Attitudes towards 'sustainable tourism' in the UK: a view from local government

Tourism Management

Volumn 19, Issue 3, 1998, Pages 213-224

  Godfrey, Kerry B ^a  

^a OXFORD BROOKES UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

LAND USE PLANNING; LOCAL DEVELOPMENT; LOCAL GOVERNMENT; SUSTAINABLE TOURISM; TOURISM DEVELOPMENT;

UK;

EID: 0031849025     PISSN: None     EISSN: 02615177     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0261-5177(98)00020-X     Document Type: Article

References (88)

1. 1. Her Majesty's Stationery Office, Local Government and the Development of Tourism, Department of the Environment Circular 13/79, HMSO, London, UK (1979) paragraph 3.
2. 2. Her Majesty's Stationery Office, Local Government and the Development of Tourism, Department of the Environment Circular 13/79, HMSO, London, UK (1979) paragraph 10.
3. 3. World Commission on Environment and Development, Our Common Future, Oxford University Press, Oxford (1987).
4. 4. Inter-Parliamentary Union and the World Tourism Organisation, The Hague Declaration on Tourism, IPU/WTO, 10-14 April, Den Hague, The Netherlands (1989).
5. 5. Global Opportunities for Business and Environment 'An Action Strategy for Sustainable Tourism Development', Globe '90 Conference, Vancouver, BC, Canada (1990).
6. 6. Butler R. W., 'Alternative Tourism: Pious Hope or Trojan Horse?' World Leisure and Recreation 1989 Winter 9-17; Wheeller, B., 'Tourism's Troubled Times: responsible tourism is not the answer', Tourism Management 1991 12 91-96; Godfrey, K. B., 'Tourism and Sustainable Development: towards a community framework', Ph.D. dissertation, Oxford Brookes University (1993) 421 (unpublished).
7. 6. Butler R. W., 'Alternative Tourism: Pious Hope or Trojan Horse?' World Leisure and Recreation 1989 Winter 9-17; Wheeller, B., 'Tourism's Troubled Times: responsible tourism is not the answer', Tourism Management 1991 12 91-96; Godfrey, K. B., 'Tourism and Sustainable Development: towards a community framework', Ph.D. dissertation, Oxford Brookes University (1993) 421 (unpublished).
8. 6. Butler R. W., 'Alternative Tourism: Pious Hope or Trojan Horse?' World Leisure and Recreation 1989 Winter 9-17; Wheeller, B., 'Tourism's Troubled Times: responsible tourism is not the answer', Tourism Management 1991 12 91-96; Godfrey, K. B., 'Tourism and Sustainable Development: towards a community framework', Ph.D. dissertation, Oxford Brookes University (1993) 421 (unpublished).
9. 7. Cazes, G. H., 'Alternative Tourism: reflections on an ambiguous concept' in Singh et al. (eds), Towards Appropriate Tourism: The Case of Developing Countries, European University Studies, Series X, Vol. 11, Peter Lang, Frankfurt am Main (1989) 123.
10. 8. Krippendorf, J., 'Towards new tourism policies: the importance of environmental and socio-cultural factors' Tourism Management 1982 3(3) 135-148; Kariel, H. G., 'Tourism and development: perplexity or panacea', Journal of Travel Research 1989 28 2-6.
11. 8. Krippendorf, J., 'Towards new tourism policies: the importance of environmental and socio-cultural factors' Tourism Management 1982 3(3) 135-148; Kariel, H. G., 'Tourism and development: perplexity or panacea', Journal of Travel Research 1989 28 2-6.
12. 9. South East Economic Development Strategy (SEEDS) The Last Resort: Tourism, Tourist Employment and Post-tourism in the South East SEEDS: Stevenage, Hertfordshire, UK (1989) 90.
13. 10. Gonsalves, P. and Holden, P. (eds), Alternative Tourism: A Resource Book, Ecumenical Coalition on Third World Tourism, Bangkok (1985).
