Pathophysiology of the kallikrein-kinin system in mammalian nervous tissue

Pharmacology and Therapeutics

Volumn 79, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 105-127

  Raidoo, Deshandra M ^a   Bhoola, Kanti D ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NATAL   (South Africa)

Author keywords

Brain proteases; Cerebral inflammation and tumours; Degenerative brain disease; Kallikrein kininogen kinin system; Kinin antagonists; Neuropeptides

Indexed keywords

KALLIKREIN; KININ; NEUROPEPTIDE; NEUROTRANSMITTER; TISSUE KALLIKREIN;

BRAIN DISEASE; GLIA; HOMEOSTASIS; HUMAN; KALLIKREIN KININ SYSTEM; NEUROPATHOLOGY; NOCICEPTION; NOCICEPTIVE RECEPTOR; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; ANIMALS; BRAIN; BRAIN NEOPLASMS; HUMANS; IMMUNITY, CELLULAR; INFLAMMATION; KALLIKREIN-KININ SYSTEM; NERVOUS SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY; NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES; NEURONS; RATS;

EID: 0031850773     PISSN: 01637258     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0163-7258(98)00011-4     Document Type: Review

References (260)

1. Abd Alla, S., Buschko, J., Quitterer, U., Maidhof, A., Haaseman, M., Breipohl, G., Knolle, J. and Müller-Esterl, W. (1993) Structural features of the human bradykinin B2 receptor probed by agonists, antagonists, and anti-idiotypic antibodies. J. Biol. Chem. 268: 17277-17285.
2. Abd Alla, S., Quitterer, U., Grigoriev, S., Maidhof, A., Haaseman, M., Jarnagin, K. and Müller-Esterl, W. (1996) Extracellular domains of the bradykinin B2 receptor involved in ligand binding and agonist sensing defined by anti-peptide antibodies. J. Biol. Chem. 271: 1748-1755.
3. Abraham, C. R., Selkoe, D. J. and Potter, H. (1988) Immunochemical identification of the serine protease inhibitor alpha 1-antichymotrypsin in the brain amyloid deposits of Alzheimer's disease. Cell 52: 487-501.
4. Akbary, A. M., Wirth, K. J. and Schölkens, B. A. (1996) Efficacy and tolerability of icatibant (HOE-140) in patients with moderately severe chronic bronchial asthma. Immunopharmacology 33: 238-242.
5. Almenoff, J. and Orlowski, M. (1983) Membrane-bound kidney neutral endopeptidase: interaction with synthetic substrates, natural peptides and inhibitors. Biochemistry 22: 590-599.
6. Alvarez, A. L., Delorenzi, A., Santajuliana, D., Finkielman, S., Nahmod, V. E. and Pirola, C. J. (1992) Central bradykininergic system in normotensive and hypertensive rats. Clin. Sci. 82: 513-519.
7. Amundson, E., Putter, J., Friberger, P., Knos, M., Larsbraten, M. and Claeson, G. (1979) Methods for the determination of glandular kallikrein by means of a chromogenic tripeptide substrate. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 120A: 83-95.
8. Aoyagi, T., Wada, T., Nagai, M., Kojima, F., Harada, S., Takeuchi, T., Takahashi, T., Hirokawa, K. and Tsumita, T. (1990) Deficiency of kallikrein-like enzyme activities in cerebral tissue of patients with Alzheimer's disease. Experentia 46: 94-97.
9. Austin, C. E., Foreman, J. C. and Scadding, G. K. (1994) Reduction by HOE-140, the B2 receptor antagonist, of antigen-induced nasal blockage. Br. J. Pharmacol. 111: 969-971.
10. Banati, R. B. and Graeber, M. B. (1994) Surveillance, intervention and cytotoxicity: is there a protective role of microglia? Dev. Neurosci. 16: 114-127.
11. Banati, R. B., Gehrmann, J., Czech, C., Monning, U., Jones, L. L., Konig, G., Beyreuther, K. and Kreutzberg, G. W. (1993a) Early and rapid de novo synthesis of Alzheimer beta A4-amyloid precursor protein (APP) in activated microglia. Glia 9: 199-210.
12. Banati, R. B., Gehrmann, J., Schubert, P. and Kreutzberg, G. W. (1993b) Cytotoxicity of microglia. Glia 7: 111-118.
13. Banati, R. B., Rothe, G., Valet, G. and Kreutzberg, G. W. (1993c) Detection of lysosomal cysteine proteinases in microglia: flow cytometric measurement and histochemical localization of cathepsin B and L. Glia 7: 183-191.
14. Banati, R. B., Gehrmann, J., Lannes-Vieira, J., Wekerle, H. and Kreutzberg, G. W. (1995a) Inflammatory reaction in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is accompanied by a microglial expression of the beta A4-amyloid precursor protein (APP). Glia 14: 209-215.
15. Banati, R. B., Gehrmann, J., Wiessner, C., Hossmann, K. A. and Kreutzberg, G. W. (1995b) Glial expression of the beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP) in global ischemia. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 15: 647-654.
16. Bascands, J. L., Pecher, C., Rouaud, S., Emond, C., Leung, T. J., Bastie, M. J., Burch, R., Regoli, D. and Girolami, J. P. (1993) Evidence for existence of two distinct bradykinin receptors on rat mesangial cells. Am. J. Physiol. 264: F548-F556.
17. Benarroch, E. E. (1994) Neuropeptides in the sympathetic system: presence, plasticity, modulation, and implications. Ann. Neurol. 36: 6-13.
18. Bernard, T., Brisson, J., Côtè, C., Brisson, S., Potvin, D. and Roberge, N. (1993) Prognostic significance of cathepsin-D expression in node-positive breast carcinoma: an immunohistochemical study. Int. J. Cancer 55: 429-435.
19. Betz, A. L. (1992) An overview of the multiple functions of the blood brain barrier. In: Bioavailability of Drugs to the Brain and the BBB, pp. 54-72, Frankenheim, J. and Brown, R. (eds.) Rockville.
20. Bhattacharya, S. K., Rao, P. J., Brumleve, S. J. and Parmar, S. S. (1986) Effects of intracerebroventricular administration of bradykinin on rat brain serotonin and prostaglandins. Res. Commun. Chem. Pathol. Pharmacol. 54: 355-366.
21. Bhoola, K. D. and Lauar, N. (1986) Release of tissue kallikrein from the isolated perfused rat kidney. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 198: 347-354.
22. Bhoola, K. D., Evans, R. H. and Forster, M. R. (1987) Excitatory effect of bradykinin on spinal neurones. Br. J. Pharmacol. 90: 15P.
23. Bhoola, K. D., Figueroa, C. D. and Worthy, K. (1992) Bioregulation of kinins: kallikreins, kininogens, and kininases. Pharmacol. Rev. 44: 1-80.
24. Bult, H., Boeckxstaens, G. E., Pelckmans, P. A., Jordaens, F. H., Van Maercke, Y. M. and Herman, A. G. (1990) Nitric oxide as an inhibitory non-adrenergic non-cholinergic neurotransmitter. Nature 345: 346-347.
25. Burch, R. M. and Axelrod, J. (1987) Dissociation of bradykinin-stimulated arachidonic acid and release from inositol phosphate formation in Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts. Evidence for G-protein regulation of phospholiphase A2. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84: 6374-6378.
