The clinical utility of viral quantitation using molecular methods

Clinical and Diagnostic Virology

Volumn 10, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 25-47

  Hodinka, Richard L ^a  

^a CHILDREN S HOSPITAL OF PHILADELPHIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Branched DNA; Hybrid capture; NASBA; Quantitation; Quantitative PCR; Viruses

Indexed keywords

NUCLEIC ACID;

ARTICLE; CYTOMEGALOVIRUS; DNA HYBRIDIZATION; EPSTEIN BARR VIRUS; GENE AMPLIFICATION; HEPATITIS B VIRUS; HEPATITIS C VIRUS; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; VIRUS INFECTION; VIRUS LOAD; VIRUS TITRATION;

HUMANS; NUCLEIC ACID AMPLIFICATION TECHNIQUES; NUCLEIC ACID HYBRIDIZATION; VIRAL LOAD; VIRUS DISEASES;

EID: 0031831538     PISSN: 09280197     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0928-0197(98)00016-6     Document Type: Article

References (170)

1. Arola A., Santti J., Ruuskanen O., Halonen P., Hyypia T. Identification of enteroviruses in clinical specimens by competitive PCR followed by genetic typing using sequence analysis. J Clin Microbiol. 34:1996;313-318.
2. Bagnarelli P., Menzo S., Valenza A., Paolucci S., Petroni S., Scalise G., Sampaolesi R., Manzin A., Varaldo P.E., Clementi M. Quantitative molecular monitoring of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 activity during therapy with specific antiretroviral compounds. J Clin Microbiol. 33:1995;16-23.
3. Basgoz N., Preiksaitis J.K. Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 9:1995;901-923.
4. Bein G., Bitsch A., St. Pierre B. Cytomegalovirus infection in transplantation medicine. Current diagnostic approaches with special emphasis on the pp65 antigenemia assay. Biotest Bull. 5:1993;63-72.
5. Bitsch A., Kirchner H., Dennin R., Hoyer J., Fricke L., Steinhoff J., Sack K., Bein G. Long persistence of CMV DNA in the blood of renal transplant patients after recovery from CMV infection. Transplantation. 56:1993;108-113.
6. Boivin G., Handfield J., Murray G., Toma E., Lalonde R., Lazar J.G., Bergeron M.G. Quantitation of cytomegalovirus (CMV) DNA in leukocytes of human immunodeficiency virus-infected subjects with and without CMV disease by using PCR and the SHARP signal detection system. J Clin Microbiol. 35:1997;525-526.
7. Boland G.J., de Weger R.A., Tilanus M.G., Ververs C., Bosboom-Kalsbeek K., de Gast G.C. Detection of cytomegalovirus (CMV) in granulocytes by polymerase chain reaction compared with the CMV antigen test. J Clin Microbiol. 30:1992;1763-1767.
8. Boom R., Sol C.J.A., Salimans M.M.M., Jansen C.L., Wertheim-van Dillen P.M.E., van der Noordaa J. A rapid and simple method for purification of nucleic acids. J Clin Microbiol. 28:1990;495-503.
9. Bresters D., Cuypers H.T.M., Reesink H.W., Mauser-Bunschoten E.P., van den Berg H.M., Schaasberg W.P., Wilber J.C., Urdea M.S., Neuwald P., Lelie P.N. Comparison of quantitative cDNA-PCR with the branched DNA hybridization assay for monitoring plasma hepatitis C virus RNA levels in hemophilia patients participating in a controlled interferon trial. J Med Virol. 43:1994;262-268.
10. Bruisten S.M., Koppelman MHGM, Roos M.T.L., Loeliger A.E., Reiss P., Boucher C.A.B., Huisman H.G. Use of competitive polymerase chain reaction to determine HIV-1 levels in response to antiviral treatments. AIDS. 7(S2):1993;S15-S20.
11. Butterworth L-A, Prior S.L., Buda P.J., Faoagali J.L., Cooksley W.G.E. Comparison of four methods for quantitative measurement of hepatitis B viral DNA. J Hepatol. 24:1996;686-691.
12. Caliendo A.M. Methods, interpretation and applications of HIV-1 viral load measurements. Clin Microbiol Newsletter. 19:1997;1-5.
13. Cao Y., Ho D.D., Todd J., Kokka R., Urdea M., Lifson J.D., Piatak Jr M., Chen S., Hahn B.H., Saag M.D., Shaw G.M. Clinical evaluation of branched DNA signal amplification for quantifying HIV type 1 in human plasma. AIDS Res Hum Retrovir. 11:1995;353-361.
14. Carman W.F., Jacyna M.R., Hadziyannis S., Karayiannis P., McGarvey M.J., Makris A., Thomas H.C. Mutation preventing formation of e antigen in patients with chronic HBV infection. Lancet. 336:1989;588-591.
15. Carpenter C.J., Fischl M.A., Hammer S.M., Hirsch M.S., Jacobsen D.M., Katzenstein D.A., Montaner J.S.G., Richman D.D., Saag M.S., Schooley R.T., Thompson M.A., Vella S., Yeni P.G., Volberding P.D. Antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection in 1997: updated recommendations of the International AIDS Society-USA panel. J Am Med Assoc. 277:1997;1962-1969.
16. Chernoff D.N., Miner R.C., Hoo B.S., Shen L-P, Kelso R.J., Jekic-McMullen D., Lalezari J.P., Chou S., Drew W.L., Kolberg J.A. Quantification of cytomegalovirus DNA in peripheral blood leukocytes by a branched-DNA signal amplification assay. J Clin Microbiol. 35:1997;2740-2744.
17. Clementi M., Menzo S., Bagnarelli P., Manzin A., Valenza A., Varaldo P.E. Quantitative PCR and RT-PCR in virology. PCR Meth Appl. 2:1993;191-196.
18. Clementi M., Menzo S., Bagnarelli P., Valenza A., Paolucci S., Sampaolesi R., Manzin A., Varaldo P.E. Clinical use of quantitiative molecular methods in studying human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. Clin Microbiol Rev. 9:1996;135-147.
