Lithologic discontinuities in some soils on drumlins: Theory, detection, and application

Soil Science

Volumn 163, Issue 7, 1998, Pages 570-590

  Schaetzl, Randall J ^a  

^a MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Alfisols; Michigan; Pedogenesis; Pedogenic theory; Sedimentation

Indexed keywords

DRUMLIN; GLACIAL PROCESS; LITHOLOGY; SOIL STRUCTURE;

EID: 0031845314     PISSN: 0038075X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00010694-199807000-00006     Document Type: Article

References (93)

1. Alexander, J. B., A. H. Beavers, and P. R. Johnson. 1962. Zirconium content of coarse silt in loess and till of Wisconsin age in northern Illinois. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 26:189-191.
2. Arnold, R. W. 1968. Pedological significance of lithologic discontinuities. Trans. 9th Intl. Congress Soil Sci. (Adelaide) 4:595-603.
3. Asadu, C. L. A., and F. O. R. Akamigbo. 1987. The use of abrupt changes in selected soil properties to assess lithological discontinuities in soils of eastern Nigeria. Pedologie. 37:43-56.
4. Asady, G. H., and E. P. Whiteside. 1982. Composition of a Conover-Brookston map unit in southeastern Michigan. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 46:1043-1047.
5. Asamoa, G. K. and R. Protz. 1972. Influence of discontinuities in particle size on the genesis of two soils of the Honeywood catena. Can. J. Soil Sci. 52:497-511.
6. Barnhisel, R. I., H. H. Bailey, and S. Matondang. 1971. Loess distribution in central and eastern Kentucky. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 35:483-487.
7. Barshad, I. 1964. Chemistry of soil development. In Chemistry of the soil. F.E. Bear (ed.). Chapman and Hall Ltd., London, pp. 1-71.
8. Bartelli, L. J., and R. T. Odell. 1960a. Field studies of a clay-enriched horizon in the lowest part of the solum of some Brunizem and grey-brown podzolic soils in Illinois. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 24:388-390.
9. Bartelli, L. J. and R. T. Odell. 1960b. Laboratory studies and genesis of a clay-enriched horizon in the lowest part of the solum of some Brunizem and grey-brown podzolic soils in Illinois. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 24:390-395.
10. 2 molar ratios as an index of weathering. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 27:408-412.
11. Beshay, N. F., and A. S. Sallam. 1995. Evaluation of some methods for establishing uniformity of profile parent materials. Arid Soil Res. Rehabil. 9:63-72.
12. Bigham, J. M., N. E. Smeck, L. D. Norton, G. F. Hall, and M. L. Thompson. 1991. Lithology and general stratigraphy of Quaternary sediments in a section of the Teays River valley of southern Ohio. In Geology and hydrogeology of the Teays-Mahomet Bedrock Valley system. W.N. Melhorn and J.P. Kempton (eds.). Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Paper 258. Boulder, CO, pp. 19-27.
13. Bilzi, A. F., and E. J. Ciolkosz. 1977. A field morphology rating scale for evaluating pedological development. Soil Sci. 124:45-48.
14. Bishop, P. M., P. B. Mitchell, and T. R. Paton. 1980. The formation of duplex soils on hillslopes in the Sydney Basin, Australia. Geoderma. 23:175-189.
15. Blewett, W. 1991. Characteristics, correlations, and refinements of Leverett and Taylor's Port Huron moraine in Michigan. East Lakes Geogr. 26:52-60.
16. Bockheim, J. G., J. G. Marshall, and H. M. Kelsey. 1996. Soil-forming processes and rates on uplifted marine terraces in southwestern Oregon, USA. Geoderma 73:39-62.
17. Borchardt, G. A., F. D. Hole, and M. L. Jackson. 1968. Genesis of layer silicates in representative soils in a glacial landscape of southeastern Wisconsin. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 32:399-403.
18. Buol, S. W., F. D. Hole, and R. J. McCracken. 1989. Soil genesis and classification, 3rd Ed. Iowa St. Univ. Press, Ames. Iowa.
19. Burgis, W. A. 1977. Late-Wisconsinan history of northeastern lower Michigan. Ph.D. Dissertation, Univ. of Michigan.
20. Busacca, A. J., and M. J. Singer. 1989. Pedogenesis of a chronosequence in the Sacramento Valley, California, USA. II. Elemental chemistry of silt fractions. Geoderma 44:43-75.
21. Cabrera-Martinez, F., W. G. Harris, V. W. Carlisle, and M. E. Collins. 1989. Evidence for clay translocation in coastal plain soils with sandy/loamy boundaries. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 53:1108-1114.