26. Burdin, T. A., Graeff, F. G. and Pela, I. R. (1992) Opioid mediation of the anti-aversive and hyperalgesic actions of bradykinin injected into the dorsal periaqueductal gray of the rat. Physiol. Behav. 52: 405-410.
27. Burgess, G. M., Mullaney, I., McNeil, M., Coote, P. R., Minhas, A. and Wood, J. N. (1989a) Activation of guanylate cyclase by bradykinin in rat sensory neurones is mediated by calcium influx: possible role of the increase in cyclic GMP. J. Neurochem. 53: 1212-1218.
28. Burgess, G. M., Mullaney, I., McNeil, M., Dunn, P. and Rang, H. P. (1989b) Second messengers involved in the action of bradykinin on cultured sensory neurones. J. Neurosci. 9: 3314-3325.
29. Burkard, M., Zuzack, J. S., Jones, S., Francis, M., Whalley, E. T., Stewart, J. M. and Gera, L. (1996) Comparative profile of novel potent bradykinin antagonists at human B1 and B2 receptors. Immunopharmacology 33: 186-190.
30. Busse, R., Fleming, I. and Hecker, M. (1993) Endothelium-derived bradykinin: implications for angiotensin-converting enzyme-inhibitor therapy. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 22: S31-S36.
31. 9-bradykinin and other bradykinin fragments on the synthesis of prostacyclin and the binding of bradykinin by vascular cells in culture. Agents Actions 24: 224-231.
32. Caldwell, P. R. B., Seegal, B. C., Hsu, K. C., Das, M. and Soffer, R. L. (1976) Angiotensin-converting enzyme: vascular endothelial localization. Science 191: 1050-1051.
33. Camargo, A. C. M., Shapanka, R. and Greene, L. J. (1973) Preparation, assay and partial characterisation of a neutral endopeptidase from rabbit brain. Biochemistry 12: 1838-1844.
34. Cataldo, A. M. and Nixon, R. A. (1990) Enzymatically active lysosomal proteases are associated with amyloid deposits in Alzheimer brain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87: 3861-3865.
35. Chan, D., Gera, L., Helfrich, B., Helm, K., Stewart, J. M., Whalley, E. and Bunn, P. (1996) Novel bradykinin antagonist dimers for the treatment of human lung cancers. Immunopharmacology 33: 201-204.
36. Chao, J., Woodley, C., Chao, L. and Margolius, H. S. (1983) Identification of tissue kallikrein in brain cell free translation product encoded by brain mRNA. J. Biol. Chem. 258: 15173-15178.
37. Chao, J., Chao, L., Swain, C. C., Tsai, J. and Margolius, H. S. (1987) Tissue kallikrein in rat brain and pituitary: regional distribution and oestrogen induction in the anterior pituitary. Endocrinology 120: 475-482.
38. Chapman, V. and Dickenson, A. H. (1992) The spinal and peripheral roles of bradykinin and prostaglandins in nociceptive processing in the rat. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 219: 427-433.
39. Clements, J. A. (1994) The human kallikrein gene family: a diversity of expression and function. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 99: C1-C6.
40. Clements, J. and Mukhtar, A. (1977) Tissue kallikrein and the bradykinin B2 receptor are expressed in endometrial and prostate cancers. Immunopharmacology 36: 217-220.
41. Clements, J. A., Mukhtar, A., Verity, K., Pullar, M., McNeill, P., Cummins, J. and Fuller, P. J. (1996) Kallikrein gene expression in human pituitary tissue. Clin. Endocrinol. 44: 223-231.
42. Cuthbert, A. W. and MacVinish, L. J. (1989) Diversity of kinin effects on transporting epithelia. [review]. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 247A: 105-111.
43. Damas, J., Liégeois, J.-F. and Bourdon, V. (1997) Involvement of 5-hydroxytryptamine and bradykinin in the hyperalgesia induced in rats by collagenase from clostridium histolyticum. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 355: 566-570.
44. Davis, A. J. and Perkins, M. N. (1994) The involvement of bradykinin B1 and B2 receptor mechanisms in cytokine-induced mechanical hyperalgesia in the rat. Br. J. Pharmacol. 113: 63-68.
45. 9-bradykinin-mediated hyperalgesia in the rat by inflammatory stimuli. Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res. 27: 1793-1802.
46. Dela Cadena, R. A. and Coleman, R. W. (1992) The sequence HGLGHGHEQQHGLGHGH in the light chain of high molecular weight kininogen serves as a primary structural feature for binding to an anionic surface. Protein Sci. 1: 151-160.
47. Desriviéres, S., Lu, H., Peyri, N., Soria, C., Legrand, Y. and Menashi, S. (1993) Activation of the 92 kDa type IV collagenase by tissue kallikrein. J. Cell. Physiol. 157: 587-593.
48. Dickenson, A., Haley, J., Schachter, M. and Chapman, V. (1992) Electrophysiological approaches to the study of bradykinin and nitric oxide in inflammatory pain. Agents Actions 38 (Part 2): 358-365.
49. Dickson, D. W., Mattiace, L. A., Kure, K., Hutchins, K., Lyman, W. D. and Brosnan, C. F. (1992) Microglia in human disease, with an emphasis on acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Lab. Invest. 64: 135-156.
50. Drapeau, G., Audet, R., Levesque, L., Godin, D. and Marceau, F. (1993) Development and in vivo evaluation of metabolically resistant antagonists of B1 receptors for kinins. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 266: 192-199.
51. Dray, A. and Perkins, M. (1993) Bradykinin and inflammatory pain. Trends Neurosci. 16: 99-104.
52. Dray, A., Patel, I. A., Perkins, M. N. and Rueff, A. (1992a) Bradykinin-induced activation of nociceptors: receptor and mechanistic studies on the neonatal rat spinal cord-tail preparation in vitro. Br. J. Pharmacol. 107: 1129-1134.
53. Dray, A., Patel, I. A., Perkins, M. N., Rueff, A. and Urban, L. (1992b) Desensitization of bradykinin-induced activation of peripheral nociceptors. Agents Actions 38 (Part 2): 93-97.
54. Elaine, K. P. (1991) Neurotransmitters and diseases of the brain. Br. J. Hosp. Med. 45: 73-83.
55. Ellis, E. F., Heizer, M. L., Hambrecht, G. S., Holt, S. A., Stewart, J. M. and Vavrek, R. J. (1987) Inhibition of bradykinin- and kallikrein-induced cerebral arteriolar dilation by a specific bradykinin antagonist. Stroke 18: 792-795.
56. Ellis, E. F., Holt, S. A., Wei, E. P. and Kontos, H. A. (1988) Kinins induce abnormal vascular reactivity. Am. J. Physiol. 255: H397-H400.
57. Ellis, E. F., Chao, J. and Heizer, M. L. (1989) Brain kininogen following experimental brain injury: evidence for a secondary event. J. Neurosurg. 71: 437-442.
58. Erdös, E. G. (1990) Some old and some new ideas on kinin metabolism. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 15: 520-524.
59. Erdös, E. G. (1979) Kininases. In: Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, pp. 427-487, Erdös, E. G. (ed.) Springer-Verlag, New York.