19. Collins M.L., Irvine B., Tyner D., Fine E., Zayati C., Chang C., Horn T., Ahle D., Detmer J., Shen L., Kolberg J., Bushnell S., Urdea M.S., Ho D. A branched DNA signal amplification assay for quantification of nucleic acid targets below 100 mol/ml. Nucleic Acids Res. 25:1997;2979-2984.
20. Coombs R.W., Collier A.C., Allain J-P, Nikora B., Leuther M., Gjerset G.F., Corey L. Plasma viremia in human immunodeficiency virus infection. New Engl J Med. 321:1989;1626-1631.
21. Coombs RW, Welles SL, Hooper C, Reichelderfer PS, D'Aquila RT, Japour AJ, Johnson VA, Kuritzkes DR, Richman DD, Kwok S, Todd J, Jackson JB, DeGruttola V, Crumpacker CS, Kahn J, for the AIDS Clinical Trials Group (ACTG) 116B/117 Study Team and the ACTG Virology Committee Resistance and HIV-1 RNA Working Groups. Association of plasma human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA level with risk of clinical progression in patients with advanced infection. J Infect Dis 1996;174:704-712.
22. Danner SA, Carr A, Leonard JM, Lehman LM, Gudiol F, Gonzales J, Raventos A, Rubio R, Bouza E, Pintado V, Aguado AG, de Lomas JG, Delgado R, Borleffs JCC, Hsu A, Valdes JM, Boucher CAB, Cooper DA, for the European-Australian Collaborative Ritonavir Study Group. A short-term study of the safety, pharmacokinetics and efficacy of ritonavir, an inhibitor of HIV-1 protease. New Engl J Med 1995;333:1528-1533.
23. Davis GL, Balart LA, Schiff ER, Lindsay K, Bodenheimer HC, Perrillo RP, Carey W, Jacobson IM, Payne J, Dienstag JL, Van Thiel DH, Tamburro C, Lefkowitch J, Albrecht J, Meschievitz C, Ortego TJ, Givbas A, The Hepatitis Interventional Group. Treatment of chronic hepatitis C with recombinant interferon-α. A multicenter randomized controlled trial. New Engl J Med 1989;321:1501-1505.
24. Davis G., Lau J., Urdea M., Neuwald P.D., Wilber J.C., Lindsay K., Perrillo R.P., Albrecht J. Quantitative detection of hepatitis C virus RNA with a solid-phase signal amplification method: definition of optimal conditions for specimen collection and clinical application in interferon-treated patients. Hepatology. 19:1994;1337-1341.
25. Davis G.L. Development of treatment strategies for chronic hepatitis C. Antivir Ther. 1:1989;90-93.
26. Detmer J., Lagier R., Flynn J., Zayati C., Kolberg J., Collins M., Urdea M., Sanchez-Pescador R. Accurate quantitation of hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA from all HCV genotypes by using branched-DNA technology. J Clin Microbiol. 34:1996;901-907.
27. Devine S.M., Wingard J.R. Viral infections in severely immunocompromised cancer patients. Support Care Cancer. 2:1994;355-368.
28. Dewar R.L., Highbarger HCc, Sarmiento M.D., Todd J.A., Vasudevachari M.B., Davey Jr R.T., Kovacs J.A., Salzman N.P., Lane H.C., Urdea M.S. Application of branched DNA signal amplification to monitor human immunodeficiency virus type 1 burden in human plasma. J Infect Dis. 170:1994;1172-1179.
29. Diaz-Mitoma F., Ruben M., Sacks S., MacPherson P., Caissie G. Detection of viral DNA to evaluate outcome of antiviral treatment of patients with recurrent genital herpes. J Clin Microbiol. 34:1996;657-663.
30. Dickover R.E., Donovan R.M., Goldstein E., Dandekar S., Bush C.E., Carlson J.R. Quantitation of human immunodeficiency virus DNA by using the polymerase chain reaction. J Clin Microbiol. 28:1990;2130-2133.
31. Donovan R.M., Bush C.E., Markowitz N.P., Baxa D.M., Saravolatz L.D. Changes in virus load markers during AIDS-associated opportunistic diseases in human immunodeficiency virus-infected persons. J Infect Dis. 174:1996;401-403.
32. Drouet E., Colimon R., Michelson S., Fourcade N., Niveleau A., Ducerf C., Boibieux A., Chevallier M., Denoyel G. Monitoring levels of human cytomegalovirus DNA in blood after liver transplantation. J Clin Microbiol. 33:1995;389-394.
33. Dunne A.L., Crowe S.M. Comparison of branched DNA and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for quantifying six different HIV-1 subtypes in plasma. AIDS. 11:1997;126-127.
34. Erhardt A., Schaefer S., Athanassiou N., Kann M., Gerlich W.H. Quantitative assay of PCR-amplified hepatitis B virus DNA using a peroxidase-labelled DNA probe and enhanced chemiluminescence. J Clin Microbiol. 34:1996;1885-1891.
35. + cells per cubic millimeter. New Engl J Med 1995;333:1662-1669.
36. Eyster M.E., Alter H.J., Aledort L.M., Quam S., Hatzakin A., Goedert J.J. Heterosexual co-transmission of hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Ann Int Med. 115:1991;764-768.
37. Fahey J.L., Taylor J.M.G., Detels R., Hofmann B., Melmed R., Nishanian P., Giorgi J.V. The prognostic value of cellular and serologic markers in infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. New Engl J Med. 322:1990;166-172.
38. Fan J., Henrickson K.J. Rapid diagnosis of human parainfluenza virus type 1 infection by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR-enzyme hybridization assay. J Clin Microbiol. 34:1996;1914-1917.
39. Fattovich G., Rugge M., Brollo L., Pontisso P., Noventa F., Guido M., Alberti A., Realdi G. Clinical, virologic and histologic outcome following seroconversion from HBeAg to anti-HBe in chronic hepatitis type B. Hepatology. 6:1986;167-172.