22. Caldwell, R. E., and J. Pourzad. 1974. Characterization of selected Paleudults in west Florida. Soil Crop Sci. Soc. Fla. Proc. 33:143-147.
23. Chadwick, O. A., Brimhall, G. H., and D. M. Hendricks. 1990. From a black box to a gray box - A mass balance interpretation of pedogenesis. In Soils and landscape evolution. P.L.K. Knuepfer and L.D. McFadden (eds.). Geomorphology 3:369-390.
24. Chapman, S. L., and M. E. Horn. 1968. Parent material uniformity and origin of silty soils in northwest Arkansas based on zirconium-titanium contents. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 32:265-271.
25. Cremeens, D. L., and J. P. Hart. 1995. On chronostratigraphy, pedostratigraphy, and archaeological context. In Pedological perspectives in archaeological research. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Spec. Publ. 44., pp. 15-33.
26. Cremeens, D. L., and D. L. Mokma. 1986. Argillic horizon expression and classification in the soils of two Michigan hydrosequences. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 50:1002-1007.
27. Curry, B. B., and M. J. Pavich. 1996. Absence of glaciation in Illinois during marine isotope stages 3 through 5. Quat. Res. 46:19-26.
28. Dekker, L. W., and C. J. Ritsema. 1996. Uneven moisture patterns in water repellent soils. Geoderma 70:87-99.
29. Dowdeswell, J. A. 1982. Scanning electron micrographs of quartz sand grains from cold environments examined using Fourier shape analysis. J. Sediment. Petrogr. 52:1315-1323.
30. Evans, L. J. 1978. Quantification of pedological processes. In Quaternary soils. W.C. Mahaney (ed.). Geo Abstracts, Norwich. pp. 361-378.
31. Evans, L. J., and W. A. Adams. 1975. Quantitative pedological studies on soils derived from Silurian mudstones. IV. Uniformity of the parent material and evaluation of internal standards. J. Soil Sci. 26: 319-326.
32. Fine, P., M. J. Singer, and K. L. Verosub. 1992. Use of magnetic-susceptibility measurements in assessing soil uniformity in chronosequence studies. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 56:1195-1199.
33. Fiskell, J. G. A., and V. W. Carlisle. 1963. Weathering of some Florida soils. Soil Crop Soc. Fla. Proc. 23: 32-44.
34. Follmer, L. R. 1982. The geomorphology of the Sangamon surface: Its spatial and temporal attributes. In: Space and time in geomorphology C. Thorn, (ed.). Allen and Unwin, Boston, pp. 117-146.
35. Foss, J. E., D. S. Fanning, F. P. Miller, and D. P. Wagner. 1978. Loess deposits of the eastern shore of Maryland. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 42:329-334.
36. Foss, J. E., and R. H. Rust. 1968. Soil genesis study of a lithologic discontinuity in glacial drift in western Wisconsin. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 32:393-398.
37. Gamble, E. E., Daniels, R. B., and R. J. McCracken. 1969. A2 horizons of coastal plain soils pedogenic or geologic origin. Southeastern Geol. 11: 137-152.
38. Hart, J. K. 1997. The relationship between drumlins and other forms of subglacial glaciotectonic deformation. Quat. Sci. Revs. 16:93-107.
39. Hartgrove, N. T., J. T. Ammons, A. R. Khiel, and J. D. O'Dell. 1993. Genesis of soils on two stream terrace levels on the Tennessee River. Soil Surv. Horiz. 34:78-88.
40. Haseman, J. F., and C. E. Marshall. 1945. The use of heavy minerals in studies of the origin and development of soils. Mo. Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Bull. 387: 1-75.
41. Holliday, V. T. 1988. Genesis of a late-Holocene soil chronosequence at the Lubbock Lake archaeological site, Texas. Ann. Assoc. Am. Geogr. 78:594-610.
42. Humphreys, G. S. 1994. Bioturbation, biofabrics and the biomantle: an example from the Sydney Basin. In Soil micromorphology: Studies in management and genesis. A.J. Ringrose-Voase and G.S. Humphreys (eds.). Elsevier, London, pp. 421-136.
43. Isard, S. A. and R. J. Schaetzl. 1995. Estimating soil temperatures and frost in the lake effect snowbelt region, Michigan, USA. Cold Regions Sci. Technol. 23:317-332.
44. Johnson, D. L. 1989. Subsurface stone lines, stone zones, artifact-manuport layers, and biomantles produced by bioturbation via pocket gophers (Thomomys bottae). Am. Antiquity 54:370-389.
