Experimental models in antifungal chemotherapy

Mycoses

Volumn 41, Issue 1-2, 1998, Pages 1-30

  Polak, Annemarie ^a,b  

^a Preclinical Research   (Switzerland)

^b NONE   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

Animal models; Aspergillosis; Blastomycosis; Candidosis; Chromomycosis; Coccidioidomycosis; Cryptococcosis; Dermatophytosis; Experimental infection; Histoplasmosis; Mucocutaneous mycosis; Paracoccidioidomycosis; Phaeohyphomycosis; Sporotrichosis; Trichosporonosis; Zygomycosis

Indexed keywords

AMOROLFINE; ANTIFUNGAL AGENT; FLUCONAZOLE; FLUCYTOSINE; GRISEOFULVIN; ITRACONAZOLE; KETOCONAZOLE; TERBINAFINE;

ANIMAL MODEL; ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY; ASPERGILLOSIS; BLASTOMYCOSIS; CANDIDA; CANDIDIASIS; CHROMOMYCOSIS; COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS; CONTROLLED STUDY; CRYPTOCOCCOSIS; DERMATOMYCOSIS; DRUG RESISTANCE; GUINEA PIG; HISTOPLASMOSIS; IMMUNE STATUS; MICROSPORUM CANIS; MOUSE; MUCORMYCOSIS; MYCOSIS; NONHUMAN; ORAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION; PHAEOHYPHOMYCOSIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RABBIT; RAT; REVIEW; SKIN INFECTION; SPOROTRICHOSIS; TINEA PEDIS; TOPICAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION; TRICHOPHYTON MENTAGROPHYTES; TRICHOPHYTON RUBRUM;

ANIMALIA; ARTHRODERMA BENHAMIAE; CANDIDA; CANIS; CAVIA PORCELLUS; MICROSPORUM CANIS; ORYCTOLAGUS CUNICULUS; SUS SCROFA; TINEA; TRICHOPHYTON RUBRUM;

EID: 0031832241     PISSN: 09337407     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0507.1998.tb00371.x     Document Type: Review

References (163)

1. Rippon, J. W. (1986) Animal models of experimental dermatophytic infections. In: Zak, O. & Merle, A. S. (eds) Experimental Models in Animal Experiments. Vol. 3. London: Academic Press, pp. 161-172.
2. Ryley, J. F. (1990) Screening and evaluation in vivo. In: Ryley, J. F. (ed.) Chemotherapy of Fungal Diseases. Berlin: Springer, 129-148.
3. Polak, A. (1982) Oxiconazole, a new imidazole derivative. Drug Res. 32, 17-24.
4. Petranyi, G., Georgopoulos, A. & Mieth, H. (1981) In vivo antimycotic activity of naftifine. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 19, 390-392.
5. Petranyi, G., Leitner, I. & Mieth, H. (1982) The 'hair root invasion test', a semiquantitative method for experimental evaluation of antimycotics in guinea pigs. Sabouraudia 20, 101-108.
6. Rippon, J. W. & Garber, E. D. (1969) Dermatophyte pathogenicity as a function of mating type and associated enzyme. J. Invest. Dermatol. 53, 445-448.
7. Van Cutsem, J. M. & Thienpot, D. (1972) Miconazole, a broad-spectrum antimycotic agent with antibacterial activity. Chemotherapy 17, 392-404.
8. Richardson, K., Brammer, K. W., Marriott, M. S. & Troke, P. F. (1985) Activity of UK-49,858, a bis-triazole derivative, against experimental infections with Candida albicans and Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 27, 832-835.
9. Van Cutsem, J., Van Gerven, F. & Janssen, P. A. J. (1987) Activity of orally, topically and parenterally administered itraconazole in the treatment of superficial and deep mycoses: animal models. Rev. Infect. Dis. 9, S15-S32.
10. Polak, A. & Dixon, D. (1987) Antifungal activity of amorolfine (Ro 14-4767/002) in vitro and in vivo. In: Fromtling, R. A. (ed) Recent Trends in the Discovery, Development and Evaluation of Antifungal Agents. Barcelona: J. R. Prous, pp. 555-573.
11. Ryley, J. F., McGregor, S. & Wilson, R. G. (1988) The activity of ICI 195,739 - a novel orally active bistriazole - in rodent models of fungal and protozoal infections. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 544, 310-328.
12. Polak, A. (1984) Antifungal activity of four antifungal drugs in the cutaneous retention time test. Sabouraudia 22, 501-503.