14. 11. World Tourism Organisation Seminar on 'Alternative' Tourism: Introductory Report (SEM/ALG/89/IR) (1990); Seminar on 'Alternative' Tourism: Final Report (SEM/ALG/ 89/FR) (1990); Haywood, K. M., 'Responsible and responsive tourism planning in the community', Tourism Management 1988 9(2) 105-118.
15. 11. World Tourism Organisation Seminar on 'Alternative' Tourism: Introductory Report (SEM/ALG/89/IR) (1990); Seminar on 'Alternative' Tourism: Final Report (SEM/ALG/ 89/FR) (1990); Haywood, K. M., 'Responsible and responsive tourism planning in the community', Tourism Management 1988 9(2) 105-118.
16. 11. World Tourism Organisation Seminar on 'Alternative' Tourism: Introductory Report (SEM/ALG/89/IR) (1990); Seminar on 'Alternative' Tourism: Final Report (SEM/ALG/ 89/FR) (1990); Haywood, K. M., 'Responsible and responsive tourism planning in the community', Tourism Management 1988 9(2) 105-118.
17. 12. Singh, T. V., Theuns, H. L. and Go, F. M. (eds), 'Towards Appropriate Tourism: The Case of Developing Countries' European University Studies Series X, Vol. 11, Peter Lang, Frankfurt am Main (1989).
18. 13. Bramwell, B., 'Sustainability and Rural Tourism Policy in Britain', Tourism Recreation Research 1991 16(2) 49-51.
19. 14. Lane, B. 'The Future of rural tourism' Insights English Tourist Board (1989) D5.1-D5.6; Lane, B., 'Developing Sustainable rural tourism' presented at the Irish National Planning Conference - Planning and Tourism in Harmony, Newmarket on Fergus, County Clare, April (1990).
20. 14. Lane, B. 'The Future of rural tourism' Insights English Tourist Board (1989) D5.1-D5.6; Lane, B., 'Developing Sustainable rural tourism' presented at the Irish National Planning Conference - Planning and Tourism in Harmony, Newmarket on Fergus, County Clare, April (1990).
21. 15. Lillywhite, M. and Lillywhite, L., 'Low impact tourism' in Hawkins and Ritchie (eds), World Travel and Tourism Review: Indicators, Trends and Forecasts, Vol. 1, CAB International, Wallingford, UK (1991) 162-169.
22. 16. Boo, E., Ecotourism: Potential and Pitfalls, World Wildlife Fund, Washington, DC (1990).
23. 17. Fennell, D. A. and Eagles, P. F. J., Ecotourism in Costa Rica: A conceptual framework. J. Parks and Recreation Assoc. 1990, 8(1), 23-34.
24. 18. Godfrey, K. B., 'Tourism and Sustainable Development: towards a community framework', Ph.D. dissertation, School of Planning, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford UK (1993) 421 (unpublished).
25. 19. John Pezzey found over 60 definitions of, or commentaries on, sustainable development and related concepts in the late 1980's; the bias and tone of these definitions often dependent on the background of the writer. See Pezzey, J. Definitions of Sustainability Discussion Paper No. 9, Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Colorado (1989).
26. 20. Pezzey, J., Definitions of Sustainability Discussion Paper No. 9, Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Colorado (1989); see also Butler, R. W., 'Tourism: an evolutionary perspective' in Nelson, J., Butler, R. and Wall, G. (eds), Tourism and Sustainable Development: Monitoring, Planning, Managing Department of Geography Publication Series 37, University of Waterloo, Canada (1994) 27-44.
27. 20. Pezzey, J., Definitions of Sustainability Discussion Paper No. 9, Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Colorado (1989); see also Butler, R. W., 'Tourism: an evolutionary perspective' in Nelson, J., Butler, R. and Wall, G. (eds), Tourism and Sustainable Development: Monitoring, Planning, Managing Department of Geography Publication Series 37, University of Waterloo, Canada (1994) 27-44.
