Time to treatment of acute myocardial infarction revisited

Current Opinion in Cardiology

Volumn 13, Issue 4, 1998, Pages 254-266

  Cannon, Christopher P ^a  

^a BRIGHAM AND WOMEN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ANISTREPLASE; HEPARIN; STREPTOKINASE; TISSUE PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR;

ACUTE HEART INFARCTION; ANGIOPLASTY; CLINICAL TRIAL; DEFIBRILLATION; DOSE TIME EFFECT RELATION; DRUG CHOICE; ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY MONITORING; EMERGENCY MEDICINE; FIBRINOLYTIC THERAPY; FIRST AID; HEALTH CARE ORGANIZATION; HEART ARREST; HEART INFARCTION SIZE; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE FAILURE; HEART MUSCLE REPERFUSION; HEART VENTRICLE ARRHYTHMIA; HUMAN; INTRACAVERNOUS DRUG ADMINISTRATION; INTRAVENOUS DRUG ADMINISTRATION; MORTALITY; PATIENT EDUCATION; PATIENT TRANSPORT; PERCUTANEOUS TRANSLUMINAL ANGIOPLASTY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SUDDEN DEATH; SURVIVAL; TIME;

EID: 0031827747     PISSN: 02684705     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00001573-199807000-00006     Document Type: Review

References (112)

