Early seedling establishment of Picea abies in small forest gaps in the Swiss Alps

Canadian Journal of Forest Research

Volumn 28, Issue 4, 1998, Pages 626-639

  Brang, Peter ^a  

^a SWISS FEDERAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE WSL   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CANOPY GAP; CONIFEROUS TREE; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; FUNGAL PATHOGEN; SEEDLING ESTABLISHMENT;

SWITZERLAND, ALPS;

PICEA ABIES;

EID: 0031850137     PISSN: 00455067     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1139/x98-035     Document Type: Article

References (58)

1. Alexander, R.R. 1984. Natural regeneration of Engelmann spruce after clearcutting in the central Rocky Mountains in relation to environmental factors. USDA For. Serv. Rocky Mt. For. Range Exp. Stn. Res. Pap. RM-254.
2. Barr, P.M. 1930. The effect of soil moisture on the establishment of spruce reproduction in British Columbia. Yale Univ. Sch. For. Bull. No. 26.
3. Bartels, H. 1956. The relation between size of seedling and the weight and maturity of seed in Norway spruce and Scots pine. [In German.] Allg. Forst Jagdztg. 127:164-168.
4. Bazzigher, G. 1976. Black snowmould of coniferous trees (Herpotrichia juniperi (Duby) Petak und Herpotrichia coulteri (Peck) Bose. [In German.] Eur. J. For. Pathol. 6:109-122.
5. Bloetzer, G. 1992. The development of Swiss forest legislation. [In German.] Schweiz. Z. Forstwes. 143: 607-627.
6. Braendli, U.-B. 1995. Regeneration and browsing damage in Swiss mountain forests. [In German.] Schweiz. Z. Forstwes. 146; 355-378.
7. Brang, P. 1996a. Experimental studies on seedling ecology of Norway spruce in the intermediate alpine mountain forest. [In German.] Dissertation, Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland.
8. Brang, P. 1996b. Seedling establishment and distribution of direct radiation in slit-shaped openings of Norway spruce forests in the intermediate Alps. [In German.] Schweiz. Z. Forstwes. 147: 761-784.
9. Bundi, M. 1982. History of colonization and economy of the Grisons in the Middle Ages. [In German.] Calven-Verlag, Chur, Switzerland.
10. Bursehel, P., El Kateb, H., Huss, J., and Mosandl, R. 1985. Regeneration in mixed mountain forests. [In German.] Forstwiss. Centralbl. (Hamburg), 104: 65-100.
11. Clements, J.R. 1964. The potential influence of soil splashing by raindrops on seedling survival. For. Chron. 40: 512-513.
12. Day, T.A., Delucia, E.H., and Smith, W.K. 1989. Influence of soil and snowcover on photosynthesis and leaf conductance in two Rocky Mountains conifers. Oecologia, 80: 546-552.
13. Eis, S. 1965. Development of white spruce and alpine fir seedlings on cut-over areas in the Central Interior of British Columbia. For Chron. 41: 419-431.
14. Farnden, C. 1994. Forest regeneration in the ESSF zone of northcentral British Columbia. Can. For. Serv. Pac. For. Res. Cent. Inf. Rep. No. BC-X-351.
15. Fiedler, C.E., McCaughey, W.W., and Schmidt, W.C. 1985. Natural regeneration in Intermountain spruce-fir forests - a gradual ess. USDA For. Serv. Intermountain For. Range Exp. Stn. Res. Pap. INT-343.
16. Fischer, F., Schmid-Haas, P., and Hughes, B.R. 1959. Number distribution of Norway spruce seeds in the snow cover. [In German.] Mitt. Eidg. Anst. Forstl. Versuchswes. 35: 459-479.
17. Frehner, M. 1989. Promotion of natural regeneration on a steep north slope of the subalpine Norway spruce forest. [In German.] Schweiz. Z. Forstwes. 140: 1013-1022.
18. Gregori, P. 1967. Germination of silver fir, Norway spruce and European larch. [In Italian.] Ann. Accad. Ital. Sci. For. 16: 155-178.
19. Grubb, P.J. 1977. The maintenance of species richness in plant communities: the importance of the regeneration niche. Biol. Rev. Camb. Philos. Soc. 52: 107-145.
20. Harper, J.L. 1977. Population biology of plants. Academic Press, London.
21. Harper, J.L., and Benton, R.A. 1966. The behaviour of seeds in soil. Part 2. The germination of seeds on the surface of a water supplying substrate. J. Ecol. 54: 151-166.
22. Harper, J.L., Williams, J.T., and Sagar, G.R. 1965. The behaviour seeds in soil. I. The heterogeneity of soil surfaces and its role in determining the establishment of plants from seed. J. Ecol. 53: 273-286.
23. Heiseke, D. 1969. Seed production, seedfall, seedling emergence and seedling development in Norway spruce. [In German.] Dissertation, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany.
24. Hillgarter, F.W. 1971, Investigations on silviculture and productivity of the virgin forest Scatlé/Brigels. [In German.] Dissertation, Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland.
25. Imbeck, H., and Ott, E. 1987.Ecology and regeneration of a subalpine Norway spruce forest rich in tall forbs, considering especially snow and avalanche problems. [In German.] Mitt. Eidg. Inst. Schnee Lawinenforsch. No. 42.
26. Johnson, E. A., and Fryer, G.I. 1992, Physical characterization of seed microsites-movement on the ground. J. Ecol. 80: 832-836.