40. Ferre F. Quantitative or semi-quantitative PCR: reality versus myth. PCR Meth Appl. 2:1992;1-9.
41. Ferre F., Marchese A.L., Griffin S.L., Daigle A.E., Richieri S.P., Jensen F.C., Carlo D.J. Development and validation of a polymerase chain reaction method for the precise quantitation of HIV-1 DNA in blood cells from subjects undergoing a 1-year immunotherapeutic treatment. AIDS. 7(S1):1993;S21-S27.
42. Fiscus S.A., DeGruttola V., Gupta P., Katzenstein D.A., Meyer III W.A., LoFaro M.L., Katzman M., Ragni M.V., Reichelderfer P.S., Coombs R.W. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 quantitative cell microculture as a measure of antiviral efficacy in a multicenter clinical trial. J Infect Dis. 171:1995;305-311.
43. Fox J.C., Griffiths P.D., Emery V.C. Quantification of human cytomegalovirus DNA using the polymerase chain reaction. J Gen Virol. 73:1992;2405-2408.
44. Gallez-Hawkins G.M., Tegtmeier B.R., ter Veer A., Niland J.C., Forman S.J., Zaia J.A. Evaluation of a quantitative plasma PCR plate assay for detecting cytomegalovirus infection in marrow transplant recipients. J Clin Microbiol. 35:1997;788-790.
45. Gerdes J.C., Spees E.K., Fitting K., Hiraki J., Sheehan M., Duda D., Jarvi T., Roehl C., Robertson A.D. Prospective study utilizing a quantitative polymerase chain reaction for detection of cytomegalovirus DNA in the blood of renal transplant patients. Transplant Proc. 25:1993;1411-1413.
46. Gerlich WH, Heermann KH, Thomssen R, Eurohep Group. Quantitative assays for hepatitis B virus DNA: standardization and quality control. Virol Hepatitis Rev 1995;1:53-57.
47. Gerna G., Furione M., Baldanti F., Sarasini A. Comparative quantitation of human cytomegalovirus DNA in blood leukocytes and plasma of transplant and AIDS patients. J Clin Microbiol. 32:1994;2709-2717.
48. Gerna G., Zipeto D., Parea M., Percivalle E., Zavattoni M., Gaballo A., Milanesi G. Early virus isolation, early structural antigen detection and DNA amplification by the polymerase chain reaction in polymorphonuclear leukocytes from AIDS patients with human cytomegalovirus viraemia. Mol Cell Probes. 5:1991a;365-374.
49. Gerna G., Zipeto D., Parea M., Revello M.G., Silini E., Percivalle E., Zavattoni M., Grossi P., Milanesi G. Monitoring of human cytomegalovirus infections and ganciclovir treatment in heart transplant recipients by determination of viremia, antigenemia and DNAemia. J Infect Dis. 164:1991b;488-498.
50. Gretch D., Corey L., Wilson J., dela Rosa C., Willson R., Carithers R. Jr, Busch M., Hart J., Sayers M., Han J. Assessment of hepatitis C virus RNA levels by quantitative competitive RNA polymerase chain reaction: high-titer viremia correlates with advanced stage of disease. J Infect Dis. 169:1994;1219-1225.
51. Gretch D.R., dela Rosa C., Carithers R.L. Jr, Wilson R.A., Williams B., Corey L. Assessment of hepatitis C viremia using molecular amplification technologies: correlations and clinical implications. Ann Intern Med. 123:1995;321-329.
52. Griffith B.P., Rigsby M.O., Garner R.B., Gordon M.M., Chacko T.M. Comparison of the amplicor HIV-1 monitor test and the nucleic acid sequence-based amplification assay for quantitation of human immunodeficiency virus RNA in plasma, serum and plasma subjected to freeze-thaw cycles. J Clin Microbiol. 35:1997;3288-3291.
53. Gupta P., Ding M., Cottrill M., Rinaldo C., Kingsley L., Wolinsky S., Mellors J. Quantitation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 DNA and RNA by a novel internally controlled PCR assay. J Clin Microbiol. 33:1995;1670-1673.
54. Hadziyannis E., Fried M.W., Nolte F.S. Evaluation of two methods for quantitation of hepatitis C virus RNA. Mol Diag. 2:1997;39-46.
55. 3: AIDS Clinical Trials Group Protocol 208. J Infect Dis. 172:1995;1379-1383.
56. Hawkins A., Davidson F., Simmonds P. Comparison of plasma virus loads among individuals infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes 1, 2 and 3 by quantiplex HCV RNA assay versions 1 and 2, Roche monitor assay and an in-house limiting dilution method. J Clin Microbiol. 35:1997;187-192.
57. Hendricks D.A., Stowe B.J., Hoo B.S., Kolberg J., Irvine B.D., Neuwald P.D., Urdea M.S., Perrillo R.P. Quantitation of HBV DNA in human serum using a branched DNA (bDNA) signal amplification assay. Am J Clin Pathol. 104:1995;537-546.
58. Hess G., Reuschling M. Toward routine diagnosis of hepatitis B virus desoxyribonucleic acid. Clin Biochem. 26:1993;289-293.
59. Ho D.D., Moudgil T., Alam M. Quantitation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in the blood of infected persons. New Engl J Med. 321:1989;1621-1625.
60. + lymphocytes in HIV-1 infection. Nature. 373:1995;123-126.
61. Hobson A., Wald A., Wright N., Corey L. Evaluation of a quantitative competitive PCR assay for measuring herpes simplex virus DNA content in genital tract secretions. J Clin Microbiol. 35:1997;548-552.
62. Holodniy M., Katzenstein D.A., Sengupta S., Wang A.M., Casipit C., Schwartz D.H., Konrad M., Groves E., Merigan T.C. Detection and quantification of human immunodeficiency virus RNA in patient serum by use of the polymerase chain reaction. J Infect Dis. 163:1990;862-866.
