Coastal forests of eastern Africa: Status, endemism patterns and their potential causes

Biological Journal of the Linnean Society

Volumn 64, Issue 3, 1998, Pages 337-367

  Burgess, N D ^a   Clarke, G P ^b   Rodgers, W A ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN   (Denmark)

^b The Hermitage   (United Kingdom)

^c c/o FAO/GEF   (Tanzania)

Author keywords

Centres of endemism; Conservation; Endemic species; Evolution

Indexed keywords

COASTAL ZONE; ENDEMISM; FOREST; SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION;

(EAST); AFRICA;

EID: 0031828303     PISSN: 00244066     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1006/bijl.1998.0224     Document Type: Article

References (106)

1. Alexander CS. 1969. Beach ridges in north-eastern Tanzania. The Geographical Review 59: 104-122.
2. Andrews P, Groves CP, Horne JFM. 1975. Ecology of the Lower Tana floodplain (Kenya). Journal of the East African Natural History Society and National Museum 151: 1-31.
3. Archer AL, Collins S, Bampton I. 1991. Report on a visit to Jozani Forest, Zanzibar. East African Natural History Society, Bulletin 21: 59-66.
4. Archer AL, Turner DA. 1993. Notes on the endemic species and some additional new birds occurring on Pemba island, Tanzania. Scopus 16: 94-98.
5. Axelrod DI, Raven PH. 1978. Late Cretaceous and Tertiary vegetation history of Africa. In: Werger MJA, ed. Biogeography and Ecology of Southern Africa. The Hague: Junk, 77-130.
6. Bennet KD. 1990. Milankovitch cycles and their effects on species in ecological and evolutionary time. Paleobiology 16: 11-21.
7. Brenan JPM. 1978. Some aspects of the phytogeography of tropical Africa. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 65: 437-478.
8. Brenan JPM, Exell AW, Fernandes A, Launert E, Wild H, eds. 1960-1983. Flora Zambesiaca. London: Academic Press.
9. Broadley DG, Howell KM. in press. Reptiles. In: Burgess ND, Clarke GP, eds. The Coastal Forests of Eastern Africa. Cambridge and Gland: IUCN.
10. Bruggen AV van. 1995. Biodiversity of the Mollusca: time for a new approach. In: Bruggen AC van, Wells SM, Kemperman Th. CM, eds. Biodiversity and Conservation of the Mollusca. Proceedings of the Alan Solem Memorial Symposium on the biodiversity and conservation of the Mollusca. Oestgeest-Leiden, Netherlands: Backhuys Publishers, 1-19.
11. Burgess ND, Mbwana S. in press. Forestry. In: Burgess ND, Clarke GP, eds. The Coastal Forests of Eastern Africa. Cambridge and Gland: IUCN.
12. Burgess ND, Muir C, (eds.) 1994. Coastal Forests of Eastern Africa: Biodiversity and Conservation. Unpublished report: London: The Society for Environmental Exploration and the University of Dar es Salaam.
13. Burgess ND, Clarke GP, (eds.) in press. The Coastal Forests of Eastern Africa. Cambridge and Gland: IUCN.
14. Burgess ND, Stubblefield LK, Kweyunga C. in press a. Soils. In: Burgess ND, Clarke GP, eds. The Coastal Forests of Eastern Africa. Cambridge and Gland: IUCN.
15. Burgess ND, Kock D, Cockle A, FitzGibbon C, Jenkins P, Honess P. in press b. Mammals. In: Burgess ND, Clarke GP, eds. The Coastal Forests of Eastern Africa. Cambridge and Gland: IUCN.
16. Burgess ND, Fjeldså J, Botterweg R. in press c. The fauna of the Eastern Arc Mountains, eastern Africa. Journal East African Natural History Society.
17. Chapman JD, White F. 1970. The Evergreen Forests of Malawi. Oxford: Commonwealth Forestry Institute.
18. Clark JD, Harris JWK. 1985. Fire and its roles in early hominid lifeways. The African Archaeological Review 3: 3-27.
19. Clarke GP. 1995. Status Reports for 6 Coastal Forests in Lindi Region, Tanzania. Unpublished report: Frontier-Tanzania Technical Report No. 18. The Society for Environmental Exploration, U.K./The University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
