Aliens and AIDS in Southern Africa: The Malawi-South Africa debate

African Affairs

Volumn 97, Issue 386, 1998, Pages 53-79

  Chirwa, Wiseman Chijere ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MALAWI   (Malawi)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AIDS; HIV; IMMIGRATION POLICY; MIGRANT WORKERS; REPATRIATION;

MALAWI; SOUTH AFRICA;

EID: 0031832547     PISSN: 00019909     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a007921     Document Type: Article

References (84)

1. R. M. Packard, 'Tuberculosis and the Development of Industrial Health Policies on the Witwatersrand, 1902-1932', in Journal of Southern African Studies, 13 (1987), p. 187.
2. S. Marks and N. Anderson, 'Issues in the Political Economy of Health in Southern Africa', in Journal of Southern African Studies, 13 (1987), pp. 177-178.
3. Packard, 'Tuberculosis . . . ', p. 187.
4. See Packard, 'Tuberculosis . . . ', pp. 187-209; H. Phillips, 'The Local State and Public Health Reform in South Africa: Bloemfontein and the consequences of the Spanish Flu epidemic of 1918', Journal of Southern African Studies, 13 (1987), pp. 210-233; M. Swanson, ' "The Sanitation Syndrome": Bubonic Plague and Urban Native Policy in Cape Colony, 1900-1909', Journal of African History, 18 (1977), pp. 387-410.
5. See Packard, 'Tuberculosis . . . ', pp. 187-209; H. Phillips, 'The Local State and Public Health Reform in South Africa: Bloemfontein and the consequences of the Spanish Flu epidemic of 1918', Journal of Southern African Studies, 13 (1987), pp. 210-233; M. Swanson, ' "The Sanitation Syndrome": Bubonic Plague and Urban Native Policy in Cape Colony, 1900-1909', Journal of African History, 18 (1977), pp. 387-410.
6. See Packard, 'Tuberculosis . . . ', pp. 187-209; H. Phillips, 'The Local State and Public Health Reform in South Africa: Bloemfontein and the consequences of the Spanish Flu epidemic of 1918', Journal of Southern African Studies, 13 (1987), pp. 210-233; M. Swanson, ' "The Sanitation Syndrome": Bubonic Plague and Urban Native Policy in Cape Colony, 1900-1909', Journal of African History, 18 (1977), pp. 387-410.
7. Marks and Anderson, 'Issues in the Political Economy', p. 180.
8. See M. Torchia, 'Tuberculosis Among American Negroes: Medical Research on Racial Disease, 1850-1950', Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Science, 32 (1977), pp. 278-279.
9. For a detailed discussion see Packard, 'Tuberculosis and the Development of Industrial Health Policies', pp. 187-209; Marks and Anderson, 'Issues in the Political Economy', pp. 177-186.
10. For a detailed discussion see Packard, 'Tuberculosis and the Development of Industrial Health Policies', pp. 187-209; Marks and Anderson, 'Issues in the Political Economy', pp. 177-186.
11. For details on this see D. Yudelman and A. Jeeves, 'New Labour Frontiers for Old: Black Migrants to the South African Gold Mines, 1920-85', Journal of Southern African Studies, 13 (1986), pp. 101-124; J. Crush, A. Jeeves and D. Yudelman, South Africa's Labor Empire: A History of Black Migrancy 10 she Gold Minis (Westview Press, Boulder), pp. 110-120.
12. For details on this see D. Yudelman and A. Jeeves, 'New Labour Frontiers for Old: Black Migrants to the South African Gold Mines, 1920-85', Journal of Southern African Studies, 13 (1986), pp. 101-124; J. Crush, A. Jeeves and D. Yudelman, South Africa's Labor Empire: A History of Black Migrancy 10 she Gold Minis (Westview Press, Boulder), pp. 110-120.
13. Crush et al. South Africa's Labour Empire, p. 110. The account that follows is drawn from this source.
14. Crush, et al. South Africa's Labour Empire, p. 110.
15. Crush, et al. South Africa's Labour Empire, p. 111.
16. Marks and Anderson, 'Issues in the Political Economy', p. 178.
17. This view comes from Tessa Marcus' comments on the papers on 'Migrancy in Southern Africa' presented at the International Conference on Transforming Mine Migrancy in the 1990s: Southern Africa, University of Cape Town, 27-29 June, 1994.