63. Holodniy M., Katzenstein D.A., Israelski D.M., Merigan T.C. Reduction in plasma human immunodeficiency virus ribonucleic acid after dideoxynucleoside therapy as determined by the polymerase chain reaction. J Clin Invest. 88:1991;1755-1759.
64. Holodniy M., Mole L., Margolis D., Moss J., Dong H., Boyer E., Urdea M., Kolberg J., Eastman S. Determination of human immunodeficiency virus RNA in plasma and cellular viral DNA genotypic zidovudine resistance and viral load during zidovudine-didanosine combination therapy. J Virol. 69:1995;3510-3516.
65. + cell count measurement variability on staging HIV-1 infection. J AIDS. 5:1992;794-802.
66. Jacob S., Baudy D., Jones E., Xu L., Mason A., Regenstein F., Perrillo R.P. Comparison of quantitative HCV RNA assays in chronic hepatitis C. Am J Clin Pathol. 107:1997;362-367.
67. Jacobson M.A., Mills J. Serious cytomegalovirus disease in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS): clinical findings, diagnosis and treatment. Ann Intern Med. 108:1988;585-594.
68. Jungkind D., DiRenzo S., Beavis K.G., Silverman N.S. Evaluation of automated COBAS AMPLICOR PCR system for detection of several infectious agents and its impact on laboratory management. J Clin Microbiol. 34:1996;2778-2783.
69. Jurriaans S., Dekker J.T., de Ronde A. HIV-1 viral DNA load in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from seroconverters and long-term infected individuals. AIDS. 6:1992;635-641.
70. Jurriaans S., van Gemen B., Weverling G.J., van Strijp D., Nara P., Coutinho R., Koot M., Schuitemaker H., Goudsmit J. The natural history of HIV-1 infection: virus load and virus phenotype independent determinants of clinical course? Virology. 204:1994;223-233.
71. Kapke G.F., Watson G., Sheffler S., Hunt D., Frederick C. Comparison of the Chiron Quantiplex branched DNA (bDNA) assay and the Abbott Genostics solution hybridization assay for quantitation of hepatitis B viral DNA. J Viral Hep. 4:1997;67-75.
72. Kappes J.C., Saag M.S., Shaw G.M., Hahn B.H., Chopra P., Chen S., Emini E.A., McFarland R., Yang L.C., Piatak Jr M., Lifson J.D. Assessment of antiretroviral therapy by plasma viral load testing: standard and ICD HIV-1 p24 antigen and viral RNA (QC-PCR) assays compared. J AIDS Human Retrovir. 10:1995;139-149.
73. + cells per cubic millimeter. New Engl J Med 1996;335:1091-1098.
74. Kern D., Collins M., Fultz T., Detmer J., Hamren S., Peterkin J.J., Sheridan P., Urdea M., White R., Yeghiazarian T., Todd J. An enhanced-sensitivity branched-DNA assay for quantification of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA in plasma. J Clin Microbiol. 34:1996;3196-3202.
75. Kievits T., van Gemen B., van Strijp D., Schukkink R., Dircks M., Adriaanse H., Malek L., Sooknanan R., Lens P. NASBA isothermal enzymatic in vitro nucleic acid amplification optimized for the diagnosis of HIV-1 infection. J Virol Meth. 35:1991;273-286.
76. Kojima E., Shirasaka T., Anderson B., Chokekijchai S., Sei S., Yarchoan R., Mitsuya H. Monitoring the activity of antiviral therapy for HIV infection using a polymerase chain reaction method coupled with reverse transcription. AIDS. 7(S2):1993;S101-S105.
77. Kovacs J.A., Baseler M., Dewar R.J., Vogel S., Davey Jr R.T., Falloon J., Polis M.A., Walker R.E., Stevens R., Salzman N.P., Metcalf J.A., Masur H., Lane H.C. Increases in CD4 T lymphocytes with intermittent courses of interleukin-2 in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. A preliminary study. New Eng J Med. 332:1995;567-575.
78. Krajden M., Shankaran P., Bourke C., Lau W. Detection of cytomegalovirus in blood donors by PCR using the Digene SHARP Signal System assay: effects of sample preparation and detection methodology. J Clin Microbiol. 34:1996;29-33.
79. Lafeuillade A., Tamalet C., Pellegrino P., de Micco P., Vignoli C., Quilichini R. Correlation between surrogate markers, viral load and disease progression in HIV-1 infection. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 7:1994;1028-1033.
80. Lau J.Y.N., Davis G.L., Kniffen J., Qian K.P., Urdea M.S., Chan C.S., Mizokami M., Neuwald P.D., Wilber J.C. Significance of serum hepatitis C virus RNA levels in chronic hepatitis C. Lancet. 341:1993;1501-1504.
81. Li X., de Medina M., LaRue S., Shao L., Schiff E.R. Comparison of assays for HCV RNA. Lancet. 342:1993;1174-1175.
82. Lieberman H.M., LaBrecque D.R., Kew M.C., Hadziyannis S.J., Shafritz D.A. Detection of hepatitis B virus DNA directly in human serum by a simplified molecular hybridization test: comparison to HBeAg/anti-HBe status in HBsAg carriers. Hepatology. 3:1983;285-291.
83. Lin H.J., Haywood M., Hollinger F.B. Application of a commerical kit for detection of PCR products to quantification of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA and proviral DNA. J Clin Microbiol. 34:1996;329-333.
84. Ljunggren K.K., Nordenfelt E., Kidd A. Correlation of HBeAG/anti-HBe, ALT levels and HBV DNA PCR results in HBsAg-positive patients. J Med Virol. 39:1993;297-302.
85. Luzuriaga K., Bryson Y., Krogstad P., Robinson J., Stechenberg B., Lamson M., Cort S., Sullivan J.L. Combination treatment with zidovudine, didanosine and nevirapine in infants with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. New Engl J Med. 336:1997;1343-1349.
