Multi-element analysis of soils from Scottish historical sites. Interpreting land-use history through the physical and geochemical analysis of soil

Journal of Archaeological Science

Volumn 25, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 53-68

  Entwistle, Jane A ^a,b   Abrahams, Peter W ^a   Dodgshon, Robert A ^a  

^a ABERYSTWYTH UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b KINGSTON UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Geoarchaeology; ICP MS; Scotland; Soil analysis

Indexed keywords

ARABLE FARMING; GEOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS; HUMAN SETTLEMENT; LAND USE; SETTLEMENT HISTORY; SOIL ANALYSIS;

UK, SCOTLAND, SKYE, TROTTERNISH;

EID: 0031841832     PISSN: 03054403     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1006/jasc.1997.0199     Document Type: Article

References (70)

1. Allen, S. E. (1989). Chemical Analysis of Ecological Materials. 2nd edition. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications.
2. Alloway, B. J. (1995). Heavy Metals in Soils. 2nd edition. Blackie Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk: Academic and Professional.
3. Avery, B. W. (1973). Soil classification in the Soil Survey of England and Wales. Journal of Soil Science 24, 324-338.
4. Ball, D. F. (1964). Loss-on-ignition as an estimate of organic matter and organic carbon in non-calcareous soils. Journal of Soil Science 15(1), 84-92.
5. Bascomb, C. L. (1987). Physical and chemical analysis of <2 mm samples. In (B. W. Avery & C. L. Bascomb, Eds) Soil Survey Laboratory Methods. Harpenden: Soil Survey, Technical Monograph No. 6, pp. 14-41.
6. Bethell, P. H. & Carver, M. O. H. (1987). Detection and enhancement of decayed inhumations at Sutton Hoo. In (A. Boddington, N. Garland & R. C. Janaway, Eds) Death, Decay and Reconstruction. Manchester: Manchester University Press, pp. 10-21.
7. Bintliff, J. L., Davies, B. E., Gaffney, C. F. & Waters, A. (1990). Trace metal accumulation in soils on and around ancient settlements in Greece. In (S. Bottema, G. Entjes-Nieborg & W. van Zeist, Eds) Man's Role in Shaping of the Eastern Mediterranean Landscape. Rotterdam: A. A. Balkema, pp. 159-172.
8. Brady, N. C. & Weil, R. R. (1996). The Nature and Properties of Soils. 11th edition. U.S.A.: Prentice-Hall Inc.
9. Cavanagh, W. G., Buck, C. E. & Litton, C. D. (1988). The interpretation of noisy data from archaeological field survey: phosphate analysis. Environmental Geochemistry and Health 10(3/ 4), 92-95.
10. Conry, M. J. (1971). Irish plaggen soils - their distribution, origin and properties. Journal of Soil Science 22(4), 402-416.
11. Conry, M. J. (1974). Plaggen soils. Soils and Fertilizers 37(11), 319-326.
12. Conway, J. S. (1983). An investigation of soil phosphorus distribution within occupation deposits from a Romano-British hut group. Journal of Archaeological Science 10, 117-128.
13. Cook, S. F. & Heizer, R. F. (1965). Studies on the Chemical Analysis of Archaeological Sites. University of California, Publications in Anthropology.
14. Craddock, P. T., Gurney, D., Pryor, F. & Hughs, M. J. (1985). The application of phosphate analysis to the location and interpretation of archaeological sites. Archaeological Journal 142, 361-376.
15. Darling, F. (1955). West Highland Survey - An Essay in Human Ecology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
16. Davidson, D. A., Harkness, D. D. & Simpson, I. A. (1986). The formation of farm mounds on the island of Sanday, Orkney. Geoarchaeology 1, 45-60.
17. Davidson, D. A. & Simpson, I. A. (1984). The formation of deep topsoils in Orkney. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 9, 75-81.
18. de Bakker, H. (1980). Anthropogenic soils in the Netherlands. Roczniki Gleboznawcze 21, 323-328.
19. Dodgshon, R. A. (1988). The ecological basis of Highland peasant farming, 1500-1800 A.D. In (H. H. Birks, H. J. B. Birks, P. E. Kaland & D. Moe, Eds) The Cultural Landscape - Past, Present and Future. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 139-151.
20. Dodgshon, R. A. (1992). Farming practice in the Western Highlands and Islands before crofting: a study in cultural inertia or opportunity costs? Rural History 3, 173-189.