60. Erdös, E. G. and Skidgel, R. A. (1986) The unusual substrate specificity and the distribution of human angiotensin I converting enzyme. Hypertension 8: 134-137.
61. Erdös, E. G. and Sloane, E. M. (1962) An enzyme in human blood plasma that inactivates bradykinin and kallidin. Biochem. Pharmacol. 11: 585-592.
62. Evans, B. A., Yun, Z. X., Close, J. A., Tregear, G. W., Kitamura, N., Nakanishi, S., Callen, D. F., Baker, E., Hyland, V. J., Sutherland, G. R. and Richards, R. I. (1988) Structure and chromosomal localisation of the human renal kallikrein gene. Biochemistry 27: 3124-3129.
63. Farmer, S. G. and deSaito, M. A. (1994) Effects of a novel nonpeptide bradykinin B2 receptor antagonist on intestinal and airway smooth muscle: further evidence for the tracheal B3 receptor. Br. J. Pharmacol. 112: 461-464.
64. Ferreira, S. H. (1993) The role of interleukins and nitric oxide in the mediation of inflammatory pain and its control by peripheral analgesics. Drugs 46 (Suppl. 1): 1-9.
65. Ferreira, S. H., Lorenzetti, B. B., Cunha, F. Q. and Poole, S. (1993a) Bradykinin release of TNF-alpha plays a key role in the development of inflammatory hyperalgesia. Agents Actions 38: C7-C9.
66. Ferreira, S. H., Lorenzetti, B. B. and Poole, S. (1993b) Bradykinin initiates cytokine-mediated inflammatory hyperalgesia. Br. J. Pharmacol. 110: 1227-1231.
67. Figueroa, C. D., MacIver, A. G. and Bhoola, K. D. (1989) Identification of a tissue kallikrein in human polymorphonuclear leucocytes. Br. J. Haematol. 72: 321-328.
68. Fior, D. R. and Fuxe, K. (1995) Bradykinin modulation of alpha 2-adrenoceptors in the nucleus tractus solitarii of the rat. An in vitro autoradiographical study. Neuropharmacology 34: 81-88.
69. Fior, D. R., Martins, D. T. and Lindsey, C. J. (1992) Tissue kallikrein-kinin system in the brain and the regulation of arterial pressure. Agents Actions 38 (Part 3): 31-38.
70. Fior, D. R., Hedlund, P. B. and Fuxe, K. (1993a) Autoradiographic evidence for a bradykinin/angiotensin II receptor-receptor interaction in the rat brain. Neurosci. Lett. 163: 58-62.
71. Fior, D. R., Martins, D. T. and Lindsey, C. J. (1993b) Localization of central pressor action of bradykinin in medulla oblongata. Am. J. Physiol. 265 (Part 2): H1000-H1006.
72. 3H) bradykinin binding sites in guinea-pig central nervous system: possible existence of B2 subtypes. Life Sci. 44: 1645-1653.
73. Gadd, A. and Bhoola, K. D. (1988) Modulation of guinea-pig lung adenylate cyclase by ovalbumin sensitization. Biochem. Pharmacol. 37: 2027-2034.
74. Gafford, J. T., Skidgel, R. A., Erdos, E. G. and Hersh, L. B. (1983) Human kidney "enkephalinase," a neutral metalloendopeptidase that cleaves active peptides. Biochemistry 22: 3265-3271.
75. 2 production. Br. J. Pharmacol. 113: 389-394.
76. Gebhard, W., Schube, M. and Eulitz, M. (1989) cDNA cloning and complete primary structure of the small, active subunit of human carboxypeptidase N (kininase 1). Eur. J. Biochem. 178: 603-607.
77. Gehrmann, J., Banati, R. B. and Kreutzberg, G. W. (1993) Microglia in the immune surveillance of the brain: human microglia constitutively express HLA-DR molecules. J. Neuroimmunol. 48: 189-198.
78. Germain, L., Barabé, J. and Galeano, C. (1986) Blood levels of kinins in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. J. Neuroimmunol. 13: 135-142.
79. 9-bradykinin in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. J. Neurol. Sci. 83: 211-217.
80. Gimpl, G., Walz, W., Ohlemeyer, C. and Kettenmann, H. (1992) Bradykinin receptors in cultured astrocytes from neonatal rat brain are linked to physiological responses. Neurosci. Lett. 144: 139-142.
81. 9-bradykinin. J. Biol. Chem. 259: 9263-9268.
82. Green, P. G., Basbaum, A. I. and Levine, J. D. (1992) Sensory neuropeptide interactions in the production of plasma extravasation in the rat. Neuroscience 50: 745-749.
83. Green, P. G., Luo, J., Heller, P. and Levine, J. D. (1993a) Modulation of bradykinin-induced plasma extravasation in the rat knee joint by sympathetic co-transmitters. Neuroscience 52: 451-458.
84. Green, P. G., Luo, J., Heller, P. H. and Levine, J. D. (1993b) Neurogenic and non-neurogenic mechanisms of plasma extravasation in the rat. Neuroscience 52: 735-743.
85. Green, P. G., Luo, J., Heller, P. H. and Levine, J. D. (1993c) Further substantiation of a significant role for the sympathetic nervous system in inflammation. Neuroscience 55: 1037-1043.
86. Grega, G. J. (1986) Contractile elements in endothelial cells as potential targets for drug action. Trends. Pharmacol. Sci. 6: 452-457.
87. Guder, W. G. and Hallbach, J. (1988) Localisation and regulation of the renal kallikrein-kinin system: possible relations to renal transport functions. Klin. Wochenschr. 66: 849-856.
88. Haasemann, M., Buschko, J., Faussner, A., Roscher, A. A., Hoebeke, J., Burch, R. M. and Müller-Esterl, W. (1991) Anti-idiotypic antibodies bearing the internal image of a bradykinin epitope. Production, characterization, and interaction with the kinin receptor. J. Immunol. 147: 3882-3892.
89. Hall, E. D. and Braughler, J. M. (1993) Free radicals in CNS injury. Res. Publ. Assoc. Res. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 71: 81-105.
90. Hall, E. R., Kato, J., Erdös, E. G., Robinson, C. J. G. and Oshima, G. (1976) Angiotensin I-converting enzyme in the nephron. Life Sci. 18: 1299-1303.
91. Hall, J. M. (1992) Bradykinin receptors: pharmacological properties and biological roles. Pharmacol. Ther. 56: 131-190.
92. He, C., Wilhelm, S. M., Pentland, A. P., Marmer, B. L., Grant, G. A., Eisen, A. Z. and Goldberg, G. I. (1989) Tissue co-operation in a proteolytic cascade activating human interstitial collagenase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86: 2632-2636.
93. Hecker, M., Bara, A. T. and Busse, R. (1993) Relaxation of isolated coronary arteries by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors: role of endothelium-derived kinins. J. Vasc. Res. 30: 257-262.
94. Heilig, M., Koob, G. F., Ekman, R. and Britton, K. T. (1994) Corticotrophin releasing factor and neuropeptide Y: role in emotional integration. Trends Neurosci. 17: 80-85.
95. Henriksen, E. J., Dietze, G. J. and Müller-Esterl, W. (1996) Significance of autocrine and paracrine signalling for energy metabolism in contracting skeletal and cardiac muscle tissues. Diabetes 45: S1-S7.