27. Leinonen K.G. 1966. Growth and environmental factors in forests managed with group- and single tree-selection systems. [In German.] Schriftenr. Forstl. Abt. Univ. Freiburg No. 5.
28. Kozlowski, T.T., Kramer, P.J., and Pallardy, S.G. 1990. The physiological ecology of woody plants. Academic Press, New York and London.
29. Kuhn, N. 1973. Frequency and ecological importance of drought penods. [In German.] Vierteljahresschr. Naturforsch. Ges. Zur. 118: 257-298.
30. Kunz, S. 1983. Cartography of insolation on a regional scale. [In German.] Geographisches Institut der Universitaet Bern, Switzerland (Geographica bemensia G19).
31. Kuoch, R. 1965, The seed rain of Norway spruce at treeline in the Sertig valley in 1962/63. [In German.] Mitt. Eidg. Anst. Forstl. Versuchswes. 41: 61-85.
32. Leinonen, K., Nygren, M., and Rita, H. 1993. Temperature control of germination in the seeds of Picea abies. Scand. J. For. Res. 8: 107-117.
33. Lertzman, K.P., and Krebs, C.J. 1991. Gap-phase structure of a subalpine old-growth forest. Can. J. For. Res. 21: 1730-1741.
34. Luescher, F. 1990. Height growth of natural regeneration of Norway spruce in the Inner Alps. [In German.] Dissertation, Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland.
35. Margolis, H.A., and Brand, D.G. 1990. An ecophysiological basis for understanding plantation establishment. Can. J. For. Res. 20: 375-390.
36. Mencuccini, M., Piussi, P., and Zanzi Sulli, A. 1995. Thirty years of seed production in a subalpine Norway spruce forest: patterns of temporal and spatial variation. For. Ecol. Manage. 76:109-125.
37. Mettin, C. 1977. Condition and dynamics of regeneration in high-elevation forests of the Werdenfelser Land. [In German.] Dissertation, University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
38. Milliken, G.A., and Johnson, D.E. 1984. Analysis of messy data. Vol. 1. Designed experiments. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York.
39. Piussi, P. 1965. Observations and experiences on natural regeneration of Norway spruce in Paneveggio. [In Italian.] Ann. Accad. Ital. Sci. For. 14: 345-400.
40. Piussi, P. 1970. Research on the ecological requirements of Picea abies seedlings. [In Italian.] G. Bot. Ital. 104: 193-214.
41. Prévost, M. 1992. Effets du scarifiage sur les propriétés du sol, la croissance des semis et la compétition : revue des connaissances actuelles et perspectives de recherches au Québec. Ann. Sci. For. (Paris), 49:277-296.
42. Rehák, J. 1957. The natural regeneration of spruce in the montane spruce forest region. [In Czech.] Pr. Vyzk. Ustavu Lesn. Hospod. Myslivosti (Strnady) No. 13. pp. 33-66.
43. Rohmeder, E. 1972. Seed in forestry. [In German.] Parey, Hamburg and Berlin.
44. Roussel, L. 1968. A little-known effect of seedling fellings in conifer forests. Bull. Soc. For. Franche-Comté No. 34. pp. 105-109.
45. SAS Institute Inc. 1989. SAS/STAT user's guide, version 6. 4th ed. vol. 2. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, N.C.
46. Schuetz, J.-P., and Brang, P. 1995. L'horizontoscope : un étonnant outil pratique de sylviculture, notamment en haute-montagne. Bull. Tech. No. 28. Office national des forêts, Paris.
47. Skoupý, J. 1964. Effect of the roots of the parent stand on natural regeneration of Norway spruce. [In Czech.] Sb. Lesn. Fak. Vys. Sk. Zemed. Praze, 7: 41-57.
48. Sorg, J.-P. 1980. Végétation et rajeunissement naturel dans la pessière subalpine de Vais (GR). [In French.] Mitt. Eidg. Anst. Forstl. Versuchswes. 56: 1-115.
49. Slathers, R.J., and Spittlehouse, D.L. 1990. Forest soil temperature manual. FRDA Rep. No. 130. Forest Resource Development Agreement, Forestry Canada and B.C. Ministry of Forests, Victoria.
50. Strobel, G. 1997. Tree growth patterns in subalpine Norway spruce clumps. [In German.] Schweiz, Z. Forstwes. 148: 45-72.
51. Thornburgh, D.A. 1969. Dynamics of the true fir-hemlock forests of the west slope of the Washington Cascade Range. Ph.D. thesis, University of Washington, Seattle.
52. Tonne, F. 1954. Improving architecture with insolation and daylight planning. [In German.] K. Hofmann, Schorndorf et Stuttgart.
53. Tranquillini, W. 1979. Physiological ecology of the Alpine timberline. Springer, New York.
54. Underwood, A.J. 1997. Experiments in ecology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K.
55. Uttinger, H. 1966. Precipitation: 4th part. Variability of precipitation 1901-1960. [In German.] Beih. Ann. Schweiz. Meteorol. Anst. Klimatol. Schweiz E Niederschlag, 6: 125-170.
56. Yli-Vakkuri, P. 1961. Experimental studies on the emergence and initial development of tree seedlings in spruce and pine stands. [In Finnish.] Acta For. Fenn. No. 75. pp. 1-122.
57. Zar, J.H. 1996. Biostatistical analysis. 3rd ed. Prentice-Hall, London.
58. Zasada, J.C., Foote, M.J., Deneke, F.J., and Parkerson, R.H. 1978. Case history of an excellent white spruce cone and seed crop in Interior Alaska. USDA For. Sev. Gen. Tech. Rep. No. PNW-65.