18. M. Lyons, 'Foreign Bodies: The History of Labour Migration as a Threat to Public Health in Uganda', paper prepared for the African Studies Association (UK) conference on African Boundaries and Borderlands', Centre for African Studies, University of Edinburgh, May, 1993, p. 1.
19. Lyons, 'Foreign Bodies', p. 1.
20. R. Southall, 'Foreign Workers in South Africa: comrades or competitors?', in South African Labour Bulletin, 18 (1994), p. 68.
21. Southall, 'Foreign Workers', p. 68.
22. F. de Vlerter, The Implications of Changing Migration Patterns in Southern Africa. A Working Paper (The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris OECD/OCDE, 1994); J. Head, 'Migrant Labour From Mozambique: what prospects?' paper presented at an International Conference on Transforming Mine Migrancy in the 1990s: Southern Africa, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, 27-29 June, 1994.
23. F. de Vlerter, The Implications of Changing Migration Patterns in Southern Africa. A Working Paper (The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris OECD/OCDE, 1994); J. Head, 'Migrant Labour From Mozambique: what prospects?' paper presented at an International Conference on Transforming Mine Migrancy in the 1990s: Southern Africa, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, 27-29 June, 1994.
24. See Head, 'Migrant Labour from Mozambique'; J. Crush, 'Mine Migrancy in the Contemporary Era', paper presented at an International Conference on Transforming Mine Migrancy in the 1990s: Southern Africa, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, 27-29 June, 1994.
25. See Head, 'Migrant Labour from Mozambique'; J. Crush, 'Mine Migrancy in the Contemporary Era', paper presented at an International Conference on Transforming Mine Migrancy in the 1990s: Southern Africa, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, 27-29 June, 1994.
26. For a good coverage on AIDS in Malawi see W. House and G. Zimalirana, 'Rapid Population Growth and Poverty in Malawi', in Journal of Modern African Studies, 30 (1992), pp. 141-161; P. A. K. Kishindo, 'High Risk Behaviour in the Face of the AIDS Epidemic: the case of bar girls in the Municipality of Zomba', Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review, xi, (1995), pp. 35-43; and by the same author, 'Sexual Behaviour in the Face of Risk: the case of bar girls in Malawi's major cities', Health Transition Review, Supplement to vol. 5 (1995), pp. 153-160.
27. For a good coverage on AIDS in Malawi see W. House and G. Zimalirana, 'Rapid Population Growth and Poverty in Malawi', in Journal of Modern African Studies, 30 (1992), pp. 141-161; P. A. K. Kishindo, 'High Risk Behaviour in the Face of the AIDS Epidemic: the case of bar girls in the Municipality of Zomba', Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review, xi, (1995), pp. 35-43; and by the same author, 'Sexual Behaviour in the Face of Risk: the case of bar girls in Malawi's major cities', Health Transition Review, Supplement to vol. 5 (1995), pp. 153-160.
28. For a good coverage on AIDS in Malawi see W. House and G. Zimalirana, 'Rapid Population Growth and Poverty in Malawi', in Journal of Modern African Studies, 30 (1992), pp. 141-161; P. A. K. Kishindo, 'High Risk Behaviour in the Face of the AIDS Epidemic: the case of bar girls in the Municipality of Zomba', Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review, xi, (1995), pp. 35-43; and by the same author, 'Sexual Behaviour in the Face of Risk: the case of bar girls in Malawi's major cities', Health Transition Review, Supplement to vol. 5 (1995), pp. 153-160.
29. See, for example, I. O. Orubuloye, J. C. Caldwell and G. Santow (eds), Sexual Networking and AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa: behavioural research and the social context (The Australian National University, Canberra 1994); J. Nabaitu, G. Bachengana and J. Seeley, 'Marital Instability in a Rural Population in south-west Uganda: implications for the spread of HIV-1 Infection', Africa, 64 (1994), pp. 243-251; B. Weiss, ' "Buying Her Grave": money, movement and AIDS in North-west Tanzania', Africa, 63 (1993), pp. 19-35.