28. 21. Pezzey, J., Definitions of Sustainability Discussion Paper No. 9, Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Colorado (1989); Godfrey, K. B., 'Planning for Sustainable Tourism Development in Mediterranean Countries', Journal of Sustainable Tourism 1995 3(1) 55-58; Godfrey, K. B., 'Towards Sustainability? Tourism in the Republic of Cyprus' in Harrison, L. and Husbands, W. (eds) Practising Responsible Tourism, Wiley, New York (1996) 58-79.
29. 21. Pezzey, J., Definitions of Sustainability Discussion Paper No. 9, Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Colorado (1989); Godfrey, K. B., 'Planning for Sustainable Tourism Development in Mediterranean Countries', Journal of Sustainable Tourism 1995 3(1) 55-58; Godfrey, K. B., 'Towards Sustainability? Tourism in the Republic of Cyprus' in Harrison, L. and Husbands, W. (eds) Practising Responsible Tourism, Wiley, New York (1996) 58-79.
30. 21. Pezzey, J., Definitions of Sustainability Discussion Paper No. 9, Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Colorado (1989); Godfrey, K. B., 'Planning for Sustainable Tourism Development in Mediterranean Countries', Journal of Sustainable Tourism 1995 3(1) 55-58; Godfrey, K. B., 'Towards Sustainability? Tourism in the Republic of Cyprus' in Harrison, L. and Husbands, W. (eds) Practising Responsible Tourism, Wiley, New York (1996) 58-79.
31. 22. Butler R. W., 'Alternative Tourism: Pious Hope or Trojan Horse?' World Leisure and Recreation 1989 Winter 9-17; Wheeller B. 'Tourism's Troubled Times: responsible tourism is not the answer', Tourism Management 1991, 12, 91-96; Godfrey, K. B., 'Tourism and Sustainable Development: towards a community framework' Ph.D. dissertation, Oxford Brookes University (1993) 421 (unpublished).
32. 22. Butler R. W., 'Alternative Tourism: Pious Hope or Trojan Horse?' World Leisure and Recreation 1989 Winter 9-17; Wheeller B. 'Tourism's Troubled Times: responsible tourism is not the answer', Tourism Management 1991, 12, 91-96; Godfrey, K. B., 'Tourism and Sustainable Development: towards a community framework' Ph.D. dissertation, Oxford Brookes University (1993) 421 (unpublished).
33. 22. Butler R. W., 'Alternative Tourism: Pious Hope or Trojan Horse?' World Leisure and Recreation 1989 Winter 9-17; Wheeller B. 'Tourism's Troubled Times: responsible tourism is not the answer', Tourism Management 1991, 12, 91-96; Godfrey, K. B., 'Tourism and Sustainable Development: towards a community framework' Ph.D. dissertation, Oxford Brookes University (1993) 421 (unpublished).
34. 23. World Commission on Environment and Development, Our Common Future, Oxford University Press, Oxford (1987).
35. 24. United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (Rio Earth Summit) Agenda 21 (1992).
36. 25. Her Majesty's Stationery Office, This Common Inheritance HMSO, London (1990).
37. 26. English Tourist Board and the Employment Department Group, Tourism and the Environment: Maintaining the Balance, ETB/EDG, London, UK (1991).
38. 27. English Tourist Board and the Employment Department Group, Tourism and the Environment: Maintaining the Balance, ETB/EDG, London, UK (1991).
39. 28. The data and analysis presented in this paper was undertaken prior to the change of government following the 1997 General Election.
40. 29. Her Majesty's Stationery Office, Tourism in the UK: Realising the Potential, Department of Employment, the Northern Ireland Office, the Welsh Office and the Scottish Office, HMSO London (1992).
41. 30. Her Majesty's Stationery Office, Planning Policy Guidance Note 21: Tourism, Department of the Environment, HMSO, London (1992) paragraph 1.2.