13. Gentles, J. C. (1958) Experimental ringworm in guinea pigs: oral treatment with griseofulvin. Nature 182, 476-477.
14. Polak, A. (1993) Combination of amorolfine with various antifungal drugs in dermatophytosis. mycoses 36, 43-49.
15. Lauharanta, J., Zaug, M., Polak, A. & Reinel, D. (1993) Combination of amorolfine with griseofulvin: in vitro and clinical results in onychomycosis. Proc. 10th Regional Conf. Dermatol., Manila, 1992, 9 (Suppl. 4), 23-27.
16. Feuilhade, M., Baran, R., Goettmann, S., Pietrini, P., Viguié, C., Badillet, G. & Larnier, C. (1996) Interest of the combination of 5% amorolfine nail laquer plus terbinafine tablet in the treatment of foot dermatophyte onychomycosis with involved matrix. In: Clinical Dermatology 2000, Vancouver, abstract 375.
17. Fujita, S. (1997) Experimental dermatophytosis quite similar to human tinea pedis. Congress of the International Society for Human and Animal Mycology, ISHAM, Salsomaggiore, abstract S23.
18. Van Cutsem, J. & Janssen, P. A. J. (1984) Experimental systemic trichophytosis. J. Invest. Dermol. 83, 26-31.
19. Van Cutsem, J. & Thienpont, D. (1971) Experimental cutaneous Candida albicans infection in guinea pigs. Sabouraudia 9, 17-20.
20. Niwano, Y., Seo, A., Kanai, K., Hamaguchi, H., Uchida, K. & Yamaguchi, H. (1994) Therapeutic efficacy of Ianoconazole, a new imidazole antimycotic agent, for experimental cutaneous candidosis in guinea pigs. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 38, 2204-2206.
21. Van Cutsem, J., Van Gerven, F. & Janssen, P. A. J. (1987) The in vitro and in vivo activity of itraconazole. In: Fromtling, R. A. (ed.) Recent Trends in the Discovery and Evaluation of Antifungal Agents. Barcelona: J. R. Prous, pp. 177-192.
22. Scholer, H. J. (1960) Experimentelle Vaginalcandidiasis der Ratte. Pathol. Microbiol. 23, 62-68.
23. Polak, A. (1986) Experimental Candida vaginitis (vaginal thrush). In: Zak, O. & Merle, A. S. (eds) Experimental Models in Animal Experiments. Vol. 3. London: Academic Press, pp. 21-42.
24. Wildfeuer, A. (1974) Die Chemotherapie der vaginalen Trichomoniasis und Candidosis der Maus. Arztneimittelforschung (Drug Res.) 24, 937-943.
25. De Bernardis, F. (1997) Rat vaginal candidosis, an experimental model to assess fungal virulence. Congress of the International Society for Human and Animal Mycology, ISHAM, Salsomaggiore, abstract S21.
26. Polak, A. (1992) Virulence of Candida albicans mutants. mycoses 35, 9-16.
27. Fidel, P. L. (1997) Mice models of Candida vaginitis including Candida glabrata. Congress of the International Society for Human and Animal Mycology, ISHAM, Salsomaggiore, abstract S20.
28. Troke, P. F. (1987) Efficacy of fluconazole in animal models of superficial and opportunistic systemic fungal infection. In: Fromtling, R. A. (ed), Recent Trends in the Discovery, Development and Evaluation of Antifungal Agents. Barcelona: J. R. Prous, pp. 103-112.
29. Foldvari, M., Yang, G., He, Z. & Radhi, J. R. (1996) Treatment of experimentally induced acute vaginal candiosis with a topical liposomal antifungal agent in the immunocompromised rat. Pharmaceut. Res. 13, S370.
30. Polak, A. (1978) Synergism of polyene antibiotics with 5-fluorocytosine. Chemotherapy 24, 2-16.
31. Krause, M. & Schaffner, A. (1988) Comparison of immune mechanisms against Candida albicans in models of localised and systemic infection in mice. ICAAC, abstract no. 1287.
32. Krause, M. & Schaffner, A. (1989) Comparison of immunosuppressive effects of cyclosporine A in a murine model of localised and systemic candidiasis and of thrush. Infect. Immun. 57, 3472-3478.
33. Polak, A. & Schaffner, A. (1989) A new experimental model of localized candidosis for the study of antifungal chemotherapy. mycoses 32, 398-404.
34. Pahls, St. & Schaffner, A. (1994) Comparison of the activity of free and liposomal amphotericin B in vitro and in a model of systemic and localised murine candidasis. J. Infect. Dis. 169, 1057-1061.
35. Polak, A. (1990) Antifungal chemotherapy in localised candidosis. mycoses 33, 353-358.
36. Olsen, I. & Bondevik, O. (1978) Experimental Candida-induced denture stomatitis in the Wistar rat. Scand. J. Dent. Res. 86, 392-298.
37. Shakir, B. S., Martin, M. V. & Smith, C. J. (1991) Induced palatal candidosis in the Wistar rat. Arch. Oral. Biol. 26, 787-793.
