Image comparisons of snow and ice crystals photographed by light (video) microscopy and low-temperature scanning electron microscopy

Scanning

Volumn 20, Issue 4, 1998, Pages 285-296

  Wergin, William P ^a   Rango, Albert ^a   Erbe, Eric F ^a  

^a AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE   (United States)

Author keywords

Ice; Low temperature scanning electron microscopy; Snow crystals; Video microscopy

Indexed keywords

ICE; SNOW;

ARTICLE; CRYSTAL; IMAGING; LOW TEMPERATURE; MICROSCOPY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; VIDEORECORDING;

EID: 0031830379     PISSN: 01610457     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/sca.1998.4950200401     Document Type: Article

References (22)

1. Ahlmann HW, Droessler EG: Glacier ice crystal measurements at Kebnekajse, Sweden. J Glaciol 1, 268-274 (1949)
2. Akitaya E: Studies on depth hoar. Contributions from the Institute of Low Temperature Science A(26), 1-67 (1974)
3. Armstrong RL: The mountain snowpack. In The Avalanche Book (Eds. Armstrong BR, Williams K). Colorado Geological Survey, Denver (1992) 47-83
4. Bentley WA, Humphreys WJ: Snow Crystals. McGraw-Hill Book Co. Inc., New York (1931)
5. Colbeck S, Akitaya E, Armstrong R, Gubler H, Lafeuille J, Lied K, McClung D, Morris E: The International Classification for Seasonal Snow on the Ground. Int. Commission on Snow and Ice (IAHS), World Data Center for Glaciology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colo. (1990)
6. Eckerbom E, Palosuo E: A study of ice at Storglaciaren, Kebnekajse. In Ice and Snow: Properties, Processes, and Applications (Ed. Kingery WD). MIT Press, Cambridge Mass. (1963) 56-62
7. LaChapelle ER: Field Guide to Snow Crystals. International Glaciology Society, Cambridge (1992)
8. Nakaya U: Snow Crystals. Harvard University Press, Cambridge (1954)
9. Rango A, Wergin WP, Erbe EF: Snow crystal imaging using scanning electron microscopy: I. Precipitated snow. Hydrolog Sci 41, 219-233 (1996a)
10. Rango A, Wergin WP, Erbe EF: Snow crystal imaging using scanning electron microscopy: II. Metamorphosed snow. Hydrolog Sci 41, 235-250 (1996b)
11. Seligman G: The growth of the glacier crystal. J Glaciol 1, 254-267 (1949)
12. Sturm M: The role of thermal convection in heat and mass transport in the subarctic snow cover. CRREL Report 91-19 (1991)
13. Umrath W: Berechnung von Gefriertrocknungszeiten fur elektronenmikroskopische Präparation. Mikroskopie 40, 9 (1983)
14. Wergin WP, Erbe EF: Increasing resolution and versatility in low temperature conventional and field emission scanning electron microscopy. Scan Microsc 5, 927-936 (1991)
15. Wergin WP, Erbe EF: Can you image a snowflake with an SEM? Certainly! Proc Royal Microsc Soc 29, 138-140 (1994a)
16. Wergin WP, Erbe EF: Snow crystals: Capturing snowflakes for observation with the low-temperature scanning electron microscope. Scanning 16, IV88-IV89 (1994b)
17. Wergin WP, Erbe EF: Use of low temperature scanning electron microscopy to examine snow crystals. Proc 14th Int Cong Electron Microsc 3(B), 993-994 (1994c)
18. Wergin WP, Rango A, Erbe EF: Observations of snow crystals using low-temperature scanning electron microscopy. Scanning 17, 41-49 (1995a)
19. Wergin WP, Rango A, Erbe EF: Three dimensional characterization of snow crystals using low-temperature scanning electron microscopy. Scanning 17, V29-V30 (1995b)
20. Wergin WP, Rango A, Erbe EF, Murphy CA: Low temperature SEM of precipitated and metamorphosed snow crystals collected and transported from remote sites. J Microsc Soc Amer 2, 99-112 (1996a)
21. Wergin WP, Rango A, Erbe EF: Use of low-temperature scanning electron microscopy to observe icicles, ice fabric, rime and frost. Microsc Microanal 54, 146-147 (1996b)
22. Wergin WP, Rango A, Erbe EF: Sampling, storing and shipping snow crystals to correlate and photograph images using light microscopy and low temperature scanning electron microscopy. Scientific Meeting of the Canadian Geophysical Union 156 (1997)