1. Cannon CP, Antman EM, Walls R, Braunwald E: Time as an adjunctive agent to thrombolytic therapy. J Thromb Thrombolysis 1994, 1:27-34.
2. National Heart Attack Alert Program Coordinating Committee-60 Minutes to Treatment Working Group: Emergency department: rapid identification and treatment of patients with acute myocardial infarction. Ann Emerg Med 1994. 23:311-329.
3. National Heart Attack Alert Program Coordinating Committee Access to Care Subcommittee: Community planning considerations for ensuring access to timely and appropriate care of patients with acute coronary syndromes. J Thromb Thrombolysis, in press.
4. National Heart Attack Alert Program Coordinating Committee Access to Care Subcommittee: Staffing and equipping emergency medical services systems: rapid identification and treatment of acute myocardial infarction. Am J Emerg Med 1995, 13:58-65.
5. National Heart Attack Alert Program Coordinating Committee Access to Care Subcommittee: Emergency medical dispatching: rapid identification and treatment of acute myocardial infarction. Am J Emerg Med 1995, 13:67-73.
6. National Heart Attack Alert Program Coordinating Committee Access to Care Subcommittee: 9-1-1: rapid identification and treatment of acute myocardial infarction. Am J Emerg Med 1995, 13:188-195.
7. National Heart Attack Alert Program Coordinating Committee Access to Care Subcommittee: Patient/bystander recognition and action: rapid identification and treatment of acute myocardial infarction. Bethesda: US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute: 1995.
8. National Heart Lung and Blood Institute: Morbidity and Mortality Chartbook on Cardiovascular, Lung and Blood Diseases, Bethesda, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institute of Health, 1992.
9. Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Streptochinasi nell'Infarto Miocardico (GISSI). Effectiveness of intravenous thrombolytic treatment in acute myocardial infarction. Lancet 1986, 1:397-401.
10. ISIS-2 (Second International Study of Infarct Survival) Collaborative Group: Randomised trial of intravenous streptokinase, oral aspirin, both, or neither among 17,187 cases of suspected acute myocardial infarction: ISIS-2. Lancet 1988, 2:349-360.
11. The GUSTO Investigators: An international randomized trial comparing four thrombolytic strategies for acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1993, 329:673-682.
12. Braunwald E: Myocardial reperfusion, limitation of infarct size, reduction of left ventricular dysfunction, and improved survival: should the paradigm be expanded? Circulation 1989, 79:441-444.
13. Braunwald E: The open-artery theory is alive and well-again. N Engl J Med 1993, 329:1650-1652.
14. Reimer KA, Lowe JE, Rasmussen NM, Jennings RB. The wavefront phenomenon of ischemic cell death: 1. myocardial infarct size vs duration of coronary occlusion in dogs. Circulation 1977, 56:786-794.
15. Rentrop KP, Blanke H, Karsch KR, Kreuzer H: Initial experience with transluminal recanalization of the recently occluded infarct-related coronary artery in acute myocardial infarction: comparison with conventionally treated patients. Clin Cardiol 1979, 2:92-105.
16. Ganz W, Buchbinder N, Marcus H, Mondkar A, Maddahi J, Charuzi Y, O'Connor L, Shell W, Fishbein MC, Kass R, Miyamoto A, Swan HJC: Intracoronary thrombolysis in evolving myocardial infarction. Am Heart J 1981, 101:4-13.
17. Anderson JL, Marshall HW, Bray FE, Lutz JR, Frederick PR, Yanowitz FG, Datz FL, Klausner SC, Hagan AD: A randomized trial of intracoronary streptokinase in the treatment of acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1983, 308:1312-1318.
18. Stadius ML, Davis K, Maynard C, Ritchie JL, Kennedy JW: Risk stratification for 1 year survival based on characteristics identified in the early hours of acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 1986, 74:701-711.
19. Dalen JE, Gore JM, Braunwald E, Borer J, Goldberg RJ, Passamani ER, Forman S, Knatterud G, and the TIMI Investigators: Six- and twelve-month follow-up of the Phase I Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) Trial. Am J Cardiol 1988, 62:179-185.
20. Belenkie I, Thompson CR, Manyari DE, Knudtson ML, Duff HJ, Poon M-C, Smith ER: Importance of effective, early and sustained reperfusion during acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1989, 63:912-916.
21. Flygennng BP, Sheehan FH, Kennedy JW, Dodge HT, Braunwald E, for the TIMI Investigators: Does arterial patency 90 minutes following thrombolytic therapy predict 42 day survival [abstract], J Am Coll Cardiol 1991, 17(suppl A):275A.