30. See, for example, I. O. Orubuloye, J. C. Caldwell and G. Santow (eds), Sexual Networking and AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa: behavioural research and the social context (The Australian National University, Canberra 1994); J. Nabaitu, G. Bachengana and J. Seeley, 'Marital Instability in a Rural Population in south-west Uganda: implications for the spread of HIV-1 Infection', Africa, 64 (1994), pp. 243-251; B. Weiss, ' "Buying Her Grave": money, movement and AIDS in North-west Tanzania', Africa, 63 (1993), pp. 19-35.
31. See, for example, I. O. Orubuloye, J. C. Caldwell and G. Santow (eds), Sexual Networking and AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa: behavioural research and the social context (The Australian National University, Canberra 1994); J. Nabaitu, G. Bachengana and J. Seeley, 'Marital Instability in a Rural Population in south-west Uganda: implications for the spread of HIV-1 Infection', Africa, 64 (1994), pp. 243-251; B. Weiss, ' "Buying Her Grave": money, movement and AIDS in North-west Tanzania', Africa, 63 (1993), pp. 19-35.
32. M. Van Landingham, J. Knodel, C. Saengtienchai and A. Pramualratana, 'Aren't Sexual Issues Supposed to be Sensitive?' Health Transition Review, 128 (1994), p. 85.
33. See J. Caldwell, P. Caldwell and P. Quiggin, 'The Social context of AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa', Population and Development Review, 15, no. 2 (1989), pp. 185-233. For a thorough critique see B. M. Albergh, 'Is there a Distinct African Sexuality? A critical response to Caldwell et al.', Africa, 64 (1994), pp. 220-242.
34. See J. Caldwell, P. Caldwell and P. Quiggin, 'The Social context of AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa', Population and Development Review, 15, no. 2 (1989), pp. 185-233. For a thorough critique see B. M. Albergh, 'Is there a Distinct African Sexuality? A critical response to Caldwell et al.', Africa, 64 (1994), pp. 220-242.
35. Albergh, 'Is there a Distinct African Sexuality?', p. 221.
36. Albergh, 'Is there a Distinct African Sexuality?', p. 241. The Eurasian model is outlined in J. C. Caldwell and P. Caldwell, 'Is the Asian Family Planning Program Model Suited to Africa?', Studies in Family Planning, 19 (1988), pp. 19-28.
37. Albergh, 'Is there a Distinct African Sexuality?', p. 241. The Eurasian model is outlined in J. C. Caldwell and P. Caldwell, 'Is the Asian Family Planning Program Model Suited to Africa?', Studies in Family Planning, 19 (1988), pp. 19-28.
38. Albergh, 'Is there a Distinct African Sexuality?', pp. 220-242. For methodological and other criticisms see S. Heald, 'The Power of Sex: some reflections on the Caldwells' "African Sexuality" thesis', Africa, 65 (1995), pp. 489-505.
39. Albergh, 'Is there a Distinct African Sexuality?', pp. 220-242. For methodological and other criticisms see S. Heald, 'The Power of Sex: some reflections on the Caldwells' "African Sexuality" thesis', Africa, 65 (1995), pp. 489-505.
40. See Kishindo, 'High Risk Behaviour', p. 41; also by the same author, 'The Social context of AIDS in Malawi', paper prepared, for the Regional Conference on Ethical and Social Issues Surrounding AIDS, Lusaka, Zambia, 1993, p. 7.
41. See Kishindo, 'High Risk Behaviour', p. 41; also by the same author, 'The Social context of AIDS in Malawi', paper prepared, for the Regional Conference on Ethical and Social Issues Surrounding AIDS, Lusaka, Zambia, 1993, p. 7.
42. Orubuloye et al., 'The Role of High-risk Occupations in the Spread of AIDS: truck drivers and itinerant market women in Nigeria', in Orubuloye et al. (eds.), Sexual Networking, pp. 89-95.
43. See, for example, G. W. Hartwig and D. Patterson (eds.), Disease in African History: an introductory survey and case studies (University Press, Durban, 1978).