38. Russel, C., Jones, J. H. & Gibbs, A. C. C. (1976) The carriage of Candida albicans in the mouths of rats treated with tetracycline briefly or for a prolonged period. Mycopathologia 58, 125-129.
39. Thienpont, D., van Cutsem, J. & Gough, D. A. (1978) Treatment of gastrointestinal candidosis in predisposed guinea pigs and in conventional mice with miconazole. mykosen 21, 417-424.
40. Evans, E. G. V. (1975) Incidence of pathogenic yeasts among open heart surgery patients - the value of prophylaxis. J. Thorc. Cardiovasc. Surg. 70, 466.
41. Field, L. H., Pope, L. M., Cole, G. T., Guentzel, M. N. & Berry, L. J. (1981) Persistence and spread of Candida albicans after intragastric inoculation of infant mice. Infect. Immun. 31, 783-791.
42. Guentzel, M. N. & Herrera, C. (1981) Effects of compromising agants on candidosis in mice with persistent infections initiated in infancy. Infect. Immun. 35, 222-228.
43. Herrera, C. & Guentzel, M. N. (1982) Mice with persistent gastrointestinal Candida albicans as a model for antifungal therapy. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 21, 51-53.
44. Sato, Y., Yamazaki, T., Kobayashi, K., Horii, I. & Arisawa, M. (1997) Antifungal treatment to gastrointestinal and disseminated candidiasis in DBA/2 mice. Congress of the International Society for Human and Animal Mycology, ISHAM Salsomaggiore, abstract P 530.
45. Dixon, D. M. (1987) In vivo models: evaluating antifungal agents. Meth. Find. Exptl Clin. Pharmacol. 9, 729-738.
46. Rinaldi, M. C. (1987) In vivo models of the mycoses for the evaluation of antifungal agents. In: Fromtling, R. A. (ed.) Recent Trends in the Discovery and Evaluation of Antifungal Agents. Barcelona: J. R. Prous, S1, pp. 11-24.
47. Walsh, T. H., Vand Cutsem, J., Polak, A. & Graybill, J. R. (1992) Immunomodulation and antifungal chemotherapy of experimental candidosis, histoplasmosis and aspergillosis: recent advances and concepts. J. Med. Vet. Mycol. 30, S1, 225-240.
48. Savani, D. V., Perfect, J. R., Cobo, L. M. & Durack, D. T. (1987) Penetration of new azole compounds into the eye and efficacy in experimental endophthalmitis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 31, 6-10.
49. Karyotakis, N. C. & Anaissie, E. J. (1994) Efficacy of escalating doses of liposomal amphotericin B (Ambisome) against hematogenous Candida lusitaniae and Candida krusei infection in neutropenic mice. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 38, 2660-2662.
50. Atkinson, B. A., Bocanegra, R., Colombo, A. L. & Graybill, J. R. (1994) Treatment of disseminated Torulopsis glabrata infection with Do870 and amphotericin B. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 38, 1604-1607.
51. Polak, A., Scholer, H. J. & Wall, M. (1982) Combination therapy of experimental candidosis, cryptococcosis and aspergillosis in mice. Chemotherapy 28, 461-479.
52. Ryley, J. F., McGregor, S., Lister, S. C. & Jackson, K. P. (1988) Kidney function in experimental systemic candidosis of mice. mycoses 31, 203-206.
53. Polak, A. (1987) Combination therapy of experimental candidosis, cryptococcosis, aspergillosis and wangiellosis in mice. Chemotherapy 33, 381-395.
54. Hänel, H., Räther, M., Barun, B., Kalisch, J. & Pastowsky, S. (1992) A modified method for experimental candidosis in mice avoiding lethality. mycoses 35, 83-88.
55. Polak, A. (1991) Protective effect of human granulocyte colony stimulating factor (hG-CSF) on Candida infections in normal and immunosuppressed mice. mycoses 34, 109-118.
56. Sugar, A. M., Salibian, M. & Goldani, L. Z. (1994) Saperconazole therapy of murine disseminated candidiasis: efficacy and interactions with amphotericin B. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 38, 372-373.
57. Hata, K., Kimura, J., Miki, H., Toyosawa, T., Nakunara, T. & Katsu, K. (1996) In vitro and in vivo antifungal activities of ER 30346, a novel oral triazole with abroad antifungal spectrum. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 40, 2237-2242.
58. Abruzzo, G. K., Flattery, A. M., Gill, C. J., et al. (1995) Evaluation of watersoluble pneumocandin analogs L-705589 and L732373 with mouse models of disseminated aspergillosis, Candidiasis and Cryptococcosis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 39, 1077-1081.