86. Magrin S., Craxi A., Fabiano C., Simonetti R.G., Fiorentino G., Marino L., Diquattro O., DiMarco V., Loiacono O., Volpes R., Almasio P., Urdea M.S., Neuwald P., Sanchez-Pescador R., Detmer J., Wilber J.C., Pagliaro L. Hepatitis C viremia in chronic liver disease: relationship to interferon-α or corticosteroid treatment. Hepatology. 19:1993;273-279.
87. Markowitz M., Saag M., Powderly W.G., Hurley A.M., Hsu A., Valdes J.M., Henry D., Sattler F., La Marca A., Leonard J.M., Ho D.D. A preliminary study of ritonavir, an inhibitor of HIV-1 protease, to treat HIV-1 infection. New Engl J Med. 333:1995;1534-1539.
88. Martinot-Peignoux M., Marcellin P., Pouteau M., Castelnau C., Boyer N., Poliquin M., Degott C., Descombes I., LeBreton V., Milotova V., Benhamou J.P., Erlinger S. Pretreatment serum hepatitis C virus RNA levels and hepatitis C virus genotype are the main and independent prognostic factors of sustained response to interferon-α therapy in chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology. 22:1995;1050-1056.
89. Mayerat C., Burgisser P., Lavanchy D., Mantegani A., Frei P.C. Comparison of a competitive combined reverse transcription-PCR assay with a branched-DNA assay for hepatitis C virus RNA quantitation. J Clin Microbiol. 34:1996;2702-2706.
90. Mazzulli T., Wood S., Chua R., Walmsley S. Evaluation of the Digene hybrid capture system for detection and quantitation of human cytomegalovirus viremia in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. J Clin Microbiol. 34:1996;2959-2962.
91. Mellors J.W., Kingsley L.A., Rinaldo Jr C.R., Todd J.A., Hoo B.S., Kokka R.P., Gupta P. Quantitation of HIV-1 RNA in plasma predicts outcome after seroconversion. Ann Intern Med. 122:1995;573-579.
92. Mellors J.W., Rinaldo C.R. Jr, Gupta P., White R.M., Todd J.A., Kingsley L.A. Prognosis in HIV-1 infection predicted by the quantity of virus in plasma. Science. 272:1996;1167-1170.
93. Menzo S., Bagnarelli P., Giacca M., Manzin A., Varaldo P.E., Clementi M. Absolute quantitation of viremia in human immunodeficiency virus infection by competitive reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction. J Clin Microbiol. 30:1992;1752-1757.
94. Meyers J.D., Ljungman P., Fisher L.D. Cytomegalovirus excretion as a predictor of cytomegalovirus disease after marrow transplantation: importance of cytomegalovirus viremia. J Infect Dis. 162:1990;373-380.
95. Mulder J., McKinney N., Christopherson C., Sninsky J., Greenfield L., Kwok S. Rapid and simple PCR assay for quantitation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA in plasma: application to acute retroviral infection. J Clin Microbiol. 32:1994;292-300.
96. Mulder J., Resnick R., Saget B., Scheibel S., Herman S., Payne H., Harrigan R., Kwok S. A rapid and simple method for extracting human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA from plasma: enhanced sensitivity. J Clin Microbiol. 35:1997;1278-1280.
97. Nalesnik M.A. Posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLD): current prospectives. Sem Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 8:1996;139-148.
98. Nolte F.S., Thurmond C., Fried M.W. Preclinical evaluation of AMPLICOR hepatitis C virus test for detection of hepatitis C virus RNA. J Clin Microbiol. 33:1995;1775-1778.
99. O'Brien W.A., Grovit-Ferbas K., Namazi A., Ovcak-Derzic S., Wang H-J, Park J., Yeramian C., Mao S-H, Zack J.A. Human immunodeficiency virus-type 1 replication can be increased in peripheral blood of seropositive patients after influenza vaccination. Blood. 86:1995;082-1089.
100. O'Brien TR, Blattner WA, Waters D, Eyster ME, Hilgartner MW, Cohen AR, Luban N, Hatzakis A, Aledort LM, Rosenberg PS, Miley WJ, Kroner BL, Goedert JJ, for the Multicenter Hemophilia Cohort Study. Serum HIV-1 RNA levels and time to development of AIDS in the multicenter hemophilia cohort study. J Am Med Assoc 1996a;276:105-110.
101. + lymphocyte counts and the risk of progression to AIDS. New Engl J Med 1996b;334:426-431.
102. Orito E., Mizokami M., Nakano T., Terashima H., Nojiri O., Sakakibara K., Mizuno M., Ogino M., Nakamura M., Matsumoto Y., Miyata K-I, Lau J.Y.N. Serum hepatitis C virus RNA level as a predictor of subsequent response to interferon-α therapy in Japanese patients with chronic hepatitis C. J Med Virol. 44:1994;410-414.
103. Pachl C., Todd J.A., Kern D.G., Sheridan P.J., Fong S-J, Stempien M., Hoo B., Besemer D., Yeghiazarian T., Irvine B., Kolberg J., Kokka R., Neuwald P., Urdea M.S. Rapid and precise quantification of HIV-1 RNA in plasma using a branched DNA signal amplification assay. J AIDS Human Retrovirol. 8:1995;446-454.
104. Paterlini P., Gerken G., Nakajima E., Terre S., D'Errico A., Grigioni W., Nalpas B., Franco D., Wands J., Kew M., Pisi E., Tiollais P., Brechot C. Polymerase chain reaction to detect hepatitis B virus DNA and RNA sequences in primary liver cancers from patients negative for hepatitis B surface antigen. New Engl J Med. 323:1990;80-85.