44. For details on the migrants' economic activities in their areas of origin see W. C. Chirwa, ' "Theba is Power": rural labour, migrancy and fishing in Malawi, 1890s-1985', PhD thesis, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada (1992); and by the same author, ' "No TEBA . . . Forget TEBA": the plight of Malawian ex-migrant workers, 1988-1994', International Migration Review (forthcoming); 'The Malawi Government and the South African Labour Recruiters, 1974-1992', Journal of Modern African Studies, 34, 4 (1996), pp. 623-642.
45. For details on the migrants' economic activities in their areas of origin see W. C. Chirwa, ' "Theba is Power": rural labour, migrancy and fishing in Malawi, 1890s-1985', PhD thesis, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada (1992); and by the same author, ' "No TEBA . . . Forget TEBA": the plight of Malawian ex-migrant workers, 1988-1994', International Migration Review (forthcoming); 'The Malawi Government and the South African Labour Recruiters, 1974-1992', Journal of Modern African Studies, 34, 4 (1996), pp. 623-642.
46. For details on the migrants' economic activities in their areas of origin see W. C. Chirwa, ' "Theba is Power": rural labour, migrancy and fishing in Malawi, 1890s-1985', PhD thesis, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada (1992); and by the same author, ' "No TEBA . . . Forget TEBA": the plight of Malawian ex-migrant workers, 1988-1994', International Migration Review (forthcoming); 'The Malawi Government and the South African Labour Recruiters, 1974-1992', Journal of Modern African Studies, 34, 4 (1996), pp. 623-642.
47. Caldwell et al. 'The Nature and Limits of the Sub-saharan African AIDS Epidemic: Evidence from geographic and other patterns', in Caldwell et al. (eds.), Sexual Networking, pp. 195-215.
48. I.D. Campbell and G. William, AIDS Management: an integrated approach (ACTION-AID, London), p. 1; G. William, From Fear to Hope: AIDS care and prevention at Chikankata Hospital, Zambia (ACTIONAID, London, 1990), p. 1.
49. I.D. Campbell and G. William, AIDS Management: an integrated approach (ACTION-AID, London), p. 1; G. William, From Fear to Hope: AIDS care and prevention at Chikankata Hospital, Zambia (ACTIONAID, London, 1990), p. 1.
50. Campbell and William, AIDS Management, p. 1.
51. Caldwell and Caldwell, 'The Nature and Limits', p. 195.
52. Caldwell and Caldwell, 'The Nature and Limits', p. 197.
53. Orubuloye et al. (eds.), Sexual Networking, p. 89.
54. Government of Malawi (GOM) and the United Nations (UN) in Malawi, Situation Analysis of Poverty in Malawi (GOM and UN, Lilongwe, 1993), pp. 187-191; AIDS Secretariat, Ministry of Health (Malawi), Malawi AIDS Control Programme: Medium Term Plan II, 1994-1998 (AIDS Secretariat, Lilongwe, 1994) p. iii.
55. Government of Malawi (GOM) and the United Nations (UN) in Malawi, Situation Analysis of Poverty in Malawi (GOM and UN, Lilongwe, 1993), pp. 187-191; AIDS Secretariat, Ministry of Health (Malawi), Malawi AIDS Control Programme: Medium Term Plan II, 1994-1998 (AIDS Secretariat, Lilongwe, 1994) p. iii.
56. AIDS Secretariat, Malawi AIDS Control Programme, p. 2.
57. Most Malawian ex-migrants interviewed maintain that they had sex partners in South Africa especially among urban women: domestic workers, petty traders, sales ladies in shops, canteen and restaurant waitresses, and beer-hall women.
58. Crush, 'Mine Migrancy', Table 3 . For the longer trend see J. Crush et al. South Africa's Labor Empire, Table A.4.
59. Crush, 'Mine Migrancy', Table 3 . For the longer trend see J. Crush et al. South Africa's Labor Empire, Table A.4.
60. Government Printer, Malawi. The Hansard: National Assembly Official Verbatim Report of the First Meeting of the Thirtieth Session, 7th July (Government Printer, Zomba, 1994), p. 161.