96. Hermann, A., Buchinger, P. and Rehbock, J. (1995) Visualisation of tissue kallikrein in human breast carcinoma by two-dimensional western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Biol. Chem. Hoppe Seyler 376: 365-370.
97. Hess, J. F., Borkowski, J. A., Stonesifer, G. Y., MacNeil, T., Strader, C. D. and Ransom, R. W. (1994) Cloning and pharmacological characterisation of bradykinin receptors. Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res. 27: 1725-1731.
98. Higashida, H. and Brown, D. A. (1986) Two polyphosphatidylinositide metabolites control potassium currents in a neuronal cell. Nature 323: 333-335.
99. Higashida, H., Streaty, R. A., Klee, W. and Nirenberg, M. (1986) Bradykinin activated transmembrane signals coupled via NO or Ni to production of inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate, a second messenger in NG 108-15 neuroblastoma-glioma hybrid cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83: 942-946.
100. Higashida, H., Hashii, M., Yokoyama, S., Taketo, M., Hoshi, N., Noda, M., Zhong, Z.-G., Shahidullah, M., Minabe, Y., Nakashima, S. and Nozawa, Y. (1996) Bradykinin B2 receptors and signal transduction analyzed in NG108-15 neuroblastoma X glioma hybrid cells, B2 receptor transformed CHO cells and ras-transformed NIH/3T3 fibroblasts. Prog. Brain Res. 113: 215-230.
101. Hock, F. J., Wirth, A. U., Linz, W., Gerhards, H. J., Wiemer, G., Henke, H. S., Breipohl, G., König, W., Knolle, J. and Schölkens, B. A. (1991) Hoe 140 is a new potent and long acting bradykinin antagonist: in vitro studies. Br. J. Pharmacol. 102: 769-773.
102. Holland, J. A., Pritchard, K. A., Pappolla, M. A., Wolin, M. S., Rogers, N. J. and Stemerman, M. B. (1990) Bradykinin induces superoxide anion release from human endothelial cells. J. Cell. Physiol. 143: 21-25.
103. Hong, Y. and Abbott, F. V. (1994) Behavioural effects of intra-plantar injection of inflammatory mediators in the rat. Neuroscience 63: 827-836.
104. Hook, V. Y., Azaryan, A. V., Hwang, S. R. and Tezapsidis, N. (1994) Proteases and the emerging role of protease inhibitors in prohormone processing. FASEB J. 8: 1269-1278.
105. Hosli, E. and Hosli, L. (1993a) Autoradiographic localization of binding sites for neuropeptide Y and bradykinin on astrocytes. Neuroreport 4: 159-162.
106. Hosli, E. and Hosli, L. (1993b) Receptors for neurotransmitters on astrocytes in the mammalian central nervous system. Prog. Neurobiol. 40: 477-506.
107. Hosli, L., Hosli, E., Kaeser, H. and Lefkovits, M. (1992) Co-localization of receptors for vasoactive peptides on astrocytes of cultured rat spinal cord and brain stem: electrophysiological effects of atrial and brain natriuretic peptide, neuropeptide Y and bradykinin. Neurosci. Lett. 148: 114-116.
108. Huang, H. M. and Gibson, G. E. (1993) Altered beta-adrenergic receptor-stimulated cAMP formation in cultured skin fibroblasts from Alzheimer donors. J. Biol. Chem. 268: 14616-14621.
109. Huang, H. M., Lin, T. A., Sun, G. Y. and Gibson, G. E. (1995) Increased inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate accumulation correlates with an up-regulation of bradykinin receptors in Alzheimer's disease. J. Neurochem. 64: 761-766.
110. Inamura, T. and Black, K. L. (1994) Bradykinin selectively opens blood-tumour barrier in experimental brain tumours. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 14: 862-870.
111. Isackson, P. J., Dunbar, J. C. and Bradshaw, R. A. (1987) Role of glandular kallikreins as growth factor processing enzymes: structural and evolutionary considerations. J. Cell. Biochem. 33: 65-75.
112. 9bradykinin modulates DNA synthesis, phospholipase C, and protein kinase C in cultured mesangial cells. J. Biol. Chem. 266: 21037-21043.
113. Iwaki, H., Kariya, K., Seki, J., Tsuda, Y. and Okada, Y. (1984) Comparative studies on the properties of a kininase in rat brain using bio- and fluorometric assay systems. J. Pharmacol. Methods 12: 195-202.
114. Jacques, L. and Couture, R. (1990) Studies on the vascular permeability induced by intrathecal substance P and bradykinin in the rat. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 184: 9-20.
115. Jiang, Y. P., Müller-Esterl, W. and Schmaier, A. H. (1992) Domain 3 of kininogens contains a cell binding site and a site that modifies thrombin activation of platelets. J. Biol. Chem. 267: 3712-3727.
116. Jones, T. H., Figueroa, C. D., Smith, C., Cullen, D. R. and Bhoola, K. D. (1990) Characterisation of a tissue kallikrein in human prolactin-secreting adenomas. J. Endocrinol. 124: 327-331.
117. Jones, T. H., Figueroa, C. D. and Bhoola, K. D. (1992a) Bioregulatory role of the kallikrein-kinin system in the normal pituitary gland and its tumours. Acta Endocrinol. 127: 481-484.
118. Jones, T. H., Figueroa, C. D., Smith, C., Cullen, D. R. and Bhoola, K. D. (1992b) Tissue kallikrein is associated with prolactin-secreting cells within human growth hormone secreting adenomas. J. Endocrinol. 134: 149-154.
119. Kalaria, R. N. (1996) Cerebral vessels in ageing and Alzheimer's disease. Pharmacol. Ther. 72: 193-214.
120. Kamiya, T., Katayama, Y., Inamura, K., Shimizu, J., Obo, R., Iida, S., Kashiwagi, F. and Terashi, A. (1989) Activation of bradykinin augments ischemic brain edema. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 9: S73.
121. Kamiya, T., Katayama, Y., Kashiwagi, F. and Terashi, A. (1993) The role of bradykinin in mediating ischemic brain edema in rats. Stroke 24: 571-576.
122. Kammerer, S., Braun, A., Arnold, N. and Roscher, A. A. (1995) The human bradykinin B2 receptor gene: full-length cDNA, genomic organisation and identification of the regulatory region. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 211: 226-233.
123. Kariya, K., Kawauchi, R. and Okamoto, H. (1981) Regional distribution of kininase in rat brain. J. Neurochem. 36: 2086-2088.
124. Kariya, K., Yamauchi, A. and Chatani, Y. (1982) Relationship between central actions of bradykinin and prostaglandins in the conscious rat. Neuropharmacology 21: 267-272.
125. Katusic, Z. S., Milde, J. H., Cosentino, F. and Mitrovic, B. S. (1993) Subarachnoid haemorrhage and endothelial L-arginine pathway in small brain stem arteries in dogs. Stroke 24: 392-399.
126. Khan, I. M., Yamaji, I., Miller, D. H., Margolius, H. S. and Privitera, P. J. (1993) Cerebrospinal fluid kallikrein in spontaneously hypertensive and desoxycorticosterone acetate-salt hypertensive rats. J. Hypertens. 11: 1039-1045.