45. Johnson, D. L. 1990. Biomantle evolution and the redistribution of earth materials and artifacts. Soil Sci. 149:84-102.
46. Johnson, D. L. 1993. Dynamic denudation evolution of tropical, subtropical and temperate landscapes with three tiered soils: Toward a general theory of landscape evolution. Quat. Int. 17:67-78.
47. Johnson, D. L. 1994. Reassessment of early and modern soil horizon designation frameworks and associated pedogenetic processes: Are midlatitude A E B-C horizons equivalent to tropical M S W horizons? Soil Sci. (Trends in Agric. Sci.). 2:77-91.
48. Johnson, D. L., and C. L. Balek. 1991. The genesis of Quaternary landscapes with stone lines. Phys. Geog. 12:385-395.
49. Johnson, D. L., D. Watson-Stegner, D. N. Johnson, and R. J. Schaetzl. 1987. Proisotropic and proaniso-tropic processes of pedoturbation. Soil Sci. 143:278-292.
50. Karathanasis, A. D., and P. A. Golrick. 1991. Soil formation on loess/sandstone toposequences in west-central Kentucky: I. Morphology and physiochemical properties. Soil Sci. 152:14-24.
51. Karathanasis, A. D. and B. R. Macneal. 1994. Evaluation of parent material uniformity criteria in loess-influenced soils of west-central Kentucky. Geoderma 64:73-92.
52. Khakural, B. R., G. D. Lemme, and D. L. Mokma. 1993. Till thickness and argillic horizon development in some Michigan Hapludalfs. Soil Surv. Horiz. 34: 6-13.
53. Khangarot, A. S., L. P. Wilding, and G. F. Hall. 1971. Composition and weathering of loess mantled Wisconsin- and Illinoian-age terraces in central Ohio. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 35:621-626.
54. Kuzila, M. S. 1995. Identification of multiple loess units within modern soils of Clay County, Nebraska. Geoderma 65:45-57.
55. Langohr, R., C. O. Scoppa, and A. Van Wambeke. 1976. The use of a comparative particle size distribution index for the numerical classification of soil parent materials: Application to Mollisols of the Argentine Pampa. Geoderma 15:305-312.
56. Larson, G. J., T. V. Lowell, and N. E. Ostrom. 1994. Evidence for the Two Creeks interstade in the Lake Huron basin. Can. J. Earth Sci. 31:793-797.
57. Liebens, J., and R. J. Schaetzl. 1997. Relative-age relationships of debris flow deposits in the Southern Blue Ridge, North Carolina. Geomorphology 21:53-67.
58. Liu, Y., T. S. Steenhuis, J-Y. Parlange, and J. S. Selker. 1991. Hysteretic finger phenomena in dry and wetted sands. In Preferential flow. Proceedings of the National Symposium. T.J. Gish and A. Shirmohammadi (eds.). Am. Soc. Agric. Eng., St. Joseph, MI, pp. 160-172.
59. Meixner, R. E., and M. J. Singer. 1981. Use of a field morphology rating system to evaluate soil formation and discontinuities. Soil Sci. 131:114-123.
60. Nikiforoff, C. C., and M. Drosdoff. 1943. Genesis of a claypan soil: II. Soil Sci. 56:43-62.
61. Nooren, C. A. M., N. van Breemen, J. J. Stoorvogel, and A. G. Jongmans. 1995. The role of earthworms in the formation of sandy surface soils in a tropical forest in Ivory Coast. Geoderma 65:135-148.
62. Norton, L. D., and G. F. Hall. 1985. Differentiation of lithologically similar soil parent materials. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 49:409-414.
63. Oertel, A. C., and J. B. Giles. 1966. Quantitative study of a layered soil. Aust. J. Soil Res. 4:19-28.
64. Olson, C. G. 1989. Soil geomorphic research and the importance of paleosol stratigraphy to Quaternary investigations, midwestern USA. Catena Suppl. 16:129-142.
65. Parsons, R. B., and C. A. Balster. 1966. Morphology and genesis of six "Red Hill" soils in the Oregon coast range. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 30:90-93.
66. Parsons, R. B., and C. A. Balster. 1967. Dayton - A depositional Planosol, Willamette Valley, Oregon. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 31:255-258.
67. Paton, T. R., G. S. Humphreys, and P. B. Mitchell. 1995. Soils: A new global view. Yale Univ. Press, New Haven, CT.
68. Patro, B. C., and B. K. Sahu. 1974. Factor analysis of sphericity and roundness data of clastic quartz grains: Environmental significance. Sediment. Geol. 11:59-78.
69. Price, T. W., R. L. Blevins, R. I. Barnhisel, and H. H. Bailey. 1975. Lithologic discontinuities in loessial soils of southwestern Kentucky. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 39:94-98.