42. 31. Her Majesty's Stationery Office, Local Government and the Development of Tourism, Department of the Environment Circular 13/79, HMSO, London, UK (1979) paragraph 3.
43. 32. Her Majesty's Stationery Office, Planning Policy Guidance Note 12: Development Plans and Regional Planning Guidance, HMSO, London (1992).
44. 33. Pezzey, J., Definitions of Sustainability Discussion Paper No. 9, Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Colorado (1989); see also Butler, R. W., 'Tourism: an evolutionary perspective' in Nelson, J., Butler, R. and Wall, G. (eds), Tourism and Sustainable Development: Monitoring, Planning, Managing, Department of Geography Publication Series 37, University of Waterloo, Canada (1994) 27-44.
45. 33. Pezzey, J., Definitions of Sustainability Discussion Paper No. 9, Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Colorado (1989); see also Butler, R. W., 'Tourism: an evolutionary perspective' in Nelson, J., Butler, R. and Wall, G. (eds), Tourism and Sustainable Development: Monitoring, Planning, Managing, Department of Geography Publication Series 37, University of Waterloo, Canada (1994) 27-44.
46. 34. Murphy, P. E., Tourism: A Community Approach, Methuen, London, UK (1985) 165.
47. 35. Association of District Councils, Tourism: It's the District Councils Who Deliver ADC, London (1988); English Tourist Board Planning for Tourism in England: a guide for local authorities on tourism planning and management ETB, London (1981); Association of District Councils, Towards Unitary Authorities: Tourism ADC, London, UK (c1992); English Tourist Board, Visitors in the Countryside: Rural Tourism - a development strategy ETB, London, UK (1988); English Tourist Board, Rural Development Commission and the Countryside Commission, The Green Light: A Guide to Sustainable Tourism ETB/RDC/CoCo, London, UK (1991); English Tourist Board and the Employment Department Group, Tourism and the Environment: Maintaining the Balance ETB/EDG, London, UK (1991).
48. 35. Association of District Councils, Tourism: It's the District Councils Who Deliver ADC, London (1988); English Tourist Board Planning for Tourism in England: a guide for local authorities on tourism planning and management ETB, London (1981); Association of District Councils, Towards Unitary Authorities: Tourism ADC, London, UK (c1992); English Tourist Board, Visitors in the Countryside: Rural Tourism - a development strategy ETB, London, UK (1988); English Tourist Board, Rural Development Commission and the Countryside Commission, The Green Light: A Guide to Sustainable Tourism ETB/RDC/CoCo, London, UK (1991); English Tourist Board and the Employment Department Group, Tourism and the Environment: Maintaining the Balance ETB/EDG, London, UK (1991).
49. 35. Association of District Councils, Tourism: It's the District Councils Who Deliver ADC, London (1988); English Tourist Board Planning for Tourism in England: a guide for local authorities on tourism planning and management ETB, London (1981); Association of District Councils, Towards Unitary Authorities: Tourism ADC, London, UK (c1992); English Tourist Board, Visitors in the Countryside: Rural Tourism - a development strategy ETB, London, UK (1988); English Tourist Board, Rural Development Commission and the Countryside Commission, The Green Light: A Guide to Sustainable Tourism ETB/RDC/CoCo, London, UK (1991); English Tourist Board and the Employment Department Group, Tourism and the Environment: Maintaining the Balance ETB/EDG, London, UK (1991).
50. 35. Association of District Councils, Tourism: It's the District Councils Who Deliver ADC, London (1988); English Tourist Board Planning for Tourism in England: a guide for local authorities on tourism planning and management ETB, London (1981); Association of District Councils, Towards Unitary Authorities: Tourism ADC, London, UK (c1992); English Tourist Board, Visitors in the Countryside: Rural Tourism - a development strategy ETB, London, UK (1988); English Tourist Board, Rural Development Commission and the Countryside Commission, The Green Light: A Guide to Sustainable Tourism ETB/RDC/CoCo, London, UK (1991); English Tourist Board and the Employment Department Group, Tourism and the Environment: Maintaining the Balance ETB/EDG, London, UK (1991).