20. Clarke GP. in press a. Defining the coastal forests. In: Burgess ND, Clarke GP, eds. The Coastal Forests of Eastern Africa. Cambridge and Gland: IUCN.
21. Clarke GP. in press b. Climate and microclimate. In: Burgess ND, Clarke GP, eds. The Coastal Forests of Eastern Africa. Cambridge and Gland: IUCN.
22. Clarke GP. in press c. A new regional centre of endemism in Africa. In: Cutler DF, Huxley CR, Lock JM, eds. Aspects of the ecology, taxonomy and chorology of the floras of Africa and Madagascar. Kew Bulletin Additional Series. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens.
23. Clarke GP, Dickinson A. 1995. Status Reports for 11 Coastal Forests in Coast Region, Tanzania. Unpublished report: Frontier-Tanzania Technical Report No. 17. The Society for Environmental Exploration, U.K./The University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
24. Clarke GP, Karoma JA. in press. History of anthropogenic disturbance. In: Burgess ND, Clarke GP, eds. The Coastal Forests of Eastern Africa. Cambridge and Gland: IUCN.
25. Clarke GP, Stubblefield LK. 1995. Status Reports for 7 Coastal Forests in Tanga Region, Tanzania. Unpublished report: Frontier-Tanzania Technical Report No. 16. The Society for Environmental Exploration, U.K./The University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
26. Clarke GP, Vollesen K, Mwasumbi LB. in press. Vascular plants. In: Burgess ND, Clarke GP, eds. The Coastal Forests of Eastern Africa. Cambridge and Gland: IUCN.
27. Collar NJ, Stuart SN. 1988. Key Forests for Threatened Birds in Africa. ICBP Monograph no.3. Cambridge: International Council for Bird Preservation.
28. Cooke HJ. 1974. The coastal geomorphology of Tanga, Tanzania. Geographical Review 64: 515-535.
29. Cronk QCB. 1997. Islands: stability, diversity, conservation. Special Issue: Biodiversity and Conservation. 6: 477-495.
30. Crowe TM, Crowe AA. 1982. Patterns of distribution, diversity and endemism in Afrotropical birds. Journal of Zoology, London 198: 417-442.
31. deMonocal PB. 1995. Plio-Pleistocene African climate. Science 270: 53-58.
32. Diaz HF, Markgraf V, (eds.) 1992. El Niño: Historical and Paleoclimatic Aspects of the Southern Oscillation. New York: Cambridge University Press.
33. Dowsett-Lemaire F. 1990. The flora and phytogeography of the evergreen forests of Malawi. II. Lowland Forests. Bulletin Jardin Botanique Nationale Belgique 60: 9-71.
34. East African Meteorological Department 1975. Climatological Statistics for East Africa, Part III, Tanzania. Nairobi: East African Meteorological Department.
35. FitzGibbon CD, Leirs H, Verheyen W. 1995. Distribution, population dynamics and habitat choice of the Lesser Pouched Rat, Beamys hindei (Rodentia: Cricetomyinae). Journal of Zoology, London 236: 499-512.
36. Fjeldsȧring; J. 1994. Geographical patterns for relict and young species in Africa and South America and the dilemma of ranking biodiversity. Biodiversity and Conservation 3: 207-226.
37. Fjeldså J, Lovett JC, (eds.) 1997. Biodiversity and environmental stability. Special Issue: Biodiversity and Conservation 6: 315-514.
38. Fjeldså J, Lovett JC. 1997. Geographical patterns of young and old species in African forest biota: the significance of specific montane areas as evolutionary centres. Special Issue: Biodiversity and Conservation 6: 325-347.
39. Fjeldså J, Ehrlich D, Lambin E, Prins E. 1997. Are biodiversity 'hotspots' correlated with current ecological stability? a pilot study using the NOAA-AVHRR remote sensing data. Special Issue: Biodiversity and Conservation 6: 401-423.
40. Freeman-Grenville GSP. 1967. The Coast, 1498-1840. In: Oliver R, Mathew G, eds. History of East Africa: the Early Period. Nairobi: Oxford University Press.
