Intrathecal drug spread: Is it controllable?

Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine

Volumn 23, Issue 4, 1998, Pages 347-351

  Stienstra, Rudolf ^a   Veering, Bernadette Th ^a  

^a LEIDEN UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CEREBROSPINAL FLUID EXAMINATION; HYPERBARISM; INJECTION SITE; INTRATHECAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION; LOCAL ANESTHESIA; PREDICTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SENSORY STIMULATION; SPINAL ANESTHESIA;

EID: 0031851257     PISSN: 0146521X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/s1098-7339(98)90004-9     Document Type: Review

References (42)

1. Greene NM. Distribution of local anesthetic solutions within the subarachnoid space. Anesth Analg 1985: 64: 715-730.
2. Stienstra R, Greene NM. Factors affecting the sub-arachnoid spread of local anesthetic solutions. Reg Anesth 1991: 16: 1-6.
3. Sheskey MC, Rocco AG, Bizzarri-Schmid M, Francis DM, Edström H, Covino BG. A dose-response study of bupivacaine for spinal anesthesia. Anesth Analg 1983: 62: 931-935.
4. Mukkada TA, Bridenbaugh PO, Singh P, Edström HH. Effects of dose, volume and concentration of glucose-free bupivacaine in spinal anesthesia. Reg Anesth 1986: 11: 98-101.
5. Burgess FW, Woiwood MD, Lutz RL, Walz EJ Jr, Perkins DE. Continuous spinal anesthesia with hyperbaric bupivacaine: A dose-response analysis. Reg Anesth 1991: 16: 52-56.
6. McClure JH, Brown DT, Wildsmith JAW. Effect of injected volume and speed of injection on the spread of spinal anaesthesia with isobaric amethocaine. Br J Anaesth 1982: 54: 917-920.
7. Bengtsson M, Malmqvist L-A, Edström HH. Spinal analgesia with glucose-free bupivacaine: Effects of volume and concentration. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1984: 28: 583-586.
8. Van Zundert AA, De Wolf AM. Extent of anesthesia and hemodynamic effects after subarachnoid administration of bupivacaine with epinephrine. Anesth Analg 1988: 67: 784-787.
9. Blomqvist H, Nilsson A, Arweström E. Spinal anesthesia with 15 mg bupivacaine 0.25% and 0.5%. Reg Anesth 1988: 13: 165-168.
10. Nielsen TH, Kristoffersen E, Olsen KH, Larsen HV, Husegaard HC, Wernberg M. Plain bupivacaine 0.5% or 0.25% for spinal analgesia? Br J Anaesth 1989: 62:164-167.
11. Gaggero G, Van Gessel E, Forster A, Gosteli P, Gamulin Z. Comparison of 5 mg tetracaine diluted in 1 ml, 2 ml and 4 ml of 10% glucose for spinal anesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1993: 37: 697-701.
12. Manica VS, Bader AM, Fragneto R, Gilbertson L, Datta S. Anesthesia for in vitro fertilization: A comparison of 1.5% and 5% spinal lidocaine for ultrasonically guided oocyte retrieval. Anesth Analg 1993: 77: 453-456.
13. Van Zundert AA, Grouls RJ, Korsten HH, Lambert DH. Spinal anesthesia. Volume or concentration-What matters? Reg Anesth 1996: 21: 112-118.
14. Tuominen M, Taivainen T, Rosenberg PH. Spread of spinal anaesthesia with plain 0.5% bupivacaine: Influence of the vertebral interspace used for injection. Br J Anaesth 1989: 62: 358-361.
15. Taivainen T, Tuominen M, Rosenberg PH. Influence of obesity on the spread of spinal analgesia after injection of plain 0.5% bupivacaine at the L3-4 or L4-5 interspace. Br J Anaesth 1990: 64: 542-546.
16. Logan MR, McClure JH, Wildsmith JAW. Plain bupivacaine: An unpredictable spinal anaesthetic agent. Br J Anaesth 1986: 58: 292-296.
17. Olsen KH, Nielsen TH, Kristoffersen E, Husegaard HC, Wernberg M, Dorup J. Spinal analgesia with plain 0.5% bupivacaine administered at spinal interspace L2-3 or L4-5. Br J Anaesth 1990: 64: 170-172.
18. Becker N, Callesen T, Thage B, Bertelsen F, Christiansen C. Level of injection in spinal anesthesia: Effect on sensory anesthetic level. Reg Anesth 1993: 18: 44-46.