22. Karagounis L, Sorensen SG, Menlove RL, Moreno F, Anderson JL, for the TEAM-2 Investigators: Does Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) perfusion grade 2 represent a mostly patent artery or a mostly occluded artery?: enzymatic and electrocardiographs evidence from the TEAM-2 Study, J Am Coll Cardiol 1992, 19:1-10.
23. Anderson JL, Karagounis LA, Becker LC, Sorensen SG, Menlove RL, for the TEAM-3 Investigators: TIMI perfusion grade 3 but not grade 2 results in improved outcome after thrombolysis for myocardial infarction: ventriculographic, enzymatic and electrocardiographs evidence from the TEAM-3 Study, Circulation 1993, 87:1829-1839.
24. Cannon CP, McCabe CH, Diver DJ, Herson S, Greene RM, Shah PK, Sequeira RF, Leya F, Kirshenbaum JM, Magorien RD, Palmeri ST, Davis V, Gibson CM, Poole WK, Braunwald E, for the TIMI 4 Investigators: Comparison of front-loaded recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator, anistreplase and combination thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction: results of the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) 4 trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994, 24:1602-1610.
25. Cannon CP, McCabe CH, Henry TD, Schweiger M, Gibson RS, Mueller HS, Becker RC, Kleiman NS, Haugland JM, Anderson JL, Sharaf BL, Edwards SJ, Rogers WJ, Williams DO, Braunwald E, for the TIMI 5 Investigators: A pilot trial of recombinant desulfatohirudin compared with heparin in conjunction with tissue-type plasminogen activator and aspirin for acute myocardial infarction: results of the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) 5 Trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994, 23:993-1003
26. Lincoff AM, Topol EJ, Califf RM, Sigmon KN, Lee KL, Ohman EM, Rosenschein U, Ellis SG, for the Thrombolysis and Angioplasty in Myocardial Infarction Study Group: Significance of a coronary artery with Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction grade 2 flow "patency" (outcome in the Thrombolysis and Angioplasty in Myocardial Infarction [TAMI] trials). Am J Cardiol 1995, 75:871-876.
27. The GUSTO Angiographic Investigators: The comparative effects of tissue plasminogen activator, streptokinase, or both on coronary artery patency, ventricular function and survival after acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1993, 329:1615-1622.
28. Simes RJ, Topol EJ, Holmes DR, White HD, Rutsch WR, Vahanian A, Simoons ML, Morris D, Bitriu A, Califf RM, Ross AM, for the GUSTO-I Investigators: Link between the angiographic substudy and mortality outcomes in a large randomized trial of myocardial reperfusion: importance of early and complete infarct artery reperfusion. Circulation 1995, 91:1923-1928.
29. TIMI Study Group: The Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) Trial: phase I findings. N Engl J Med 1985, 312:932-936.
30. Cannon CP, Braunwald E: GUSTO, TIMI and the case for rapid reperfusion, Acta Cardiol 1994. 49:1-8.
31. Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell'Infarto Miocardico: GISSI-2: a factorial randomised trial of alteplase versus streptokinase and heparin versus no heparin among 12,490 patients with acute myocardial infarction. Lancet 1990, 336:65-71.
32. International Study Group: In-hospital mortality and clinical course of 20,891 patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction randomised between alteplase and streptokinase with or without heparin. Lancet 1990, 336:71-75.
33. ISIS-3 (Third International Study of Infarct Survival) Collaborative Group: ISIS-3: a randomised comparison of streptokinase vs tissue plasminogen activator vs anistreplase and of aspirin plus heparin vs aspirin alone among 41,299 cases of suspected acute myocardial infarction. Lancet 1992, 339:753-770.
34. Hsia J, Hamilton WP, Kleiman N, Roberts R, Chaitman BR, Ross AM, for the Heparin-Aspirin Reperfusion Trial (HART) Investigators: A comparison between heparin and low-dose aspirin as adjunctive therapy with tissue plasminogen activator for acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1990, 323:1433-1437.
35. Bleich SD, Nichols T, Schumacher RR, Cooke DH, Tate DA, Teichman SL: Effect of heparin on coronary patency after thrombolysis with tissue plasminogen activator in acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1990, 66:1412-1417.
36. de Bono DP, Simoons MI, Tijssen J, Arnold AER, Betriu A, Burgersdijk C, Lopez Bescos L, Mueller E, Pfisterer M, Van de Werf F, Ziflstra F, Verstraete M, for the European Cooperative Study Group: Effect of early intravenous heparin on coronary patency, infarct size, and bleeding complications after alteplase thrombolysis: results of a randomized double blind European Cooperative Study Group trial. Br Heart J 1992, 67:122-128.