127. Khan, I. M., Miller, D. H., Strickland, J., Margolius, H. S. and Privitera, P. J. (1995) Brain kallikrein-kinin system abnormalities in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Hypertension 25: 524-530.
128. Kitagawa, A., Kizuki, K., Moriya, H., Kudo, M. and Noguchi, T. (1991) Localisation of kallikrein in rat pineal gland. Endocrinology 38: 109-112.
129. Kitamura, N., Kitagawa, H., Fukushima, D., Takagaki, Y., Miyata, T. and Nakanishi, S. (1985) Structural organisation of the human kininogen gene and a model for its evolution. J. Biol. Chem. 260: 8610-8617.
130. Kizuki, K., Suzuki, T., Kudo, M. and Noguchi, T. (1994) Immunohistochemical demonstration of tissue kallikrein in the neurons of rat brain. Brain Res. 634: 305-309.
131. Kontos, H. A., Wei, E. P., Povlishock, J. T. and Christman, C. W. (1984) Oxygen radicals mediate the cerebral arteriolar dilatation from arachidonate and bradykinin in cats. Circ. Res. 55: 295-303.
132. Koshikawa, N., Yasumitsu, H., Umeda, M. and Miyazaki, K. (1992) Multiple secretion of matrix serine proteinases by human gastric carcinoma cell lines. Cancer Res. 52: 5046-5053.
133. Ladror, U. S., Wang, G. T., Klein, W. L., Holzman, T. F. and Krafft, G. A. (1994) Potential beta PP-processing proteinase activities from Alzheimer's and control brain tissues. J. Protein Chem. 13: 357-366.
134. Laneuville, O., Reader, T. A. and Couture, R. (1989) Intrathecal bradykinin acts presynaptically on spinal noradrenergic terminals to produce antinocoception in the rat. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 159: 273-283.
135. Lerner, U. H., Jones, I. J. and Gustafson, G. T. (1987) Bradykinin, a new potential mediator of inflammation-induced bone resorption. Arthritis Rheum. 30: 530-540.
136. Levesque, L., Drapeau, G., Grose, J. H., Rioux, F. and Marceau, F. (1993) Vascular mode of action of kinin B1 receptors and development of a cellular model for the investigation of these receptors. Br. J. Pharmacol. 109: 1254-1262.
137. Lopes, P. and Couture, R. (1992) Cardiovascular responses elicited by intrathecal kinins in the conscious rat. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 210: 137-147.
138. 8]-bradykinin receptor binding sites in the guinea pig spinal cord. Synapse 15: 48-57.
139. Lopes, P., Regoli, D. and Couture, R. (1993b) Cardiovascular effects of intrathecally administered bradykinin in the rat: characterization of receptors with antagonists. Br. J. Pharmacol. 110: 1369-1374.
140. 8]bradykinin receptor binding sites in the rat spinal cord: effects of neonatal capsaicin, noradrenergic deafferentation, dorsal rhizotomy and peripheral axotomy. Neuroscience 68: 867-881.
141. Lupke, U., Rautenberg, W. and Tschesche, H. (1982) Kininogenase from human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Agents Actions 9: 308-314.
142. Lydiard, R. B. (1994) Neuropeptides and anxiety: focus on cholecystokinin. Clin. Chem. 40: 315-318.
143. Ma, J. X., Wang, D. Z., Ward, D. C., Chen, L., Dessai, T., Chao, J. and Chao, L. (1994) Structure and chromosomal localisation of gene (BDKRB2) encoding the bradykinin B2 receptor. Genomics 23: 362-369.
144. Madeddu, P., Glorioso, N., Soro, A., Tonolo, G., Manunta, P. and Troffa, C. (1990) Brain kinins are responsible for the pressor effect of intracerebroventricular captopril in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Hypertension 15: 407-412.
145. Madeddu, P., Anania, V., Alagna, S., Troffa, C., Parpaglia, P. P., Tonolo, G., Demontis, M. P., Varoni, M. V., Fattaccio, C. and Glorioso, N. (1992) Role of brain kallikrein-kinin system in regulation of adrenocorticotropin release. Am. J. Physiol. 262: E312-E318.
146. Madeddu, P., Glorioso, N., Varoni, M. V., Demontis, M. P., Fattaccio, M. C. and Anania, V. (1994) Cardiovascular effects of brain kinin receptor blockade in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Hypertension 23: 1189-1192.
147. Maier-Hauff, K., Baethmann, A. J., Lange, M., Schurer, L. and Unterberg, A. (1984) The kallikrein-kinin system as mediator in vasogenic brain edema. Part 2: studies on kinin formation in focal and perifocal brain tissue. J. Neurosurg. 61: 97-106.
148. Malfroy, B., Kuang, W. J., Seeburg, P. H., Mason, A. J. and Schofield, P. R. (1988) Molecular cloning and amino acid sequence of human enkephalinase (neutral endopeptidase). FEBS Lett. 229: 206-210.
149. 3H]Bradykinin receptor localisation in spinal cord and sensory ganglia - evidence for a role in primary afferent function. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 9: 590.
150. Marceau, F. (1995) Kinin B1 receptors: a review. Immunopharmacology 30: 1-26.
151. 9-bradykinin on cultured fibroblasts. Life Sci. 39: 2351-2358.
152. Marks, N., Berg, M. J., Chi, L. M., Choi, J., Durrie, R., Swistok, J., Makofske, R. C., Danho, W. and Sapirstein, V. S. (1994) Hydrolysis of amyloid precursor protein-derived peptides by cysteine proteinases and extracts of rat brain clathrin-coated vesicles. Peptides 15: 175-182.
153. 9-bradykinin-induced increases in intracellular calcium ion concentration in single bovine tracheal smooth muscle cells. Br. J. Pharmacol. 112: 934-938.
154. Matsumura, Y., Kimura, M., Yamamoto, T., Konno, T. and Maeda, H. (1988) Involvement of the kinin generating cascade in enhanced vascular permeability in tumour tissue. Jpn. J. Cancer Res. 79: 1327-1334.
155. Matsumura, Y., Maruo, K., Kimura, M., Yamamoto, T., Konno, T. and Maeda, H. (1991) Kinin-generating cascade in advanced cancer patient an in vitro study. Jpn. J. Cancer Res. 82: 732-741.
156. McFadden, R. G. and Vickers, K. E. (1989) Bradykinin augments the in vitro migration of nonsensitized lymphocytes. Clin. Invest. Med. 12: 247-253.
157. McGehee, D. S., Goy, M. F. and Oxford, G. S. (1992) Involvement of the nitric oxide-cyclic GMP pathway in the desensitization of bradykinin responses of cultured rat sensory neurons. Neuron 9: 315-324.
158. Menke, J. G., Borkowski, J. A., Bierilo, K. K., MacNeil, T., Derrick, A. W., Schneck, K. A., Ransom, R. W., Strader, C. D., Linemeyer, D. W. and Hess, J. F. (1994) Expression cloning of a human B1 bradykinin receptor. J. Biol. Chem. 269: 21583-21586.
159. Miyazaki, K., Hasegawa, M., Funahashi, K. and Umeda, M. (1993) A metalloproteinase inhibitor domain in Alzheimer amyloid protein precursor. Nature 362: 839-841.