61. A. M. Trebilcock, 'AIDS and the Workplace: some policy pointers from international labour standards', International Labour Review, 128 (1989), pp. 29-46.
62. Bureau of National Affairs, AIDS in the Workplace: Resource Manual. (Bureau of National Affairs, Washington, 2nd ed. 1987). These are discussed in detail in Trebilcock, 'AIDS and the Workplace', p. 32.
63. Bureau of National Affairs, AIDS in the Workplace: Resource Manual. (Bureau of National Affairs, Washington, 2nd ed. 1987). These are discussed in detail in Trebilcock, 'AIDS and the Workplace', p. 32.
64. Cited in Trebilcock, 'AIDS and the Workplace', pp. 31-32. The policy pointers are outlined in World Health Organization (WHO) and the Labour Organization (ILO), Statement from the Consultation on AIDS and the Workplace, Geneva, 27-29 June, 1988 (WHO and ILO, Geneva, 1988).
65. Trebilcock, 'AIDS in the Workplace', p. 34.
66. This account is from Trebilcock, 'AIDS and the Workplace', pp. 29-46.
67. For a detailed discussion see Trebilcock, 'AIDS in the Workplace', pp. 29-46.
68. Head, 'Migrant Mine Labour', p. 7.
69. Interviews with Mwazeni Mtira, Chia, Nkhota kota, 29 September 1989; George Tondoli, Liwaladzi, Nkhota kota, 21 December 1993; Lloyd Chilewe, Misanjo Village, Mabuka, Mulanje, 4 April 1994.
70. Interviews with Isaac Nyirenda, Mpamba, Timbiri, Nkhata Bay, 16 December 1993; John Kaunda, Nthulinga Village, Timbiri, Nkhata Bay, 18 December 1993.
71. Orubuloye et al. (eds.), Sexual Networking, p. 1.
72. Orubuloye et al. (eds.), Sexual Networking, pp. 1-2. For AIDS Awareness in Malawi see National Statistical Office (NSO), Malawi: Demographic and Health Survey (Zomba: NSO, 1994), chap. 10.
73. Orubuloye et al. (eds.), Sexual Networking, pp. 1-2. For AIDS Awareness in Malawi see National Statistical Office (NSO), Malawi: Demographic and Health Survey (Zomba: NSO, 1994), chap. 10.
74. Interview with Mwazeni Mtira, Chia, Nkhota kota, 29 September 1989.
75. Interview with Mwazeni Mtira, Chia, Nkota kota, 29 September 1989.
76. The Malawi News, 4-10 June, 1994, p. 1; also in The Michiru Sun, 7-13 January, 1994, p. 1.
77. The Malawi News, 4-10 June, 1994, p. 1; also in The Michiru Sun, 7-13 January, 1994, p. 1.
78. The Malawian, 2-4 July, 1994, p. 1; also The Malawi News, 23-29 July, 1994, p. 1.
79. The Malawian, 2-4 July, 1994, p. 1; also The Malawi News, 23-29 July, 1994, p. 1.
80. Head, 'Migrant Mine Labour', pp. 1-2.
81. Crush, 'Mine Migrancy', p. 8; Head, 'Migrant Mine Labour', p. 1.
82. Crush, 'Mine Migrancy', p. 8; Head, 'Migrant Mine Labour', p. 1.
83. See L. Mosia, 'Economic Integration in Southern Africa: Peace and security in South Africa', paper prepared for the SAPES/SARIPS Annual Colloquium, Harare, Zimbabwe, 25-30 September, 1994; R. M. Packard and D. Coetze, 'White Plague, Black Labour Revisited: TB and the mining industry', paper presented at an International Conference on Transforming Mine Migrancy in the 1990s: Southern Africa, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, 27-29 June, 1994.
84. See L. Mosia, 'Economic Integration in Southern Africa: Peace and security in South Africa', paper prepared for the SAPES/SARIPS Annual Colloquium, Harare, Zimbabwe, 25-30 September, 1994; R. M. Packard and D. Coetze, 'White Plague, Black Labour Revisited: TB and the mining industry', paper presented at an International Conference on Transforming Mine Migrancy in the 1990s: Southern Africa, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, 27-29 June, 1994.