59. Bartizal, K., Abruzzo, G. K. & Krupa, T. G. D. (1992) In vitro antifungal activities and in vivo efficacies of 1,3 β-D-glucan synthesis inhibitors L-671329, L646991, tetrahydroechinocandin B and L687781, a papulacandin. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 36, 1648-1657.
60. Kretschmar, M., Nichterlein, T., Hannak, D. & Hof, H. (1996) Effects of amphotericin B incorporated into liposomes and lipid suspensions in the treatment of murine candidiasis. Arzneim-Forsch/Drug Res. 46, 711-715.
61. Van Etten, E. W. M., Van den Heuvel-De groot, C. & Bakker-Woudenberg, I. A. J. M. (1993) Efficacies of amphotericin B-desoxycolate (Fungizone), liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome) and fluconazole in the treatment of systemic candidosis in immunocompetent and leucopenic mice. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 32, 723-729.
62. Hänel, H., Kirsch, R., Schmidts, H. I. & H. Kottmann (1995) New systemically active antimycotics from the beta blocker category. mycoses 38, 251-264.
63. Matsumoto, M. et al. (1987) Protective effect of human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor on microbiological infection in neutropenic mice. Infect. Immun. 55, 2715-2720.
64. Pecyk, R. A., Fraser-Smith, E. B. & Matthews, T. R. (1989) Efficacy of interleukin 1β against systemic Candida albicans infection in normal and immunosuppressed mice. Infect. Immun. 57, 3257-3258.
65. Loie, A., Baltch, A. L., Smith, R. P., Franke, M. A., Ritz, W. J., Singh, J. K. & Gordon, M. A. (1995) J. Infect. Dis. 171, 406-415.
66. Kurtz, M. B., Abbruzzo, G., Flattery, A., et al. (1996) Characterization of echinocandin-resistant mutants of Candida albicans genetic, biochemical and virulence studies. Infect. Immun. 64, 3244-3251.
67. Atkinson, B. A., Bouhet, C., Bocanegra, R., Correa, A., Luther, M. F. & Graybill, J. R. (1995) Comparison of fluconazole, amphotericin B and flucytosine in treatment of a murine model of disseminated infection with Candida glabrata in immunocompromised mice. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 35, 631-640.
68. Graybill, J. R., Najvar, L. K., Holmberg, J. D. & Luther, M. F. (1995) Fluconazole, D0870 and flucytosine treatment of disseminated Candida tropicalis infections in mice.
69. Anaissie, E. J., Karyotakis, N. C., Hachem, R., Dignani, M. C., Rex, J. H. & Paetznick, V. (1994) Correlation between in vitro and in vivo activity of antifungal agents against Candida species. J. Infect. Dis. 170, 384-389.
70. Galgiani, J. N. & VanWyck, D. B. (1994) Ornithyl amphotericin methylester treatment of experimental candidiasis in rats. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 26, 108-109.
71. Van Cutsem, J., Fransen, J., Van Geren, F. & Jannsen, P. A. J. (1985) Oral treatment with ketoconazole in systemic candidosis of guinea pigs: microbiology, haematology and histopathology. J. Med. Vet. Mycol. 23, 189-198.
72. Thaler, M., Bacher, J., O'Lleary, T. & Pizzo, P. A. (1988) Evaluation of single-drug and combination antifungal therapy in an experimental model of candidiasis in rabbits with prolonged neutropenia. J. Infect. Dis. 158, 80-88.
73. Walsh, T. J., Aoki, S., Mechinaud, F., Bacher, J., Lee, J. W., Rubin, M. & Pizzo, P. A. (1990) Effects of preventive, early and late antifungal chemotherapy with fluconazole in different granulocytopenic models of experimental candidiasis. J. Infect. Dis. 161, 755-760.
74. Walsh, T. J., Lee, J. W., Lecciones, J., et al. (1990) Sch 39304 in prevention and treatment of disseminated candidiasis in persistently granulocytopenic rabbits. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 34, 1540-1564.
75. Perfect, J. R., Savani, D. V. & Durack, D. T. (1986) Comparison of itraconazole and fluconazole in treatment of cryptococcal meningitis and Candida pyelonephritis in rabbits. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 29, 579-583.
76. Durack, D. T., Beeson, P. B. & Petersdorf, R. G. (1973) Experimental bacterial endocarditis III production and progress of the disease in rabbits. Br. J. Exp. Pathol. 54, 124-151.
77. Perfect, J. R. & Durack, D. T. (1985) Comparison of amphotericin B and N-D-ornithyl amphotericin B methyl ester in experimental cryptococcal meningitis and Candida albicans endocarditis with pyelonephritis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 28, 751-755.
78. Witt, M. D. & Bayer, A. S. (1991) Comparison of fluconazole and amphotericin B for prevention and treatment of experimental Candida endocarditis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 35, 2481-2485.