160. Mombouli, J.-V. and Vanhoutte, P. M. (1995) Kinins and endothelial control of vascular smooth muscle. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 35: 679-705.
161. Momose, N., Fukuo, K., Morimoto, S. and Ogihara, T. (1993) Captopril inhibits endothelin-1 secretion from endothelial cells through bradykinin. Hypertension 21: 921-924.
162. Monning, U., Konig, G., Banati, R. B., Mechler, H., Czech, C., Gehrmann, J., Schreiter-Gasser, U., Masters, C. L. and Beyreuther, K. (1992) Alzheimer beta A4-amyloid protein precursor in immunocompetent cells. J. Biol. Chem. 267: 23950-23956.
163. Monning, U., Sandbrink, R., Banati, R. B., Masters, C. L. and Beyreuther, K. (1994) Transforming growth factor beta mediates increase of mature transmembrane amyloid precursor protein in microglial cells. FEBS Lett. 342: 267-272.
164. Mundy, D. I. (1994) Identification of the multicatalytic enzyme as a possible gamma-secretase for the amyloid precursor protein. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 204: 333-341.
165. Murone, C., Paxinos, G., McKinley, M. J., Oldfield, B. J., Müller-Esterl, W., Mendelsohn, F. A. O. and Chai, S. Y. (1997) Distribution of bradykinin B2 receptors in sheep brain and spinal cord visualised by in vitro autoradiography. J. Comp. Neurol. 381: 203-218.
166. Nagy, I., Pabla, R., Matesz, C., Dray, A., Woolf, C. J. and Urban, L. (1993) Cobalt uptake enables identification of capsaicin- and bradykinin-sensitive subpopulations of rat dorsal root ganglion cells in vitro. Neuroscience 56: 241-246.
167. Naruse, K., McGehee, D. S. and Oxford, G. S. (1992) Differential responses of Ca-activated K channels to bradykinin in sensory neurons and F-11 cells. Am. J. Physiol. 262: C453-C460.
168. Nomura, T., Inamura, T. and Black, K. L. (1994) Intracarotid infusion of bradykinin selectively increases blood-tumour permeability in 9L and C6 brain tumours. Brain Res. 658: 62-66.
169. Ogura, A., Myojo, Y. and Higashida, H. (1990) Bradykinin-evoked acetylcholine release via inositol triphosphate-dependent elevation in free calcium in neuroblastoma X glioma hybrid NG108-15 cells. J. Biol. Chem. 265: 3577-3584.
170. Ole-Moiyi, O., Seldin, D. C., Spragg, J., Pinkus, G. and Austen, K. F. (1979) Sequential cleavage of pro-insulin by human pancreatic kallikrein and a human pancreatic kininase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76: 3612-3616.
171. Orawski, A. T. and Simmons, W. H. (1989) Degradation of bradykinin and its metabolites by rat brain synaptic membranes. Peptides 10: 1063-1073.
172. Park, J., Freedman, R., Bach, C., Yee, C., Rohrwild, M., Kaminishi, H., Müller-Esterl, W. and Jarnagin, K. (1994) Bradykinin-B2 receptors in humans and rats: cDNA structures, gene structures, possible alternative splicing, and homology searching for subtypes. Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res. 27: 1707-1724.
173. Parpura, V., Basarsky, T. A., Liu, F., Jeftinija, K., Jeftinija, S. and Haydon, P. G. (1994) Glutamate-mediated astrocyte-neurone signalling. Nature 369: 744-747.
174. Parpura, V., Liu, F., Jeftinija, K. V., Haydon, P. G. and Jeftinija, S. D. (1995) Neuroligand-evoked calcium-dependent release of excitatory amino acids from Schwann cells. J. Neurosci. 15: 5831-5839.
175. Peress, N., Perillo, E. and Zucker, S. (1995) Localisation of tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases in Alzheimer's disease and normal brain. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 54: 16-22.
176. 8]-BK and HOE 140, in two models of persistent hyperalgesia in the rat. Pain 53: 91-97.
177. Perry, D. C. and Snyder, S. H. (1984) Identification of bradykinin in mammalian brain. J. Neurochem. 43: 1073-1080.
178. Perry, V. H., Andersson, P. B. and Gordon, S. (1993) Macrophages and inflammation in the central nervous system. Trends Neurosci. 16: 268-273.
179. Pirola, C. J., Scheucher, A., Balda, M. S., Dabsys, S. M., Finkielman, S. and Nahmod, V. E. (1987) Serotonin mediates cardiovascular responses to acetylcholine, bradykinin, angiotensin II and norepinephrine in the lateral septal area of the rat brain. Neuropharmacology 26: 561-566.
180. Poole, S., Cunha, F. Q., Selkirk, S., Lorenzetti, B. B. and Ferreira, S. H. (1995) Cytokine-mediated inflammatory hyperalgesia limited by interleukin-10. Br. J. Pharmacol. 115: 684-688.
181. Powell, S. J., Slynn, G., Thomas, C., Hopkins, B., Briggs, I. and Graham, A. (1993) Human bradykinin B2 receptor: nucleotide sequence analysis and assignment to chromosome 14. Genomics 15: 435-438.
182. Powers, C. A. and Nasjletti, A. (1983) A kininogenase resembling glandular kallikrein in the rat pituitary pars intermedia. Endocrinology 112: 1194-1200.
183. Privitera, P. J. (1992) Brain kallikrein-kinin system in arterial pressure regulation. Agents Actions 38: 39-46.
184. 125I]bradykinin binding sites in guinea pig brain. Brain Res. 577: 73-79.
185. Privitera, P. J., Thibodeaux, H. and Yates, P. (1994) Rostral ventrolateral medulla as a site for the central hypertensive action of kinins. Hypertension 23: 52-58.
186. Proud, D., MacGlashan, D., Newball, H. H., Schulman, E. S. and Lichtenstein, L. M. (1985) Immunoglobulin E-mediated release of a kininogenase from purified human lung mast cells. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 132: 405-408.
187. Rahman, M. M., Worthy, K., Elson, C. J., Fink, E., Dieppe, P. A. and Bhoola, K. D. (1994) Inhibitor regulation of tissue kallikrein activity in the synovial fluid of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Br. J. Rheumatol. 33: 215-223.
188. Raidoo, D. M. and Bhoola, K. D. (1997) Kinin receptors on human neurones. J. Neuroimmunol. 77: 39-44.
189. Raidoo, D. M., Snyman, C., Narotam, P. K., Muller, R. and Bhoola, K. D. (1995) Human cerebral tissue kallikrein. Asia Pac. J. Pharmacol. 10 (Suppl.1): S72.
190. Raidoo, D. M., Ramsaroop, R., Naidoo, S. and Bhoola, K. D. (1996a) Regional distribution of tissue kallikrein in the human brain. Immunopharmacology 32: 39-47.
191. Raidoo, D. M., Ramchurren, N., Naidoo, Y., Naidoo, S., Müller-Esterl, W. and Bhoola, K. D. (1996b) Visualisation of bradykinin B2 receptors on human brain neurons. Immunopharmacology 33: 104-107.
192. Raidoo, D. M., Ramsaroop, R., Naidoo, S. and Bhoola, K. D. (1997a) Visualisation of tissue kallikrein and kinin receptors in human astrocytomas. Br. J. Pharmacol. 122: 107P.