105. Pawlotsky J-M Measuring hepatitis C viremia in clinical samples: Can we trust the assays? Hepatology. 26:1997;1-4.
106. Perrillo RP, Schiff ER, Davis GL, Bodenheimer HC, Lindsay K, Payne J, Dienstag JL, O'Brien C, Tamburro C, Jacobson IM, Sampliner R, Feit D, Lefkowitch J, Kuhns M, Meschievitz C, Sanghvi B, Albrecht J, Gibas A, Hepatitis Interventional Therapy Group. A randomized, controlled trial of interferon α-2b alone and after prednisone withdrawal for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B. New Engl J Med 1990;323:295-301.
107. Piatak M. Jr, Luk K-C, Williams B., Lifson J.D. Quantitative competitive polymerase chain reaction for accurate quantitation of HIV DNA and RNA species. Biotechniques. 14:1993a;70-77.
108. Piatak M. Jr, Saag M.S., Yang L.C., Clark S.J., Kappes J.C., Luk K.C., Hahn B.H., Shaw G.M., Lifson J.D. Determination of plasma viral load in HIV-1 infection by quantitative competitive polymerase chain reaction. AIDS. 7(S2):1993b;S65-S71.
109. Piatak M. Jr, Saag M.S., Yang L.C., Clark S.J., Kappes J.C., Luk K-C, Hahn B.H., Shaw G.M., Lifson J.D. High levels of HIV-1 in plasma during all stages of infection determined by competitive PCR. Science. 259:1993c;1749-1754.
110. Quint W.G.V., Heijtink R.A., Schirm J., Gerlich W.H., Niesters H.G.M. Reliability of methods for hepatitis B virus DNA detection. J Clin Microbiol. 33:1995;225-228.
111. + lymphocyte counts of clinically stable HIV-infected individuals. J AIDS Human Retrovir. 10:1995;S67-S73.
112. Rasmussen L., Morris S., Zipeto D., Fessel J., Wolitz R., Dowling A., Merigan T.C. Quantitation of human cytomegalovirus DNA from peripheral blood cells of human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients could predict cytomegalovirus retinitis. J Infect Dis. 171:1995;177-182.
113. Ravaggi A., Zonaro A., Mazza C., Albertini A., Cariani E. Quantitation of hepatitis C virus RNA by competitive amplification of RNA from denatured serum and hybridization on microtiter plates. J Clin Microbiol. 33:1995;265-269.
114. Revets H., Marissens D., de Wit S., Lacor P., Clumeck N., Lauwers S., Zissis G. Comparative evaluation of NASBA HIV-1 RNA QT, AMPLICOR-HIV Monitor and QUANTIPLEX HIV RNA assay, three methods for quantification of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA in plasma. J Clin Microbiol. 34:1996;1058-1064.
115. Riddler S.A., Breinig M.C., McKnight J.L.C. Increased levels of circulating Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-infected lymphocytes and decreased EBV nuclear antigen antibody responses are associated with the development of posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease in solid-organ transplant recipients. Blood. 84:1994;972-984.
116. Roques P., Marce D., Courpotin C., Mathieu F.P., Herve F., Boussin F-D, Narwa R., Meyohas M-C, Dollfus C., Dormont D. Correlation between HIV provirus burden and in utero transmission. AIDS. 7(S2):1993;S39-S43.
117. Roth W.K., Lee J-H, Ruster B., Zeuzem S. Comparison of two quantitative hepatitis C virus reverse transcriptase PCR assays. J Clin Microbiol. 34:1996;261-264.
118. Rowe D.T., Qu L., Reyes J., Jabbour N., Yunis E., Putnam P., Todo S., Green M. Use of quantitative competitive PCR to measure Epstein-Barr virus genome load in the peripheral blood of pediatric transplant patients with lymphoproliferative disorders. J Clin Microbiol. 35:1997;1612-1615.
119. Ryff J.C. To treat or not to treat? The judicious use of interferon-α-2a for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology. 17(3):1993;S42-S46.
120. Saag M.S., Holodniy M., Kuritzkes D.R., O'Brien W.A., Coombs R., Poscher M.E., Jacobsen D.M., Shaw G.M., Richman D.D., Volberding P.A. HIV viral load markers in clinical practice. Nature Med. 2:1996;625-629.
121. Savoie A., Perpete C., Carpentier L., Joncas J., Alfieri C. Direct correlation between the load of Epstein-Barr virus-infected lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of pediatric transplant patients and risk of lymphoproliferative disease. Blood. 83:1994;2715-2722.
122. Scadden D.T., Wang Z., Groopman J.E. Quantitation of plasma human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA by competitive polymerase chain reaction. J Infect Dis. 165:1992;1119-1123.
123. Schiffman M.H., Kiviat N.B., Burk R.D., Shah K.V., Daniel R.W., Lewis R., Kuypers J., Manos M.M., Scott D.R., Sherman M.E., Kurman R.J., Stoler M.H., Glass A.G., Rush B.B., Mielzynska I., Lorincz A.T. Accuracy and interlaboratory reliability of human papillomavirus DNA testing by hybrid capture. J Clin Microbiol. 33:1995;545-550.
124. Schuurman R., Descamps D., Weverling G.J., Kaye S., Tijnagel J., Williams I., van Leeuwen R., Tedder R., Boucher C.A.B., Brun-Vezinet F., Loveday C. Multicenter comparison of three commercial methods for quantitation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA in plasma. J Clin Microbiol. 34:1996;3016-3022.
125. Secchiero P., Zella D., Crowley R.W., Gallo R.C., Lusso P. Quantitative PCR for human herpesviruses 6 and 7. J Clin Microbiol. 33:1995;2124-2130.
126. Shah K.V., Solomon L., Daniel R., Cohn S., Vlahov D. Comparison of PCR and hybrid capture methods for detection of human papillomavirus in injection drug-using women at high risk of human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Clin Microbiol. 35:1997;517-519.
127. Shearer WT, Quinn TC, LaRussa P, Lew JF, Mofenson L, Almy S, Rich K, Handelsman E, Diaz C, Pagano M, Smeriglio V, Kalish LA, Women and Infants Transmission Study Group. Viral load and disease progression in infants infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. New Engl J Med 1997;336:1337-1342.