79. Chemlal, K., Saint-Julien, L., Joly, V., Farinotti, R., Seta, N., Yeni, P. & Carbon, C. (1996) Comparison of fluconazole and amphotericin B for treatment of experimental Candida albicans endocarditis in rabbits. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 40, 263-266.
80. Witt, M. D., Imhoff, T., Li, C. & Bayer, A. S. (1993) Comparison of fluconazole and amphotericin B for treatment of experimental Candida endocarditis caused by non-C. albicans strains. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 37, 2030-2032.
81. Bayer, A. S., Witt, M. D., Kim, E. & Ghannoum M. A. (1996) Comparison of fluconazole and amphotericin B in prophylaxis of experimental Candida endocarditis caused by non-C. albicans strains. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 40, 494-496.
82. Park, S. S., D'Amico, D. J., Paton, B. & Sullivan-Baker, A. (1995) Treatment of exogenous Candida endophthalmitis in rabbits with oral fluconazole. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 39, 958-963.
83. Coats, M. L. & Peyman, G. A. (1992) Intravitreal corticosteroids in the treatment of exogenous fungal endophthalmitis. Retina 12, 46-51.
84. Clemens, K. V., Azzi, R. & Stevens, D. A. (1996) Experimental systemic cryptococcosis in SCID mice. J. Med. Vet. Mycol. 34, 331-335.
85. Graybill, J. R. (1986) Animal models for treatment of cryptococcosis. In: Zak, O. & Merle, A. S. (eds) Experimental Models in Animal Experiments. Vol. 3. London: Academic Press, pp. 131-148.
86. Graybill, J. R., Kaster, S. R. & Drutz, D. J. (1983) Comparative activities of Bay n7133, ICI 153066 and ketoconazole in murine cryptococcosis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 24, 829-834.
87. Najvar, L. K., Luther, M. F. & Graybill, J. R. (1995) Treatment of experimental cryptococcosis with BRL 49594A. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 36, 1005-1011.
88. Larsen, R. A., Bauer, M., Weiner, J. M., et al. (1996) Effect of fluconazole on the fungicidal activity of flucytosine in murine cryptococcal meningitis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 40, 2178-2182.
89. Yamada, H., Tsuda, T., Watanabe, T., Kusakabe, S. & Mochizuki, H. (1998) Antifungal activity of D0870 against murine infections and its mode of action. Chemotherapy (in press).
90. Dixon, D. M. & Polak, A. (1986) In vivo and in vitro studies with an atypical, of rhinotropic isolate Cryptococcus neoformans. Mycopathologia 96, 33-40.
91. Fromtling, R. A., Abruzzo, G. K. & Ruiz, A. (1988) Cryptococcus neoformans: a central nervous system isolate from an AIDS patient that is rhinotropic in a normal mouse model. Mycopathologia 102, 79-86.
92. Polak, A. & Dixon, D. M. (1988) Chemotherapeutic activity in a mouse model of cryptococcosis with cutaneous and nasal involvement. mycoses 31, 501-507.
93. Gordee, R. S. & Matthews, T. R. (1970) Evaluation of systemic agents in X-irradiated mice. Appl. Microbiol. 20, 624-629.
94. Polak, A. (1991) Protective effect of human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (hG-CSF) on Cryptococcus and Aspergillus infections in normal and immunosuppressed mice. mycoses 34, 205-210.
95. Luna, T., Mazzolla, R., Romano, G. & Blasi, E. (1997) Potent antifungal effects of a new derivative of patricin A in a murine model of cerebral cryptococcosis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 41, 706-708.
96. Polak, A. (1989) Combination therapy in systemic mycosis. Infection 17, 203-210.
97. Joly, V., Saint-Julien, L., Carbon, C. & Yeni, P. (1994) In vivo activity of interferon γ in combination with amphotericin B in the treatment of experimental cryptococcosis. J. Infect. Dis. 170, 1331-1334.
98. Feldmesser, M., Mukherjee, J. & Casadevall, A. (1996) Combination of flucytosine and capsule-binding monoclonal antibody on the treatment of murine Cryptococcus neoformans infection and in vitro. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 37, 617-622.
99. Currie, B., Sanati, H., Ibrahim, A. S., Edwards, J. E., Casadevall, A. & Ghannoum, M. A. (1995) Sterol composition and susceptibilities to amphotericin B of environmental Cryptococcus neoformans isolates are changed by murine passage. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 39, 1934-1937.
100. Graybill, J. R., Ahrens, J., Nealon, T. & Paque, R. (1993) Pulmonary cryptococcosis in the rat. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 127, 636-640.