51. 35. Association of District Councils, Tourism: It's the District Councils Who Deliver ADC, London (1988); English Tourist Board Planning for Tourism in England: a guide for local authorities on tourism planning and management ETB, London (1981); Association of District Councils, Towards Unitary Authorities: Tourism ADC, London, UK (c1992); English Tourist Board, Visitors in the Countryside: Rural Tourism - a development strategy ETB, London, UK (1988); English Tourist Board, Rural Development Commission and the Countryside Commission, The Green Light: A Guide to Sustainable Tourism ETB/RDC/CoCo, London, UK (1991); English Tourist Board and the Employment Department Group, Tourism and the Environment: Maintaining the Balance ETB/EDG, London, UK (1991).
52. 35. Association of District Councils, Tourism: It's the District Councils Who Deliver ADC, London (1988); English Tourist Board Planning for Tourism in England: a guide for local authorities on tourism planning and management ETB, London (1981); Association of District Councils, Towards Unitary Authorities: Tourism ADC, London, UK (c1992); English Tourist Board, Visitors in the Countryside: Rural Tourism - a development strategy ETB, London, UK (1988); English Tourist Board, Rural Development Commission and the Countryside Commission, The Green Light: A Guide to Sustainable Tourism ETB/RDC/CoCo, London, UK (1991); English Tourist Board and the Employment Department Group, Tourism and the Environment: Maintaining the Balance ETB/EDG, London, UK (1991).
53. 36. While UNCED led to the development Local Agenda 21 UK, this and other documents relating to 'local sustainability' do not really discuss tourism issues, at least in any context of practical planning or management activity.
54. 37. English Tourist Board and the Employment Department Group, Tourism and the Environment: Maintaining the Balance ETB/EDG, London, UK (1991); Her Majesty's Stationery Office, Tourism in the UK: Realising the Potential, Department of Employment, the Northern Ireland Office, the Welsh Office and the Scottish Office, HMSO London (1992); McIntyre, G., Sustainable Tourism Development: Guide for Local Planners World Tourism Organisation, Madrid, Spain (1993).
55. 37. English Tourist Board and the Employment Department Group, Tourism and the Environment: Maintaining the Balance ETB/EDG, London, UK (1991); Her Majesty's Stationery Office, Tourism in the UK: Realising the Potential, Department of Employment, the Northern Ireland Office, the Welsh Office and the Scottish Office, HMSO London (1992); McIntyre, G., Sustainable Tourism Development: Guide for Local Planners World Tourism Organisation, Madrid, Spain (1993).
56. 37. English Tourist Board and the Employment Department Group, Tourism and the Environment: Maintaining the Balance ETB/EDG, London, UK (1991); Her Majesty's Stationery Office, Tourism in the UK: Realising the Potential, Department of Employment, the Northern Ireland Office, the Welsh Office and the Scottish Office, HMSO London (1992); McIntyre, G., Sustainable Tourism Development: Guide for Local Planners World Tourism Organisation, Madrid, Spain (1993).
57. 38. Butler, R. W., 'Alternative Tourism: Pious Hope or Trojan Horse?', World Leisure and Recreation 1989 Winter 9-17; Wheeller, B., 'Tourism's Troubled Times: responsible tourism is not the answer', Tourism Management 1991 12 91-96; Godfrey, K. B., 'Tourism and Sustainable Development: towards a community framework', Ph.D. dissertation, Oxford Brookes University (1993) 421 (unpublished); Cazes, G. H., 'Alternative Tourism: reflections on an ambiguous concept' in Singh et al. (eds), Towards Appropriate Tourism: The Case of Developing Countries European University Studies, Series X, Vol. 11, Peter Lang, Frankfurt am Main (1989) 123.