128. Sherman K.E., O'Brien J., Gutierrez A.G., Harrison S., Urdea M., Neuwald P., Wilber J. Quantitative evaluation of hepatitis C virus RNA in patients with concurrent human immunodeficiency virus infections. J Clin Microbiol. 31:1993;2679-2682.
129. Shibata D., Martin W.J., Appelman M.D., Causey D.M., Leedom J.M., Arnheim N. Detection of cytomegalovirus DNA in peripheral blood of patients with human immunodeficiency virus. J Infect Dis. 158:1988;1185-1192.
130. Shindo M., Di Bisceglie A.M., Cheung L., Shih W-K, Cristiano K., Feinstone S.M., Hoofnagle J.H. Decrease in serum hepatitis C viral RNA during α-interferon therapy for chronic hepatitis C. Ann Intern Med. 115:1991;700-704.
131. Shinkai M., Spector S. Quantitation of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) DNA in cerebrospinal fluid by competitive PCR in AIDS patients with different HCNV central nervous system diseases. Scand J Infect Dis. 27:1995;559-561.
132. Smits H.L., Bollen L.J.M., Tjong-A-Hung S.P., Vonk J., van der Velden J., Fiebo J.W., Kate T., Kaan J.A., Mol B.W., Ter Schegget J. Intermethod variation in detection of human papillomavirus DNA in cervical smears. J Clin Microbiol. 33:1995;2631-2636.
133. Sninsky J.J., Kwok S. The application of quantitative polymerase chain reaction to therapeutic monitoring. AIDS. 7(S2):1993;S29-S34.
134. Sperling RS, Shapiro DE, Coombs RW, Todd JA, Herman SA, McSherry GD, O'Sullivan MJ, Van Dyke RB, Jimenez E, Rouzioux C, Flynn PM, Sullivan JL, for the Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group Protocol 076 Study Group. Maternal viral load, zidovudine treatment and the risk of transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 from mother to infant. New Engl J Med 1996;335:1621-1629.
135. Staprans S.I., Hamilton B.L., Follansbee S.E., Elbeik T., Barbosa P., Grant R.M., Feinberg M.B. Activation of virus replication after vaccination of HIV-1-infected individuals. J Exp Med. 182:1995;1727-1737.
136. + lymphocyte cell enumeration for prediction of clinical course of human immunodeficiency virus disease: a review. J Infect Dis. 165:1992;352-363.
137. Stieger M., Demolliere C., Ahlborn-Laake L., Mous J. Competitive polymerase chain reaction assay for quantitation of HIV-1 DNA and RNA. J Virol Meth. 34:1991;149-160.
138. Terrault N.A., Dailey P.J., Ferrell L., Collins M.L., Wilber J.C., Urdea M.S., Bhandari B.N., Wright T.L. Hepatitis C virus: quantitation and distribution in liver. J Med Virol. 51:1997;217-224.
139. The T.H., Grefte J.M.M., van der Bij W., van Son W.J., van den Berg A.P. CMV infection after organ transplantation: immunopathological and clinical aspects. Neth J Med. 45:1994;309-318.
140. The T.H., van der Ploeg M., van den Berg A.P., Vlieger A.M., van der Giessen M., van Son W.J. Direct detection of cytomegalovirus in peripheral blood leukocytes-a review of the antigenemia assay and polymerase chain reaction. Transplantation. 54:1992;193-198.
141. Todd J., Yegjiazarian T., Hoo B., Detmer J., Kolberg J., White R., Wilber J., Urdea M. Quantitation of human immunodeficiency virus plasma RNA by branched DNA and reverse transcription coupled polymerase chain reaction assay methods: A critical evaluation of accuracy and reproducibility. Serodiagn Immunother Infect Dis. 6:1994;233-239.
142. Trabaud M-A, Audoly G., Leriche K., Cotte L., Ritter J., Sepetjan M., Trepo C. Development of a reverse transcriptase PCR-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for quantification of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA in plasma: comparison with commercial quantitative assays. J Clin Microbiol. 35:1997;1251-1254.
143. Tsoukas C.M., Bernard N.F. Markers predicting progression of human immunodeficiency virus-related disease. Clin Microbiol Rev. 7:1994;14-28.
144. Urdea M.S. Synthesis and characterization of branched DNA (bDNA) for the direct and quantitative detection of CMV, HBV, HCV and HIV. Clin Chem. 39:1993;725-726.
145. Urdea M.S., Horn T., Fultz T.J., Anderson M., Running J.A., Hamren S., Ahle D., Chang C.C.A. Branched DNA amplification multimers for the sensitive, direct detection of human hepatitis viruses. Nucleic Acids Symp Ser. 24:1991;197-200.
146. Urdea M.S., Wilber J.C., Yeghiazarian T., Todd J.A., Kern D.G., Fong S-J, Besemer D., Hoo B., Sheridan P.J., Kokka R., Neuwald P., Pachl C.A. Direct and quantitative detection of HIV-1 RNA in human plasma with a branched DNA signal amplification assay. AIDS. 7(S2):1993;S11-S14.
147. Valentine-Thon E. Evaluation of SHARP signal system for enzymatic detection of amplified hepatitis B virus DNA. J Clin Microbiol. 33:1995;477-480.
148. van Gemen B., Kievits T., Nara P., Huisman H.G., Jurriaans S., Goudsmit J., Lens P. Qualitative and quantitative detection of HIV-1 RNA by nucleic acid sequence-based amplification. AIDS. 7(S2):S1993;S107-110.
149. van Gemen B., van Beuningen R., Nabbe A., van Strijp D., Jurriaans S., Lens P., Kievits T. A one-tube quantitative HIV-1 RNA NASBA nucleic acid amplification assay using electrochemiluminescent (ECL) labeled probes. J Virol Meth. 49:1994;157-168.
150. van Gemen B., Wiel P.V.D., van Beuningen R., Sillekens P., Jurriaans S., Dries C., Schoones R., Kievits T. The one-tube quantitative HIV-1 RNA NASBA: precision, accuracy and application. PCR Meth Appl. 4:1995;S177-S184.