101. Van Cutsem, J., Fransen, J., Van Gerven, F. & Janssen, P. A. J. (1986) Experimental cryptococcosis: dissemination of Cryptococcus neoformans and dermotropism in guinea pigs. mykosen 29, 561-575.
102. Perfect, J. R., Lang, S. D. R. & Durack, D. T. (1980) Chronic cryptococcal meningitis. Am. J. Pathol. 101, 177-193.
103. Perfect, J. R. & Durack, D. T. (1985) Chemotactic activity of cerebrospinal fluid in experimental cryptococcal meningitis. Sabouraudia 23, 37-45.
104. Kartalija, M. M., Kaye, K., Tureen, J. H., Liu, Q., Täuber, M. G., Elliott, B. R. & Sande, M. A. (1996) Treatment of experimental cryptococcal meningitis with fluconazole: impact of dose and addition of flucytosine on mycologie and pathophysiologic outcome. J. Infect. Dis. 173, 1216-1221.
105. Perfect, J. R., Cox, G. M., Dodge, R. D. & Schell, W. (1996) In vitro and in viro efficacies of the azole Sch56592 against Cryptococcus neoformans. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 40, 1910-1913.
106. Denning, D. W., Hall, L., Jackson, M. & Hollis, S. (1995) Efficacy of D0870 compared with those of itraconazole and amphotericin B in two murine models of invasive aspergillosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 39, 1809-1814.
107. Hanson, L. H., Clemons, K. V., Dennings, D. W. & Stevens, D. A. (1995) Efficacy of oral saperconazole in systemic murine aspergillosis.
108. Dixon, D. M., Polak, A. & Walsh, T. J. (1989) Fungus dose-dependent primary pulmonary aspergillosis in immunosuppressed mice. Infect. Immun. 57, 1452-1456.
109. Allen, S. D., Sorensen, K. N., Nejdl, M. J., Currant, C. & Proffit, R. T. (1994) Prophylactic efficacy of aerosolised liposomal (Ambisome) and non liposomal amphotericin B (Fungizone) in murine pulmonary aspergillosis. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 34, 1001-1013.
110. Allendoerfer, R., Loebenberg, D., Rinaldi, M. G. & Graybill, J. R. (1995) Evaluation of SCH51048 in an experimental model of pulmonary aspergillosis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 39, 1345-1348.
111. Graybill, J. R., Kaster, S. R. & Drutz, D. J. (1983) Treatment of experimental murine aspergillosis with Bay n7133. J. Infect. Dis. 148, 898-906.
112. Ackerbauer, H., Meingasner, J. G. & Mieth, H. (1985) Experimentelle renale Infektionen der Maus mit Aspergillus fumigatus: ein chemotherapeutisches Modell einer Organmykose. mykosen 28, 244-250.
113. Kurtz, M. B., Bernard, E. M., Edwards, F. F., Marrinan, J. A., Dropinski, J., Douglas, C. M. & Armstrong, D. (1995) Aerosol and parenteral pneumocandins are effective in a rat model of pulmonary aspergillosis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 39, 1784-1789.
114. Murphy, M., Bernard, E. M., Ishimaru, T. & Armstrong, D. (1997) Activity of voriconazole against clinical isolates of Aspergillus species and its effectiveness in an experimental model of invasive aspergillosis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 41, 696-698.
115. Miyazaki, H. M., Kohno, S., Miyazaki, Y., Mitsutake, K., Tomono, K. & Kaku, M. (1994) Efficacy of itraconazole against experimental pulmonary aspergillosis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 37, 2762-2765.
116. Cigogna, C. E., White, M. H., Bernard, E. M., Ishimura, T., Sun, M., Tong, W. P. & Armstrong, D. (1997) Efficacy of prophylactic aerosol amphotericin B lipid complex in a rat model of pulmonary aspergillosis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 41, 259-261.
117. Martin, M. V., Yates, J. & Hitchcock, C. A. (1997) Comparison of voriconazole and itraconazole in prevention and treatment of Aspergillus fumigatus endocarditis in guinea pigs. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 41, 13-16.
118. Arrese, J. E., Delvenne, P., van Cutsem, J., Piérard-Franchimont, C. & Piérard, G. E. (1994) Experimental aspergillosis in guinea pigs: influence of itraconazole on fungaemia and invasive fungal growth. mycoses 37, 117-122.
119. Goerge, D., Miniter, P. & Andriole, V. T. (1996) Efficacy of UK, 109496, a new azole antifungal agent, in an experimental model of invasive aspergillosis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 40, 86-91.
120. Patterson, T. F., Fothergill, A. W. & Rinaldi, M. G. (1993) Efficacy of itraconazole solution in a rabbit model of invasive aspergillosis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 37, 2307-2310.