21. Dodgshon, R. A. (1993a). Strategies of farming in the Western Highlands of Scotland prior to crofting and the Clearances. Economic History Review 46(4), 679-701.
22. Dodgshon, R. A. (1993b). West Highland and Hebridean landscapes: have they a history without runrig? Journal of Historical Geography 19(4), 383-398.
23. Dodgshon, R. A. (1993c). West Highland and Hebrides settlement before crofting and the clearances: a study in stability or change? Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 123, 419-438.
24. Dodgshon, R. A. & Olsson, E. G. (1988). Productivity and nutrient use in eighteenth century Scottish Highland townships. Geografiska Annaler 70B (1), 39-51.
25. Edwards, K. J. (1983). Phosphate analysis of soils associated with the Old Kinord field and settlement system, Muir of Dinnet, Aberdeenshire. Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 113, 620-627.
26. Entwistle, J. A. (1994). Farming, Settlement and the Environment in the Western Isles of Scotland c. 800 A.D. to the Present-day. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, Institute of Earth Studies, University of Wales, Aberystwyth.
27. Entwistle, J. A. & Abrahams, P. W. (1997). Multi-element analysis of soils and sediments from Scottish historical sites. Potential use of Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry in rapid site prospection. Journal of Archaeological Science 24, 407-416.
28. Everitt, B. (1980). Cluster Analysis. 2nd edition. London: Halstead Press.
29. Geddes, A. (1955). Isle of Lewis and Harris: A Study in British Community. Geography and Sociology, 2. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Publications.
30. Glentworth, R. (1979). Observations on the soils of the Outer Hebrides. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 77B, 123-140.
31. Grupe, G. & Hummel, S. (1991). Trace element studies on experimentally cremated bone. I. Alteration of the chemical composition at high temperatures. Journal of Archaeological Science 18, 177-186.
32. Heidenreich, C. E. & Navratil, S. (1973). Soil analysis at the Robitaille site. Part 1: determining the perimeter of the village. Ontario Archaeology 20, 25-32.
33. Hurley, W. M. & Heidenreich, C. E. (Eds) (1971). Palaeoecology and Ontario Prehistory. Department of Anthropology, Research Report No. 2, University of Toronto.
34. Jefferies, R. W. & Woods, W. I. (1983). Soil analysis as a means of investigating changing patterns of site utilisation. Paper presented at the 48th Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, April 27-30, Pittsburgh.
35. Johnston, R. J. (1986). Multivariate Statistical Analysis in Geography. London: Longman.
36. Kabata-Pendias, A. & Pendias, H. (1984). Trace Elements in Soils and Plants. CRC Press.
37. Konrad, V. A., Bonnichsen, R. & Clay, V. (1983). Soil chemical identification of 10,000 years of prehistoric human activity areas at Munsungun Lake thoroughfare, Maine. Journal of Archaeological Science 10, 13-28.
38. Kovach, W. (1990). MultiVariate Statistics Package (MVSP), version 2.
39. Krzanowski, W. J. (1988). Principles of Multivariate Analysis. London: Clarendon Press.
40. Limbrey, S. (1975). Soil Science and Archaeology. London: Academic Press.
41. Lutz, H. J. (1951). The concentration of certain chemical elements in the soils of Alaskan archaeological sites. American Journal of Science 249, 925-928.
42. McCawley, J. C. & McKerrell, H. (1972). Soil phosphorus levels at archaeological sites. Proceedings of the Society of Scotland, 301-306.
43. Menzies, J. D. & Chaney, R. L. (1974). Factors Involved in Land Application of Agricultural and Municipal Wastes. National Program Staff. U.S. Dept. Agriculture, Beltsville M.D.
44. Mitchell, R. L. (1971). Trace elements in soils. In (MAFF), Trace Elements in Soils and Crops. Technical Bulletin 21, 8-16.
45. Morel, J. L., Fardeau, J. C., Beruff, M. A. & Guckert, A. (1989). Phosphate fixing capacity of soils: a survey using the isotopic exchange technique, or soils from north-eastern France. Fertiliser Research 19, 103-111.