151. Vandamme A-M, Schmit J-C, van Dooren S., van Laethem K., Gobbers E., Kok W., Goubau P., Witvrouw M., Peetermans W., de Clercq E., Desmyter J. Quantification of HIV-1 RNA in plasma: Comparable results with the NASBA HIV-1 RNA QT and the AMPLICOR HIV Monitor test. J AIDS Human Retrovirol. 13:1996;127-139.
152. Veal N., Payan C., Fray D., Sarol L., Blanchet O., Kouyoumdjian S., Lunel F. Novel DNA assay for cytomegalovirus detection: comparison with conventional culture and pp65 antigenemia assay. J Clin Microbiol. 34:1996;3097-3100.
153. Vlieger A.M., Boland G.J., Jiwa N.M., de Weger R.A., Willemze R., de Gast G.C., Falkenburg J.H. Cytomegalovirus antigenemia assay or PCR can be used to monitor ganciclovir treatment in bone marrow transplant recipients. Bone Marrow Transplant. 9:1992;247-253.
154. Vogel J-U, Cinatl J., Lux A., Weber B., Driesel A.J., Doerr H.W. New PCR assay for rapid and quantitative detection of human cytomegalovirus in cerebrospinal fluid. J Clin Microbiol. 34:1996;482-483.
155. Wei X., Ghosh S.K., Taylor M.E., Johnson V.A., Emini E.A., Deutsch P., Lifson J.D., Bonhoeffer S., Nowak M.A., Hahn B.H., Saag M.S., Shaw G.M. Viral dynamics in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. Nature. 373:1995;117-122.
156. Welles SL, Jackson JB, Yen-Lieberman B, Demeter L, Japour AJ, Smeaton LM, Johnson VA, Kuritzkes DR, D'Aquila RT, Reichelderfer PA, Richman DD, Reichman R, Fischl M, Dolin R, Coombs RW, Kahn JO, McLaren C, Todd J, Kwok S, Crumpacker CS, for the AIDS Clinical Trials Group Protocol 116A/116B/117 Team. Prognostic value of plasma human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) RNA levels in patients with advanced HIV-1 disease and with little or no prior zidovudine therapy. J Infect Dis 1996;174:696-703.
157. Wiedbrauk DL, Hodinka RL. Polymerase chain reaction applications. In: Friedman H, Specter S, Bendinelli M, editors. Rapid detection of infectious agents. New York: Plenum, in press.
158. Williams S.D., Kwok S. Polymerase chain reaction: applications for viral detection. Lennette E.H. Laboratory Diagnosis of Viral Infections. 2nd edn:1992;147-173 Marcel Dekker, New York.
159. Wright T.L., Combs C., Kim M., Ferrell L., Bacchetti P., Ascher N., Roberts J., Wilber J., Sheridan P., Urdea M. Interferon-α therapy for hepatitis C virus infection after liver transplantation. Hepatology. 20:1994;773-779.
160. Yamamoto M., Kimura H., Hironaka T., Hirai K., Hasegawa S., Kuzushima K., Shibata M., Morishima T. Detection and quantitation of virus DNA in plasma of patients with Epstein-Barr virus-associated diseases. J Clin Microbiol. 33:1995;1765-1768.
161. Yen-Lieberman B., Brambilla D., Jackson B., Bremer J., Coombs R., Cronin M., Herman S., Katzenstein D., Leung S., Lin H.J., Palumbo P., Rasheed S., Todd J., Vahey M., Reichelderfer P. Evaluation of a quality assurance program for quantitation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA in plasma by the AIDS clinical trials group virology laboratories. J Clin Microbiol. 34:1996;2695-2701.
162. Yerly S., Chamot E., Hirschel B., Perrin L.H. Quantitation of human immunodeficiency virus provirus and circulating virus: relationship with immunologic parameters. J Infect Dis. 166:1992;269-276.
163. Yoffe B., Noonan C.A. Hepatitis B virus: new and evolving issues. Dig Dis Sci. 37:1992;1-9.
164. Yun Z.B., Reichard O., Chen M., Lundeberg J., Norkrans G., Fryden A., Sonnerborg A., Weiland O. Serum hepatitis C virus RNA levels in chronic hepatitis C: importance for outcome of interferon α-2b treatment. Scand J Infect Dis. 26:1994;263-270.
165. Zaaijer H.L., ter Borg F., Cuypers H.T.M., Hermus MCAH, Lelie P.N. Comparison of methods for detection of hepatitis B virus DNA. J Clin Microbiol. 32:1994;2088-2091.
166. Zeuzem S., Schmidt J.M., Lee J-H, Ruster B., Roth W.K. Effect of interferon-α on the dynamics of hepatitis C virus turnover in vivo. Hepatology. 23:1996;366-371.
167. Zhang L.Q., Simmonds P., Ludlam C.A., Leigh Brown A.J. Detection, quantification and sequencing of HIV-1 from the plasma of seropositive individuals and from factor VIII concentrates. AIDS. 5:1991;675-681.
168. Zipeto D., Baldanti F., Zella D., Furione M., Cavicchini A., Milanesi G., Gerna G. Quantification of human cytomegalovirus DNA in peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes of immunocompromised patients by the polymerase chain reaction. J Virol Meth. 44:1993;45-56.
169. Zipeto D., Morris S., Hong C., Dowling A., Wolitz R., Merigan T.C., Rasnussen L. Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) DNA in plasma reflects quantity of CMV DNA present in leukocytes. J Clin Microbiol. 33:1995;2607-2611.
170. Zipeto D., Revello M.G., Silini E., Parea M., Percivalle E., Zavattoni M., Milanesi G., Gerna G. Development and clinical significance of a diagnostic assay based on the polymerase chain reaction for detection of human cytomegalovirus DNA in blood samples from immunocompromised patients. J Clin Microbiol. 30:1992;527-530.