121. Berenguer, J., Ali, N. M., Lee, L., Garrett, K. & Battaglia, S. (1994) Itraconazole for experimental pulmonary aspergillosis: comparison with amphotericin B, interaction with cyclosporin A, and correlation between therapeutic response and itraconazole concentrations in plasma. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 38, 1303-1308.
122. Walsh, T. J., Garrett, K., Feuerstein, E., et al. (1995) Therapeutic monitoring of experimental ivasive pulmonary aspergillosis by ultrafast computerized tomography, a novel noninvasive method for measuring responses to antifungal therapy. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 39, 1065-1069.
123. Waldorf, A. R., Halde, C. & Vedros, N. A. (1982) Murine model of pulmonary mucormycosis in cortisone treated mice. Sabouraudia 20, 217-224.
124. Waldorf, A. R., Peter, L. & Polak, A. (1984) Mucormycotic infection in mice following prolonged incubation of spores in vivo and the role of spore agglutinating antibodies on spore germination. Sabouraudia 22, 202-108.
125. Van Cutsem, J., Fransen, J. & Janssen, P. A. J. (1988) Experimental zygomycosis due to Rhizopus spp. infection by various routes in guinea pigs, rats and mice. mycoses 31, 563-578.
126. Sodhi, M. P. S., Khanna, R. N. S., Sadana, J. R. & Chand, P. (1996) Experimental Absidia corymbifera infection in rabbits: clinicpathological studies. Mycopathologia 134, 7-11.
127. Polak, A. (1984) Experimental infection of mice by Fonsecaea pedrosoi and Wangiella dermatitidis. Sabouraudia: J. Vet. Med. Mycol. 22, 167-169.
128. Polak, A. (1984) Antimycotic therapy of experimental infections caused by dematiaceous fungi. Sabouraudia: J. Vet. Med. Mycol. 22, 279-289.
129. Walsh, T. J., Dixon, D. M., Polak, A. & Salkin, I. F. (1986) Comparative histopathology of Dactylaria constricta, Fonsecaea pedrosoi, Wangiella dermatitidis and Xylohypha bantiana in experimental phaeohyphomycosis of the central nervous system. mykosen 30, 215-225.
130. Dixon, D. M. & Polak, A. (1987) In vitro and in vivo drug studies with three agents of central nervous system phaeohyphomycosis. Chemotherapy 33, 129-140.
131. Dixon, D. M., Polak, A. & Szaniszlo, P. J. (1987) Pathogenicity and virulence of wild type and melanin-deficient Wangiella dermatitidis. J. Vet. Med. Mycol. 25, 97-106.
132. Anaissie, E. J., Hachem, R., Karyotakis, N. C., Gokaslan, A., Dignani, M. C., Stephens, L. C. & Tin-u, C. K. (1994) Comparative efficacies of amphotericin B, triazoles and combinations of both as experimental therapy for murine trichosporonosis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 38, 2541-2544.
133. Williams, D. W. (1986) Drug therapy in animal models of histoplasmosis. In: Zak, O. & Merle, A. S. (eds) Experimental Models in Animal Experiments. Vol. 3. London: Academic Press, pp. 117-129.
134. Polak, A. & Dixon, D. M. (1987) Fungistatic and fungicidal effects of amphotericin B, ketoconazole and fluconazole against Histoplasma capsulatum in vitro and in vivo. Mykosen 30, 186-194.
135. Kobayashi, G. S., Travis, S. & Medoff, G. (1986) Comparison of the in vitro and in vivo activity of the bistriazole derivative UK 49 858 with that of amphotericin B against Histoplasma capsulatum. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 29, 660-662.
136. Zhou, P., Sieve, M. C., Tewari, R. P. & Seder, R. A. (1997) Interleukin - 12 modulates the protective immune response in SCID mice infected with Histoplasma capsulatum. Infect. Immun. 65, 936-942.
137. Graybill, J. R., Palou, E. & Ahrens, J. (1986) Treatment of histoplasmosis with UK 49 898 (fluconazole). Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 134, 768-770.
138. Georgiev, V. St. (1995) Treatment and experimental therapeutics of blastomycosis. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 6, 1-12.
139. Harvey, R. P., Schmid, E., Carrington, C. C. & Stevens, D. A. (1978) Mouse model of pulmonary blastomycosis: utility, simplicity and quantitative parameters. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 117, 695-703.
140. Harvey, R. P., Isenberg, R. A. & Stevens, D. A. (1980) Molecular modifications of imidazole compounds: studies of activity and synergy in vitro and of pharmacology and therapy of blastomycosis in a mouse model. Rev. Infect. Dis. 2, 559-569.
141. Lefler, E., Brummer, E., Perlman, A. M. & Stevens, D. A. (1985) Activities of the modified polyene N-D-ornithyl amphotericin methyl ester and the azoles ICI 153066, Bay n7133 and Bay I 9139 compared with those of amphotericin B and ketoconazole in the therapy of experimental blastomyosis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 27, 363-366.