70. Raad, A. T., and R. Protz. 1971. A new method for the identification of sediment stratification in soils of the Blue Springs Basin, Ontario. Geoderma 6:23-41.
71. Ransom, M. D., N. E. Smeck, and J. M. Bigham. 1987. Stratigraphy and genesis of polygenetic soils on the Illinoian till plain of southwestern Ohio. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 51:135-141.
72. Raukas, A., D. M. Mickelson, and A. Dreimanis. 1978. Methods of till investigation in Europe and North America. J. Sediment. Petrogr. 48:285-294.
73. Ruhe, R. V. 1956. Geomorphic surfaces and the nature of soils. Soil Sci. 82:441-455.
74. Ruhe, R. V. 1958. Stone lines in soils. Soil Sci. 84: 223-231.
75. Rutledge, E. M., N. Holowaychuk, G. F. Hall, and L. P. Wilding. 1975a. Loess in Ohio in relation to several possible source areas: I. Physical and chemical properties. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 39:1125-1132.
76. Rutledge, E. M., L. P. Wilding, G. F. Hall, and N. Holowaychuk. 1975b. Loess in Ohio in relation to several possible source areas: II. Elemental and mineralogical composition. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 39:1133-1139.
77. Santos, M. C. D., R. J. St. Arnaud, and D. W. Anderson. 1986. Quantitative evaluation of pedogenic changes in Boralfs (Gray Luvisols) of east central Saskatchewan. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 50:1013-1019.
78. Schaetzl, R. J. 1986. The Sangamon paleosol in Brown County, Kansas. Kans. Acad. Sci. Trans. 89:152-161.
79. Schaetzl, R. J. 1992. Texture, mineralogy and lamellae development in sandy soils in Michigan. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 56:1538-1545.
80. Schaetzl, R. J. 1996. Spodosol-Alfisol intergrades: Bisequal soils in NE Michigan, USA. Geoderma 74:23-47.
81. Schaetzl, R. J., W. E. Frederick, and L. Tornes. 1996. Secondary carbonates in three fine and fine-loamy Alfisols in Michigan. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 60: 1862-1870.
82. Schwartz, D. 1996. Archeologie prehistorique et processus de formation des stone-lines en Afrique central (Congo-Brazzaville et zones peripheriques). Prehistorical archaeology and formation processes of stone-lines in central Africa (Congo-Brazzaville and adjoining areas). Geo.-Eco.-Trop. 20:15-38.
83. Sheldrick, B. H. (ed.). 1984. Analytical methods manual 1984. Land Resource Research Institute Contrib. No. 84-30. Ottawa, Canada.
84. Singer, M. J., and P. Fine. 1989. Pedogenic factors affecting magnetic susceptibility in northern California soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 53:1119-1127.
85. Smeck, N. E., Wilding, L. P., and N. Holowaychuk. 1968. Genesis of argillic horizons in Celina and Morley soils of western Ohio. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 32:550-556.
86. Smith, H., and L. P. Wilding. 1972. Genesis of argillic horizons in Ochraqualfs derived from fine textured till deposits of northwestern Ohio and southeastern Michigan. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 36:808-815.
87. Soil Science Society of America. 1997. Glossary of soil science terms. Soil Sci. Soc. Am., Madison, WI.
88. Soil Survey Division Staff. 1993. Soil survey manual. USDA handbook No. 18. US Govt. Printing Off., Washington, DC.
89. Tremocoldi, W. A., G. C. Steinhardt, and D. P. Franzmeier. 1994. Clay mineralogy and chemistry of argillic horizons, fragipans, and paleosol B horizons of soils on a loess-thinning transect in southwestern Indiana, USA. Geoderma 63:77-93.
90. USDA-SCS (US Dept. of Agriculture-Soil Conservation Service). 1990. Soil series of the United States, including Puerto Rico and the US Virgin Islands. Their taxonomic classification. USDA-SCS Misc. Publ. 1483, US Govt. Printing Office, Washington, DC.
91. Washer, N. E., and M. E. Collins. 1988. Genesis of adjacent morphologically distinct soils in northwest Florida. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 52:191-196.
92. Whalley, W. B. 1978. An SEM examination of quartz grains from sub-glacial and associated environments and some methods for their characterisation. Scanning Electron Microsc. 1:353-360.
93. Wood, W. R., and D. L. Johnson. 1978. A survey of disturbance processes in archaeological site formation. In Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory, vol. 1. Schiffer, M.B. (ed.). Academic Press, New York, pp. 315-381.