19. Veering BT, Ter Riet PM, Burm AG, Stienstra R, Van Kleef JW. Spinal anaesthesia with 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine in elderly patients: Effect of site of injection on spread of analgesia. Br J Anaesth 1996: 77: 343-346.
20. Barker AE. A report on clinical experiences with spinal analgesia in 100 cases. Br Med J 1907: 1: 665-674.
21. Barker AE. A second report on clinical experiences with spinal analgesia with a second series of 100 cases. Br Med J 1908: 1: 244-249.
22. Barker AE. A third report on clinical experiences with spinal analgesia. Br Med J 1908: 2: 453-455.
23. Brown DT, Wildsmith JAW, Covino BG, Scott DB. Effect of baricity on spinal anaesthesia with amethocaine. Br J Anaesth 1980: 52: 589-595.
24. Wildsmith JAW, McClure JH, Brown DT, Scott DB. Effects of posture on the spread of isobaric and hyperbaric amethocaine. Br J Anaesth 1981: 53: 273-278.
25. Chambers WA, Edström HH, Scott DB. Effect of baricity on spinal anaesthesia with bupivacaine. Br J Anaesth 1981: 53: 279-282.
26. Cummings GC, Bamber DB, Edström HH, Rubin AP. Subarachnoid blockade with bupivacaine. Br J Anaesth 1984: 56: 573-579.
27. Møller IW, Fernandes A, Edstrom HH. Subarachnoid anaesthesia with 0.5% bupivacaine: Effects of density. Br J Anaesth 1984: 56: 1191-1194.
28. Lee A, Ray D, Littlewood DG, Wildsmith JAW. Effect of dextrose concentration on the intrathecal spread of amethocaine. Br J Anaesth 1988: 61: 135-138.
29. Mitchell RWD, Bowler GMR, Scott DB, Edström HH. Effects of posture and baricity on spinal anaesthesia with 0.5% bupivacaine 5 ml. Br J Anaesth 1988: 61: 139-143.
30. Povey HMR, Jacobsen J, Westergaard-Nielsen J. Sub-arachnoid analgesia with hyperbaric 0.5% bupivacaine: Effect of a 60-min period of sitting. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1989: 33: 295-297.
31. Bodily MN, Carpenter RL, Owens BD. Lidocaine 0.5% spinal anaesthesia: A hypobaric solution for short-stay perirectal surgery. Can J Anaesth 1992: 39: 770-773.
32. Niemi L, Tuominen M, Pitkänen M, Rosenberg PH. Effect of late posture change on the level of spinal anaesthesia with plain bupivacaine. Br J Anaesth 1993: 71: 807-809.
33. Sise LF. Spinal anesthesia for upper and lower abdominal operations. N Engl J Med 1928: 199: 59-66.
34. Kalso E, Tuominen M, Rosenberg PH. Effect of posture and some CSF characteristics on spinal anaesthesia with isobaric 0.5% bupivacaine. Br J Anaesth 1982: 54: 1179-1184.
35. Stienstra R, Van Poorten JF. The temperature of bupivacaine 0.5% affects the sensory level of spinal anesthesia. Anesth Analg 1988: 67: 272-276.
36. Beardsworth D, Datta S, Arthur GR, Lambert DH. The effect of temperature on the distribution of 0.5% plain bupivacaine in a simple spinal canal model. Reg Anesth 1988: 13: 25-28.
37. Stienstra R, Gielen M, Kroon JW, Van Poorten JF. The influence of temperature and speed of injection on the distribution of a solution containing bupivacaine and methylene blue in a spinal canal model. Reg Anesth 1990: 15: 6-11.
38. Stienstra R, Van Poorten JF, Kroon JW. Needle direction affects the sensory level of spinal anesthesia. Anesth Analg 1989: 68: 497-500.
39. Stienstra R, Gielen M, Van Poorten F, Kroon JW. Spinal anesthesia with plain bupivacaine 0.5%: Regression of sensory and motor blockade with different temperatures of the anesthetic solution. Anesth Analg 1989: 69: 593-597.
40. Callesen T, Jarnvig I, Thage B, Krantz T, Christiansen C. Influence of temperature of bupivacaine on spread of spinal analgesia. Anaesthesia 1991: 46: 17-19.
41. Bannister J, McClure JH, Wildsmith JAW. Effect of glucose concentration on the intrathecal spread of 0.5% bupivacaine. Br J Anaesth 1990: 64: 232-234.
42. Sanderson P, Read J, Littlewood DG, McKeown D, Wildsmith JAW. Interaction between baricity (glucose concentration) and other factors influencing intrathecal drug spread. Br J Anaesth 1994: 73: 744-746.