58. 38. Butler, R. W., 'Alternative Tourism: Pious Hope or Trojan Horse?', World Leisure and Recreation 1989 Winter 9-17; Wheeller, B., 'Tourism's Troubled Times: responsible tourism is not the answer', Tourism Management 1991 12 91-96; Godfrey, K. B., 'Tourism and Sustainable Development: towards a community framework', Ph.D. dissertation, Oxford Brookes University (1993) 421 (unpublished); Cazes, G. H., 'Alternative Tourism: reflections on an ambiguous concept' in Singh et al. (eds), Towards Appropriate Tourism: The Case of Developing Countries European University Studies, Series X, Vol. 11, Peter Lang, Frankfurt am Main (1989) 123.
59. 38. Butler, R. W., 'Alternative Tourism: Pious Hope or Trojan Horse?', World Leisure and Recreation 1989 Winter 9-17; Wheeller, B., 'Tourism's Troubled Times: responsible tourism is not the answer', Tourism Management 1991 12 91-96; Godfrey, K. B., 'Tourism and Sustainable Development: towards a community framework', Ph.D. dissertation, Oxford Brookes University (1993) 421 (unpublished); Cazes, G. H., 'Alternative Tourism: reflections on an ambiguous concept' in Singh et al. (eds), Towards Appropriate Tourism: The Case of Developing Countries European University Studies, Series X, Vol. 11, Peter Lang, Frankfurt am Main (1989) 123.
60. 38. Butler, R. W., 'Alternative Tourism: Pious Hope or Trojan Horse?', World Leisure and Recreation 1989 Winter 9-17; Wheeller, B., 'Tourism's Troubled Times: responsible tourism is not the answer', Tourism Management 1991 12 91-96; Godfrey, K. B., 'Tourism and Sustainable Development: towards a community framework', Ph.D. dissertation, Oxford Brookes University (1993) 421 (unpublished); Cazes, G. H., 'Alternative Tourism: reflections on an ambiguous concept' in Singh et al. (eds), Towards Appropriate Tourism: The Case of Developing Countries European University Studies, Series X, Vol. 11, Peter Lang, Frankfurt am Main (1989) 123.
61. 39. English Tourist Board, Rural Development Commission and the Countryside Commission, The Green Light: a guide to sustainable tourism ETB/RDC/CoCo, London, UK (1991); World Travel and Tourism Council, Agenda 21 for the Travel and Tourism Industry - towards environmentally sustainable development WTTC, London, UK (1995).
62. 39. English Tourist Board, Rural Development Commission and the Countryside Commission, The Green Light: a guide to sustainable tourism ETB/RDC/CoCo, London, UK (1991); World Travel and Tourism Council, Agenda 21 for the Travel and Tourism Industry - towards environmentally sustainable development WTTC, London, UK (1995).
63. 40. Ashworth, G. J., Planning for sustainable tourism: a review article, Town Planning Review 1992, 63(3), 325-329.
64. 41. Shortt, G., Attitudes of tourism planners: implications for human resource development, Tourism Management 1994, 15(6), 444-450.
65. 42. Global Opportunities for Business and Environment 'An Action Strategy for Sustainable Tourism Development', Globe '90 Conference Vancouver, BC, Canada (1990).
66. 43. Inter-Parliamentary Union and the World Tourism Organisation, The Hague Declaration on Tourism, IPU/WTO, 10-14 April, Den Hague, The Netherlands (1989).
67. 44. English Tourist Board and the Employment Department Group, Tourism and the Environment: Maintaining the Balance ETB/EDG, London, UK (1991).
68. 45. Richards, G. and Wilkes, J., The Role of Local Authorities in Tourism Development and Promotion in England, PNL Press, London, UK (1990).
69. 46. The 'non-relevant' replies were form the BATO list indicating membership of a public/private tourism association and not council employees.