142. Sugar, A. M. & Picard, M. (1995) Treatment of murine pulmonary blastomycosis with Sch 51 048, a broad spectrum triazole antifungal agent. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 39, 996-997.
143. Brummer, E., Restrepo, A., Stevens, D. A., Azzi, R., Gomez, A. M., Hoyos, G. L., McEwen, J. G., Cano, L. E. & de Bedout, C. (1984) Murine model of paracoccidioidomycosis: production of fatal acute pulmonary or chronic pulmonary and disseminated disease immunological and pathological observations. J. Exp. Pathol. 1, 241-255.
144. Lefler, E., Brummer, E., McEwen, J. G., Hoyos, G. L., Restrepo, A. & Stevens, D. A. (1985) Study of current and new drugs in a murine model of acute paracoccidiodomycosis. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 34, 134-140.
145. Ueda, A. K., Franco, M., Fabio, S. A. & Prestees, F. R. (1987) Ketoconazole in the treatment of experimental paracocciciodomycosis. Mycopathologia 98, 27-34.
146. Levine, H. B. (1986) Animal models for treatment of cryptococcosis. In: Zak, O. & Merle, A. S. (eds) Experimental Models in Animal Experiments. Vol. 3. London: Academic Press, pp. 148-159.
147. Tager, M. & Liebow, A. A. (1942) Intranasal and intraperitoneal infection of the mouse with Coccidioides immitis. Yale J. Biol. Med. 15, 41-59.
148. Clemons, K. V. & Stevens, D. A. (1997) Efficacies of two novel azole derivatives each containing a morpholine ring UR9746 and UR9751 against systemic murine coccidioidomycosis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 41, 200-203.
149. Graybill, J. R., Sun, S. H. & Ahrens, J. (1986) Treatment of murine coccidioidal meningitis with fluconazole. J. Med. Vet. Mycol. 24, 113-119.
150. Lavalle, P. & Mariat, F. (1983) Sporotrichosis. Bull. Inst. Pasteur 81, 295-322.
151. Dixon, D. M., Duncan, R. A. & Hurd, N. J. (1992) Use of a mouse model to evaluate clinical and environmental isolates of Sporothrix sp. from the largest U.S. epidemic of sporotrichosis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 30, 951-954.
152. Kann, V. L. & Bennett, J. E. (1988) Efficacies of four antifungal agents in experimental sporotrichosis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 32, 1619-1623.
153. Block, E. R., Jennings, A. E. & Bennett, J. E. (1973) Experimental therapy of cladiosporiosis and sporotrichosis with 5-fluorocytosine. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 3, 95-98.
154. Dickerson, C. L., Taylor, R. L. & Drutz, D. J. (1983) Susceptibility of congenitally athymic (nude) mice to sporotrichosis. Infect. Immun. 40, 417-420.
155. Kwong-Chung, K. J. (1979) Comparison of isolates of Sporothrix schenckii obtained from fixed cutaneous lesions with isolates from other types of lesions. J. Infect. Dis. 139, 424-431.
156. Tsubura, T. & Schwarz, J. (1960) Treatment of experimental sporotrichosis in mice with griseofulvin and amphotericin B. Antibiot. Chemother. 10, 753-757.
157. Van Cutsem, J. (1989) Oral, topical and parenteral antifungal treatment with itraconazole in normal and immunocompromised animals. mycoses 32 (Suppl. 1), 14-34.
158. Schaude, M. & Meingassner, J. G. (1986) A diffusion chamber technique for testing antifungal drugs against Sporothrix schenckii in vivo. J. Med. Vet. Mycol. 24, 297-304.
159. Kazanas, N. (1986) Foodborne Sporothrix schenckii: infectivity for mice by intraperitoneal and intragastric inoculation with conidia. Mycopathologia 95, 3-16.
160. Aguiar, E., Morales, W. C. & Londero, A. T. (1980) Gastrointestinal Entomophthoramycosis caused by Basisiobolus haptosporus. Mycopathologia 72, 101-105.
161. Hachisuka, H. & Sasai, Y. (1981) Development of experimental sporotrichosis in normal and modified animals. Mycopathologia 76, 79-82.
162. Cheng-Lei, P., Yoshiike, T. & Ogawa, H. (1993) Effects of proteinase inhibitors on the cutaneous lesion of Sporothrix schenckii inoculated hairless mice.
163. Schaude, M., Petranyi, G., Ackerbauer, H., Meingassner, J. G. & Mieth, H. (1990) Preclinical antimycotic activity of SDZ 89-4685, a new orally and topically effective triazole. J. Med. Vet. Mycol. 28, 445-454.