41. Griffiths CJ. 1993. The geological evolution of East Africa. In: Lovett JC, Wasser SK, eds. Biogeography and Ecology of the Rain Forests of Eastern Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 9-23.
42. Griffiths JF. 1972. Climate. In: Morgan WTW, ed. East Africa: its Peoples and Resources, 2nd edition. Nairobi: Oxford University Press, 107-117.
43. Hall M. 1984. Man's historical and traditional use of fire in Southern Africa. In: Booysen P de V, Tainton NM, eds. Ecological Effects of Fire. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
44. Hamilton AC, Benstead-Smith R, (eds.) 1989. Forest Conservation in the East Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN.
45. Happold DCD. 1996. Mammals of the Guinea-Congolian rain forest. In: Alexander IJ, Swaine MD, Watling R. eds. Essays on the Ecology of the Guinea-Congo Rain Forest. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 104B, 243-285.
46. Hathout SA. 1972. Soil Resources of Tanzania. Dar es Salaam: Tanzania Publishing House.
47. Hawthorne WD. 1993. East African coastal forest botany. In: Lovett JC, Wasser SK, eds. Biogeography and Ecology of the Rain Forests of Eastern Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 57-99.
48. Heywood VH, Watson RT, (eds.) 1995. Global Biodiversity Assessment. Published for the United Nations Environment Programme by Cambridge University Press.
49. Hoffman RL. 1993. Biogeography of East African montane forest millipedes. In: Lovett JC, Wasser SK, eds. Biogeography and Ecology of the Rain Forests of Eastern Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 103-115.
50. Hoffman RL. in press. Millipedes. In: Burgess ND, Clarke GP, eds. The Coastal Forests of Eastern Africa. Cambridge and Gland: IUCN.
51. Howell KM. 1993. Herpetofauna of the eastern African forests. In: Lovett JC, Wasser SK. eds. Biogeography and Ecology of the Rain Forests of Eastern Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 173-201.
52. International Council for Bird Preservation 1992. Putting Biodiversity on the Map: Priority Areas for Global Conservation. Cambridge: ICBP.
53. Jong de R, Congdon TCE. 1993. The montane butterflies of the eastern African forests. In: Lovett JC, Wasser SK, eds. Biogeography and Ecology of the Rain Forests of Eastern Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 133-173.
54. Kent PE. 1972. Mesozoic history of the east coast of Africa. Nature 238: 147-148.
55. Kent PE. 1974. Continental margin of East Africa - a region of vertical movements. In: Burk CA, Drake CL, eds. The Geology of Continental Margins. New York: Springer-Verlag, 313-320.
56. Kershaw M, Williams PH, Mace GM. 1994. Conservation of Afrotropical antelopes: consequences and efficiency of using different site-selection methods and diversity criteria. Biodiversity and Conservation 3: 354-372.
57. Kielland-Lund J. 1988. Influence of grass fires on African landscape ecology. In: Mgeni ASM, Abeli WS, Chamshama SAO, Kokwero GS, eds. Proceedings of a Joint Seminar/workshop on 'Management of Natural Forests of Tanzania' under Sokoine of University of Agriculture and Agricultural University of Norway Cooperation. Morogoro: Sokoine University of Agriculture.
58. Kielland J, Cordeiro NJ. in press. Butterflies. In: Burgess ND, Clarke GP, eds. The Coastal Forests of Eastern Africa. Cambridge and Gland: IUCN.
59. King LC. 1978. The geomorphology of central and southern Africa. In: Werger JCA, ed. Biogeography and Ecology of Southern Africa. The Hague: Junk.
60. Kingdon J, Howell KM. 1993. Mammals of the forests of eastern Africa. In: Lovett JC, Wasser SK, eds. Biogeography and Ecology of the Rain Forests of Eastern Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 229-243.
61. Kjekshus HK. 1977. Ecological Control and Development in East Africa. Nairobi: Heinemann Educational Books.
