictors of firearm suicide among older white males. Gerontologist 1996; 36:530-533.
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Grabbe L, Demi A, Camann MA, Potter L. The health status of elderly persons in the last year of life: a comparison of deaths by suicide, injury, and natural causes. Am J Public Health 1997; 87:434-437.
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