193. Raidoo, D. M., Ramsaroop, R., Naidoo, S., Müller-Esterl, W. and Bhoola, K. D. (1997b) Kinin receptors in human vascular tissue: their role in atheromatous disease. Immunopharmacology 36: 153-160.
194. Rang, H. P., Bevan, S. J. and Dray, A. (1991) Chemical activation of nociceptive peripheral neurones. Br. Med. Bull. 47: 534-548.
195. Regoli, D. (1984) Neurohumoral regulation of precapillary vessels: the kallikrein-kinin system. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 6: S401-S412.
196. Regoli, D. and Barabé, J. (1980) Pharmacology of bradykinin and related kinins. Pharmacol. Rev. 32: 1-46.
197. Regoli, D., Barabé, J. and Park, W. K. (1977) Receptors for bradykinin in rabbit aortae. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 55: 855-867.
198. Regoli, D., Drapeau, G., Rovero, P., Dion, S., Rhaleb, N. E. and Barabé, J. (1986) Conversion of kinins and their antagonists into B1 receptor activators and blockers in isolated vessels. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 127: 219-224.
199. Rehbock, J., Buchinger, P., Hermann, A. and Figueroa, C. (1995) Identification of immunoreactive tissue kallikrein in human ductal breast carcinomas. J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. 121: 64-68.
200. 2+-activity in cultured neural cells. Plfügers Arch. 405: 260-264.
201. Richoux, J. P., Gelly, J. L., Bouhnik, J., Baussant, T., Alhenc-Gelas, F., Grignon, G. and Corvol, P. (1991) The kallikreinkinin system in the rat hypothalamus. Immunohistochemical localization of high molecular weight kininogen and T kininogen in different neuronal systems. Histochemistry 96: 229-243.
202. Rochefort, H. (1990) Cathepsin-D in breast cancer. Dementia 16: 3-13.
203. Rothwell, N. J. (1991) Functions and mechanisms of interleukin 1 in the brain. Trends. Pharmacol. Sci. 12: 430-436.
204. Rueff, A. and Dray, A. (1992) 5-Hydroxytryptamine-induced sensitization and activation of peripheral fibres in the neonatal rat are mediated via different 5-hydroxytryptamine-receptors. Neuroscience 50: 899-905.
205. Rueff, A. and Dray, A. (1993a) Sensitization of peripheral afferent fibres in the in vitro neonatal rat spinal cord-tail by bradykinin and prostaglandins. Neuroscience 54: 527-535.
206. Rueff, A. and Dray, A. (1993b) Pharmacological characterization of the effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine and different prostaglandins on peripheral sensory neurons in vitro. Agents Actions 38: C13-C15.
207. Ryan, J. W., Day, A. R., Schultz, D. R., Ryan, U. S., Chung, A., Marlborough, D. I. and Dorer, F. E. (1976) Localisation of angiotensin-converting enzyme (kininase II). Preparation of antibody-hemeoctapeptide conjugates. Tissue Cell 8: 111-124.
208. 9-bradykinin stimulation of ROS 17/2.8 rat osteosarcoma adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate content: receptor specificity. J. Bone Miner. Res. 4: S332.
209. Sawutz, D. G., Salvino, J. M., Dolle, R. E., Casiano, F., Ward, S. J., Houck, W. T., Faunce, D. M., Douty, B. D., Baizman, E., Awad, M. M., Marceau, F. and Seoane, P. R. (1994) The nonpeptide WIN 64338 is a bradykinin B2 receptor antagonist. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91: 4693-4697.
210. Schachter, M., Matthews, B. and Bhoola, K. D. (1991) Evidence that nitric oxide or a related substance is a mediator of nerve induced vasodilatation in sub-mandibular salivary gland of anesthesized cats. J. Physiol. 434: 45P.
211. Schneck, K. A., Hess, J. F., Stonesifer, G. Y. and Ransom, R. W. (1994) Bradykinin B1 receptors in rabbit aorta smooth muscle cells in culture. Eur. J. Pharmacol. Mol. Pharmacol. Sect. 266: 277-282.
212. Schremmer-Danninger, E., Öffner, A., Siebeck, M., Heinz-Erian, P., Gais, P. and Roscher, A. A. (1996) Autoradiographic visualisation of B1 bradykinin receptors in porcine vascular tissues in the presence or absence of inflammation. Immunopharmacology 33: 95-100.
213. Schulz, W. W., Hagler, H. K., Buja, L. M. and Erdös, E. G. (1988) Ultrastructural localisation of angiotensin I-converting enzyme (EC 3.4.15.1) and neutral metalloendopeptidase (EC 3.4.24.11) in the proximal tubule of the human kidney. Lab. Invest. 59: 789-797.
214. Schwartz, J. P. and Taniwaki, T. (1994) Heterogeneity of expression of neuropeptide genes by astrocytes: functional implications. Perspect. Dev. Neurobiol. 2: 251-257.
215. Scicli, A. G., Forbes, G., Nolly, H., Dujovny, M. and Carretero, O. A. (1984) Kallikrein-kinins in the central nervous system. Clin. Exp. Theory Practice A6: 1731-1738.
216. Seguin, L., Widdowson, P. S. and Giesen-Crouse, E. (1992) Existence of three subtypes of bradykinin B2 receptors in guinea pig. J. Neurochem. 59: 2125-2133.
217. Shikimi, T., Kema, R., Matsumoto, M., Yamahata, Y. and Miyata, S. (1973) Studies on kinin-like substances in brain. Biochem. Pharmacol. 22: 567-573.
218. Shimamoto, K., Matsuki, T. and Iimura, O. (1990) Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and kallikrein-kinin system. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 15: S83-S90.
219. Shisheva, A. C., Printz, M. P., Herman, K. and Ganten, D. (1985) Kinin forming activity in rat brain. Neurochem. Int. 7: 621-629.
220. Simson, J. A. V., Dom, R., Chao, J., Woodley, C. and Margolius, H. S. (1985) Immunocytochemical localisation of tissue kallikrein in brain ventricular epithelium and hypothalamic cell bodies. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 33: 951-953.
221. Skeggs, L. T., Kahn, J. R. and Shumway, N. P. (1956) The preparation and function of the hypertension-converting enzyme. J. Exp. Med. 103: 295-299.
222. Skidgel, R. A., Davis, R. M. and Erdös, E. G. (1984) Purification of a human urinary carboxypeptidase (kininase) distinct from carboxypeptidase A, B or N. Anal. Biochem. 140: 520-531.
223. Skidgel, R. A., Davis, R. M. and Tan, F. (1989) Human carboxypeptidase M. Purification and characterisation of a membrane-bound carboxypeptidase that cleaves peptide hormones. J. Biol. Chem. 4: 2236-2241.
224. Smith, S. L., Andrus, P. K., Zhang, J. R. and Hall, E. D. (1994) Direct measurement of hydroxyl radicals, lipid peroxidation, and blood-brain barrier disruption following unilateral cortical impact head injury in the rat. J. Neurotrauma 11: 393-404.
225. Sprumont, P., Caprano, G. and Lintermans, J. (1993) Morphometrical quantification of brain edema related to experimental multiple micro-infarcts in mice: assessment of neurotropin effect. Methods Find. Exp. Clin. Pharmacol. 15: 169-177.