46. Ottaway, J. H. & Mathews, M. R. (1988). Trace element analysis of soil samples from a stratified archaeological site. Environmental Geochemistry and Health 10(3/4), 105-112.
47. Page, A. L., Miller, F. H. & Keeney, D. R. (Eds) (1982). Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 2, Chemical and Microbiological Properties. 2nd edition. Madison, Wisconsin: Agronomy Monograph No. 9.
48. Pape, J. C. (1970). Plaggen soils in the Netherlands. Geoderma 4, 229-255.
49. Pickering, W. F. (1986). Metal ion speciation - soils and sediments (a review). Ore Geology Review 1, 83-146.
50. Proudfoot, V. B. (1976). The analysis and interpretation of soil phosphorus in archaeological contexts. In (D. A. Davidson & M. L. Shackley, Eds) Geoarchaeology. London: Duckworth, pp. 93-113.
51. Provan, D. M. J. (1971). Soil phosphate analysis as a tool in archaeology. Norwegian Archaeological Review 4, 37-50.
52. Provan, D. M. J. (1973). The soils of an Iron Age farm site - Bjellandsoyna, S.W. Norway. Norwegian Archaeological Review 6, 30-41.
53. Rowell, D. L. (1994). Soil Science: Methods and Applications. Essex: Longman.
54. Sandor, J. A. (1992). Long-term effects of prehistoric agriculture on soils: examples from New Mexico and Peru. In (V. T. Holliday, Ed.) Soils in Archaeology; Landscape Evolution and Human Occupation. Washington B.C.: Smithsonian Institute, pp. 217-245.
55. Simpson, I. A. (1985). Stable carbon isotope analysis of anthropogenic soils and sediments in Orkney. In (N. R. J. Fieller, D. D. Gilbertson & N. G. A. Ralph, Eds) Palaeoenvironmental Investigations - Research Design, Methods and Data Analysis. Oxford: BAR International Series 258, 55-66.
56. Sjoberg, A. (1976). Phosphate analysis of anthropic soils. Journal of Field Archaeology 3, 447-454.
57. Sokoloff, V. P. & Carter, G. F. (1952). Time and trace metals in archaeological sites. Science, 116, 1-5.
58. Sowden, E. M. & Stitch, S. R. (1957). II. Estimation of the concentration of stable Sr and Ba in human bone. Biochemical Journal 67, 104-109.
59. Staines, S. J. (1975). Man-made soils and soil horizons in West Cornwall. South-West England Soils Discussion Group, pp. 102-107.
60. Stein, J. K. (1992). Organic matter in archaeological contexts. In (V. T. Holliday, Ed.) Soils in Archaeology; Landscape Evolution and Human Occupation. Washington B.C.: Smithsonian Institute, pp. 199-216.
61. Steinnes, E., Dahm, S. & Furseth, R. (1984). Concentrations of rare earths in dentine enamel. Acta Odontoligica Scandinavica 32, 125-129.
62. Stobie, M. (1764). Plan of the Parish of Kilmur and Uig, RHP 5992. Edinburgh: Scottish Record Office, West Register House.
63. Tuross, N., Behrensmeyer, A. K. & Eanes, E. D. (1989). Strontium increases and crystallinity changes in taphonomic and archaeological bone. Journal of Archaeological Science 16, 661-672.
64. Thompson, M. & Wood, S. J. (1982). Atomic absorption methods in applied geochemistry. In (J. E. Cantle, Ed.) Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
65. Van de Westeringh, W. (1988). Man-made soils in the Netherlands, especially in sandy areas ("plaggen soils"). In (W. Groenman-van Waateringa & M. Robinson, Eds) Man-Made Soils. Oxford: BAR International Series 410, 5-19.
66. Wedephol, K. H. (Ed.) (1969). Handbook of Geochemistry. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
67. Weide, D. L. (1966). Soil pH as a guide to archaeological investigation. University of California (Los Angeles) Archaeological Survey, Annual report 8, 155-163.
68. Weymouth, J. W. & Woods, W. I. (1985). Combined magnetic and chemical surveys of forts Kaskaskia and de Chatres Number 1, Illinois. Historical Archaeology 18, 20-37.
69. Woods, W. I. (1983). Analysis of soils from the Carrier Mills archaeological district. In (R. W. Jeffries & B. M. Butler, Eds) The Carrier Mills Archaeological Project: Human Adaptation in the Saline Valley County, Illinois. Centre for Archaeological Investigations, Research Paper, Volume 2, pp. 1382-1407.
70. Zabel, D. E. (1976). Phosphate and pH analysis of soil at a Kansas City, Hopewell site. In (A. E. Johnson, Ed.) Hopewellian Archaeology in the Lower Missouri Valley. Kansas: University of Kansas Publications in Anthropology, pp. 110-115.