62. Lovett JC. 1988. Endemism and affinities of the Tanzanian montane forest flora. In: Goldblatt P, Lowry PP, eds. Proceedings of the eleventh plenary meeting of the Association for the Taxonomic Study of Tropical Africa. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 25: 591-598.
63. Lovett JC. 1990. Classification and status of the Tanzanian forests. Mitteilungen aus dem Institut für Allgemeine Botanik Hamburg 23A: 287-300.
64. Lovett JC. 1993a. Climatic history and forest distribution in eastern Africa. In: Lovett JC, Wasser SK, eds. Biogeography and Ecology of the Rain Forests of Eastern Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 23-33.
65. Lovett JC. 1993b. Eastern Arc moist forest flora. In: Lovett JC, Wasser SK, eds. Biogeography and Ecology of the Rain Forests of Eastern Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 33-57.
66. Lovett JC. 1996. Elevational and latitudinal changes in tree associations and diversity in the Eastern Arc mountains of Tanzania. Journal of Tropical Ecology 12: 629-650.
67. Lovett JC, Wasser SK, (eds.) 1993. Biogeography and Ecology of the Rain Forests of Eastern Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
68. Lovett JC, Friis I. 1996. Patterns of endemism in the woody flora of north-east and east Africa. In: van Maesen LJG, et al., eds. The Biodiversity of African Plants. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 582-601.
69. Lovett JC, Hansen JR, Hørlyck V. in press. Comparison with the Eastern Arc Forests. In: Burgess ND, Clarke GP, eds. The Coastal Forests of Eastern Africa. Gland and Cambridge: IUCN.
70. Madgwick J, Wood B, Varty N, Maunder M. 1988. Somalia Research Project Report - an Ecological Study of the Remaining Areas of Riverine Forest in the Jubba Valley, Southern Somalia. Unpublished report: London: University College London.
71. Madgwick J. 1988. An ecological study of the remaining areas of riverine forest in the Jubba Valley, southern Somalia. British Ecological Society, Bulletin 19: 19-24.
72. Mapa Florestal. 1980. Provincia de Cabo Delgado, Nampula, Zambezia, Beira, Inhambane, Gaza e Maputo. Maputo: Ministerio da Agricultura do Florestal e de Fauna Bravia. Projecto UNDP-FAO.
73. Milne G. 1935. Some suggested units of classification and mapping, particularly for East African soil. Soils Research 4: 183-198.
74. Milne G. 1947. A soil reconnaissance through parts of Tanganyika territory, Dec. 1935-Feb. 1936. Journal of Ecology 35: 192-265.
75. Mlingwa COF, Waiyaki EM, Bennun L, Burgess ND. in press. Birds. In: Burgess ND, Clarke GP, eds. The Coastal Forests of Eastern Africa. Cambridge and Gland: IUCN.
76. Moomaw JC. 1960. A Study of the Plant Ecology of the Coast Region of Kenya Colony, East Africa. Nairobi: Government Printer.
77. Müller T. 1991. The Rainforests of Zimbabwe. Harare: National Herbarium.
78. Myers N. 1988. Threatened biotas: 'hot spots' in tropical forests. The Environmentalist 8: 187-208.
79. Myers N. 1990. The biological challenge: extended hot-spots analysis. The Environmentalist 10: 243-256.
80. Philander SG. 1989. El Niño, la Niña and the Southern Oscillation. London: Academic Press.
81. Polhill RM, (ed.) 1952-. Flora of Tropical East Africa. Rotterdam: AA Balkema.
82. Poynton JC. in press. Amphibians. In: Burgess ND, Clarke GP, eds. The Coastal Forests of Eastern Africa. Cambridge and Gland: IUCN.
83. Prell WL, Hutson WH, Williams DF, Be AWH, Geitzenauer K, Molfino B. 1980. Surface Circulation of the Indian Ocean during the Last Glacial Maximum, Approximately 18,000 yr. B.P. Quaternary Research 14: 309-336.
84. Robertson SA, Luke WRQ. 1993. Kenya Coastal Forests: Report of the NMK/WWF Coast Forest Survey. Unpublished report. Nairobi: World Wide Fund for Nature.
85. Rodgers WA, Hall JB, Mwasumbi LB, Griffiths CJ, Vollesen K. 1983. The Conservation Values and Status of Kimboza' Forest Reserve, Tanzania. Unpublished report: Dar es Salaam: University of Dar es Salaam Forest Conservation Working Group.