226. Sprumont, P., Kaelin-Lang, A., Van Lierde, S., Maenhaut, W. and De Reuck, J. (1995) Effect of neurotropin on cerebral edema, calcium and other elements in mice subarachnoidally injected with carrageenan. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 274: 95-99.
227. Stephens, G. J., Cholewinski, A. J., Wilkin, G. P. and Djamgoz, M. B. (1993a) Calcium-mobilising and electrophysiological effects of bradykinin on cortical astrocyte subtypes in culture. Glia 9: 269-279.
228. Stephens, G. J., Marriott, D. R., Djamgoz, M. B. and Wilkin, G. P. (1993b) Electrophysiological and biochemical evidence for bradykinin receptors on cultured rat cortical oligodendrocytes. Neurosci. Lett. 153: 223-226.
229. Steranka, L. R., Manning, D. C., Dehaas, C. J., Ferkany, J. W., Borosky, S. A., Connor, J. R., Vavrek, R. J., Stewart, J. M. and Snyder, S. H. (1988) Bradykinin as a pain mediator: receptors are localised to sensory neurons and antagonists have analgesic action. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85: 3245-3249.
230. Stewart, J. M., Gera, L., Chan, D. C., Whalley, E. T., Hanson, W. L. and Zuzack, J. S. (1977) Potent, long-acting, orally-active bradykinin antagonists for a wide range of applications. Immunopharmacology 36: 167-172.
231. Stewart, J. M., Gera, L., Hanson, W., Zuzack, J. S., Burkard, M., McCullough, R. and Whalley, E. T. (1996) A new generation of bradykinin antagonists. Immunopharmacology 33: 51-60.
232. Straus, D. S. and Pang, K. J. (1984) Effects of bradykinin on DNA synthesis in resting NILS hamster cells and human fibroblasts. Exp. Cell Res. 151: 87-95.
233. Tagawa, K., Maruyama, K. and Ishiura, S. (1992) Amyloid beta/ A4 precursor protein (APP) processing in lysosomes. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 674: 129-137.
234. Tait, J. F. and Fujikawa, K. (1987) Primary structure requirements for the binding of human high molecular weight kininogen to plasma kallikrein and factor XI. J. Biol. Chem. 262: 11651-11656.
235. Takahashi, H. and Bunag, R. G. (1981) Centrally induced cardiovascular and sympathetic nerve responses to bradykinin in rats. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 216: 192-197.
236. Tiffany, C. W. and Burch, R. M. (1989) Bradykinin stimulates tumour necrosis factor and interleukin-1 release from macrophages. FEBS Lett. 247: 189-192.
237. Toda, N. (1977) Actions of bradykinin on isolated cerebral and peripheral arteries. Am. J. Physiol. 232: H267-H274.
238. Trifilieff, A., Lach, E., Dumont, P. and Gies, J. P. (1994) Bradykinin binding sites in healthy and carcinomatous human lung. Br. J. Pharmacol. 111: 1228-1232.
239. 9-bradykinin and bradykinin. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 264: 930-937.
240. Unger, T., Scholkens, B. A., Ganten, D. and Lang, R. E. (1987) Tissue converting enzyme inhibition and cardiovascular effects of converting enzyme inhibitors. Clin. Exp. Hypertens. 9: 417-426.
241. Unterberg, A. and Baethmann, A. J. (1984) The kallikrein-kinin system as mediator in vasogenic brain edema. Part 1: cerebral exposure to bradykinin and plasma. J. Neurosurg. 61: 87-96.
242. Unterberg, A., Dautermann, C., Baethmann, A. and Müller-Esterl, W. (1986) The kallikrein-kinin system as mediator in vasogenic brain oedema. Part 3: inhibition of the kallikrein-kinin system in traumatic brain swelling. J. Neurosurg. 69: 269-276.
243. van der Wal, E. A., Gomez-Pinilla, F. and Cotman, C. W. (1993) Transforming growth factor-beta 1 is in plaques in Alzheimer and Down pathologies. Neuroreport 4: 69-72.
244. Vane, J. R. (1969) The release and fate of vaso-active hormones in circulation. Br. J. Pharmacol. 35: 209-242.
245. Wahl, M. and Schilling, L. (1993) Regulation of cerebral blood flow - a brief review. Acta Neurochir. 59: 3-10.
246. Wahl, M., Young, A. R., Edvinsson, L. and Wagner, F. (1983) Effects of bradykinin on pial arteries and arterioles in vitro and in situ. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 3: 231-237.
247. Wahl, M., Lauritzen, M. and Schilling, L. (1987) Change of cerebrovascular reactivity after a cortical spreading depression in cats and rats. Brain Res. 411: 72-80.
248. Wahl, M., Unterberg, A., Baethmann, A. and Schilling, L. (1988) Mediators of blood-brain barrier dysfunction and formation of vasogenic brain oedema. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 8: 621-634.
249. Wahl, M., Schilling, L., Unterberg, A. and Baethmann, A. (1993) Mediators of vascular and parenchymal mechanisms in secondary brain damage. Acta Neurochir. 57: 64-72.
250. Walker, K., Perkins, M. and Dray, A. (1995) Kinins and kinin receptors in the nervous system. Neurochem. Int. 26: 1-16.
251. Webb, M., McIntyre, P. and Phillips, E. (1994) B1 and B2 bradykinin receptors encoded by distinct mRNAs. J. Neurochem. 62: 1247-1253.
252. Weinreich, D. and Wonderlin, W. F. (1987) Inhibition of calcium dependent spike after hyperpolarisation increases excitability of rabbit visceral sensory neurones. J. Physiol. 394: 415-427.
253. Whalley, E. T. and Wahl, M. (1983) Analysis of bradykinin receptor mediating relaxation of cat cerebral arteries in vivo and in vitro. Naunyn Schmiedenberg Arch. Pharmacol. 323: 66-71.
254. Whittle, I. R., Piper, I. R. and Miller, J. D. (1990) The contribution of secondary mediators to the aetiology and pathophysiology of brain oedema: studies using a feline infusion model. Acta Neurochir. 51: 71-73.
255. 2 kinin receptors in cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 262: 729-733.
256. Wiemer, G., Popp, R., Scholkens, B. A. and Gogelein, H. (1994) Enhancement of cytosolic calcium, prostacyclin and nitric oxide by bradykinin and the ACE inhibitor ramiprilat in porcine brain capillary endothelial cells. Brain Res. 638: 261-266.
257. Wilkinson, D. L. and Scroop, G. C. (1985) Role of prostaglandins and the areas postrema in the central pressor action of bradykinin. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 113: 287-290.
258. Xu, J., Hsu, C. Y., Junker, H., Chao, S., Hogan, E. L. and Chao, J. (1991) Kininogen and kinin in experimental spinal cord injury. J. Neurochem. 57: 975-980.
259. Yang, H. Y. T. and Erdös, E. G. (1967) Second kininase in human blood plasma. Nature 215: 1402-1403.
260. Yokoyama, S., Kimura, Y., Taketo, M., Black, J. A., Ransom, B. R. and Higashida, H. (1994) B2 bradykinin receptors in NG108-15 cells: cDNA cloning and functional expression. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 200: 634-641.