70. 47. Her Majesty's Stationery Office, Local Government and the Development of Tourism, Department of the Environment Circular 13/79, HMSO, London, UK (1979) paragraph 3.
71. 48. English Tourist Board and the Employment Department Group, Tourism and the Environment: Maintaining the Balance ETB/EDG, London, UK (1991).
72. 49. English Tourist Board and the Employment Department Group, Tourism and the Environment: Maintaining the Balance ETB/EDG, London, UK (1991) 41.
73. 50. English Tourist Board and the Employment Department Group, Tourism and the Environment: Maintaining the Balance ETB/EDG, London, UK (1991) 35.
74. 51. The Northern Ireland Tourist Board was established in 1948 under the Development of Tourist Traffic Act (Northern Ireland).
75. 52. Her Majesty's Stationery Office, Planning Policy Guidance Note 12: Development Plans and Regional Planning Guidance, HMSO, London (1992).
76. 53. Her Majesty's Stationery Office, Planning Policy Guidance Note 21: Tourism Department of the Environment, HMSO, London (1992) paragraph 1.2.
77. 54. see for example reference 5.
78. 55. This data was collected prior to the local government re-organisation between 1996-1997; 'regional' tourist boards in the UK are non-statutory, public limited companies.
79. 57. Global Opportunities for Business and Environment 'An Action Strategy for Sustainable Tourism Development' Globe '90 Conference Vancouver, BC, Canada (1990).
80. 58. Boo, E., Ecotourism: Potential and Pitfalls World Wildlife Fund, Washington, DC (1990) 35.
81. 59. Pezzey, J., Definitions of Sustainability Discussion Paper No. 9, Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Colorado (1989); see also Butler, R. W., Tourism: an evolutionary perspective', in Nelson, J., Butler, R. and Wall, G. (eds) Tourism and Sustainable Development: Monitoring, Planning, Managing Department of Geography Publication Series 37, University of Waterloo, Canada (1994) 27-44.
82. 59. Pezzey, J., Definitions of Sustainability Discussion Paper No. 9, Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Colorado (1989); see also Butler, R. W., Tourism: an evolutionary perspective', in Nelson, J., Butler, R. and Wall, G. (eds) Tourism and Sustainable Development: Monitoring, Planning, Managing Department of Geography Publication Series 37, University of Waterloo, Canada (1994) 27-44.
83. 60. Godfrey, K. B., 'Tourism and Sustainable Development: towards a community framework' Ph.D. dissertation School of Planning, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK (1993) 421 (unpublished)
84. 61. Her Majesty's Stationery Office, Planning Policy Guidance Note 12: Development Plans and Regional Planning Guidance, HMSO, London (1992).
85. 62. Manila Declaration WTO (1980); The WTO/UNEP Joint Declaration WTO (1982); The Tourism Bill of Rights and the Tourist Code WTO (1985). Each of these documents, in addition to the more recent Hague Declaration and Globe '90 Action Strategy, have stressed the need for a more environmentally sensitive and socially responsible approach to tourism planning and development.
86. 62. Manila Declaration WTO (1980); The WTO/UNEP Joint Declaration WTO (1982); The Tourism Bill of Rights and the Tourist Code WTO (1985). Each of these documents, in addition to the more recent Hague Declaration and Globe '90 Action Strategy, have stressed the need for a more environmentally sensitive and socially responsible approach to tourism planning and development.
87. 62. Manila Declaration WTO (1980); The WTO/UNEP Joint Declaration WTO (1982); The Tourism Bill of Rights and the Tourist Code WTO (1985). Each of these documents, in addition to the more recent Hague Declaration and Globe '90 Action Strategy, have stressed the need for a more environmentally sensitive and socially responsible approach to tourism planning and development.
88. 63. Taylor, G. D., 'Tourism and Sustainability - Impossible Dream or Essential Objective', Proceedings of the TTRA Canadian Chapter Conference: Tourism - Environment -Sustainable Development: and agenda for research Quebec, October (1991) 27-29.