86. Rodgers WA, Homewood KM. 1982. Species richness and endemism in the Usambara mountains forests, Tanzania. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 18: 197-242.
87. Rodgers WA, Mizray W, Shishra EK. 1985. The extent of forest cover in Tanzania using satellite imagery. University of Dar es Salaam Institute of Resource Assessment Research Paper 12: 1-15.
88. Rodgers WA, Owen CF, Homewood KM. 1982. Biogeography of East African forest mammals. Journal of Biogeography 9: 4154.
89. Rosenzweig ML. 1995. Species Diversity in Space and Time. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
90. Roy SM, Silva JMC da, Arctander P, Garcia-Moreno J, Fjeldså J. 1997. The role of montane regions in the speciation of South American and African birds In: Mindell DP, ed. Avian Molecular Evolution and Systematics. London and New York: Academic Press, 325-343.
91. Saket M. 1994. Report on the Updating of the Exploratory National Forest Inventory. Unpublished report: Maputo: Ministry of Agriculture, Directorate of Forests and Wildlife.
92. Schmidt PR. 1989. Early exploitation and settlement in the Usambara Mountains. In: Hamilton AC, ed. Forest Conservation in the East Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN.
93. Schmidt R. 1991. Ecology of a Tropical Lowland Rain Forest: Plant Communities, Soil Characteristics and Nutrient Relations of the Forests of the Shimba Hills National Reserve, Kenya. Berlin-Stuttgart: Dissertationes Botanicæ, Band 179.
94. Servicio Meteorologico Nacional 1919-1951. Anais Meteorologicos das Colonias. Volume V-XXXII -Ano de 1918-1945. Direccao dos servicos diplomaticos geograficos e de marinha/Dirreccao tecnica do fomento (Reparticao do estudos geograficos)/Comissao de cartografia, Coimbra and Lisbon.
95. Sibley CG, Alquist JE. 1990. Phylogeny and the Classification of Birds: a Study in Molecular Evolution. New Haven, London: Yale University Press.
96. Stuart SN, Jensen FP, Brøgger-Jensen S, Miller RI. 1993. The zoogeography of the montane forest avifauna of eastern Africa. In: Lovett JC, Wasser SK, eds. Biogeography and Ecology of the Rainforests of Eastern Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 203-228.
97. Sutton JEG. 1990. A Thousand Years of East Africa. Nairobi: British Institute in Eastern Africa.
98. Timberlake J. 1994. Changes in the extent of moist forest patches in the eastern Highlands: case studies based on aerial photographs. Zimbabwe Forestry Commission Research Paper 7: 1-15.
99. Vane-Wright RI, Humphries CJ, Williams PH. 1991. What to protect? Systematics and the agony of choice. Biological Conservation 55: 235-254.
100. Vanzolini PE, Williams EE. 1981. The vanishing refuge: a mechanism for ecogeographical speciation. Papeis Avulsos Zool. S. Paulo 34: 251-255.
101. Verdcourt B. in press. Molluscs. In: Burgess ND, Clarke GP, eds. The Coastal Forests of Eastern Africa. Cambridge and Gland: IUCN.
102. White F. 1979. The Guineo-Congolian Region and its relationships to other phytochoria. Bulletin Jardin Botanique Nationale Belgique 49: 11-55.
103. White F. 1983. The Vegetation of Africa. Paris: UNESCO.
104. Williams PH, Humphries CJ. 1994. Biodiversity, taxonomic relatedness, and endemism in conservation. In: Forey PL, Humphries CJ, Vane-Wright RI, eds. Systematics and Conservation Evaluation. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 269-287.
105. World Conservation Monitoring Centre (WCMC) 1992. Global Biodiversity: Status of the Earth's Living Resources. London: Chapman and Hall.
106. WWF & IUCN 1994. Centres of Plant Diversity: a Guide and Strategy for their Conservation. Vol.1. Europe, Africa, SW Asia and the Middle East. Cambridge: IUCN Publications Unit.