37. Cannon CP, McCabe CH, Gibson CM, Ghali M, Sequeira RF, McKendall GR, Breed J, Modi NB, Fox NL, Tracy R, Love TW, Braunwald E, and the TIMI 10A Investigators: TNK-tissue plasminogen activator in acute myocardial infarction: results of the Thrombolysis m Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) 10A dose-ranging trial. Circulation 1997, 95:351-356.
38. The Global Use of Strategies to Open Occluded Coronary Arteries (GUSTO III) Investigators: A comparison of reteplase with alteplase for acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1997, 337:1118-1123.
39. Lopez-Sendon JL, on behalf of the InTIME Investigators: Intravenous nPA for Treatment of Infarction Myocardium Early: the InTIME study [abstract]. Eur Heart J 1997, 18:454.
40. Ohman EM, Kleiman NS, Gacioch G, Worley SJ, Navetta FI, Talley JD, Anderson HV, Ellis SG, Cohen MD, Spriggs D, Miller M, Kereiakes D, Yakubov S, Kitt MM, Sigmon KN, Califf RM, Krucoff MW, Topol EJ, for the IMPACT-AMI Investigators: Combined accelerated tissue-plasminogen activator and platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa integrin receptor blockade with integrilin in acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 1997, 95:846-854.
41. Antman EM, Giugliano RP, McCabe CH, Gibson M, Adgey AJJ, Ghali M, Coussement P, Anderson KM, Scherer J, Van de Werf F, Braunwald E, for the TIMI 14 Investigators: Abciximab (ReoPro) potentiates thrombolysis in ST elevation myocardial infarction: results of TIMI 14 trial [abstract]. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998, 31(suppl A):191A
42. Timm TC, Ross R, McKendall GR, Braunwald E, Williams DO, and the TIMI Investigators: Left ventricular function and early cardiac events as a function of time to treatment with t-PA: a report from TIMI II [abstract]. Circulation 1991, 84:II-230.
43. Topol EJ, Califf RM, Lee KL, on behalf of the GUSTO Investigators: More on the GUSTO trial [letter]. N Engl J Med 1994, 331:277-278. Published errata appear in N Engl J Med 1994, 331:687 and 1994, 331:1323.
44. Newby LK, Rutsch WR, Califf RM, Simoons ML, Aylward PE, Armstrong PW, Woodlief LH, Lee KL, Topol EJ, Van de Werf F, for the GUSTO-I Investigators: Time from symptom onset to treatment and outcomes after thrombolytic therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996; 27:1646-1655. Important data from GUSTO-I on the additive benefits of reducing time to treatment and decreasing drug reperfusion time.
45. O'Keefe JH, Rutherford BD, McConahay DR, Ligon RW, Johnson WL, Giorgi LV, Crockett JE, McCallister BD, Conn RD, Gura GM, Good TH, Steinhaus DM, Bateman TM, Shimsham TM, Hartzler GO: Early and late results of coronary angioplasty without antecedent thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1989, 64:1221-1230,
46. Grines CL: Transfer of high-risk myocardial infarction patient for primary PTCA. J Inv Cardiol 1997, 9(suppl B):13B-19B.
47. Weaver WD, Cerqueira M, Hallstrom AP, Litwin PE, Martin JS, Kudenchuk PJ, Eisenberg M, for the Myocardial Infarction Triage and Intervention Project Group: Prehospital-initiated vs hospital-initiated thrombolytic therapy: Myocardial Infarction Triage and Intervention Trial. JAMA 1993, 270:1211-1216.
48. Weaver WD: Time to thrombolytic treatment: factors affecting delay and influence on outcome. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995, 25:3S-9S.
49. Cannon CP: Time to treatment: a crucial factor in thrombolysis and primary angioplasty. J Thromb Thrombolysis 1996, 3:249-256.
50. American Heart Association: 1997 Heart and Stroke Statistical Update. American Heart Association, Dallas, 1997.
51. Weaver WD, Cobb LA, Hallstrom AP, Fahrenbruch C, Copass MK, Ray R: Factors influencing survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. J Am Coll Cardiol 1986, 7:752-757.
52. Eisenberg MS, Horwood BT, Cummins RO, Reynolds-Haertle R, Hearne TR: Cardiac arrest and resuscitation: a tale of 29 cities. Ann Emerg Med 1990, 19:179-186.
53. Eisenberg MS, Cummins RO, Damon S, Larsen MP, Hearne TR: Survival rates from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: recommendations for uniform definitions and data to report. Ann Emerg Med 1990, 19:1249-1259.
54. Weisfelt ML, Kerber RE, McGoldrick RP, Moss AJ, Nichol G, Ornato JP, Palmer DG, Riegel B, Smith SC, Jr: American Heart Association report on the Public Access Defibrillation Conference, December 8-10, 1994. Circulation 1995, 92:2740-2747.
55. Dracup K, Alonzo AA, Atkins JM, Bennett NM, Braslow A, Clark LT, Eisenberg M, Ferdinand KC, Frye R, Green L, Hill MN, Kennedy JW, Kline-Rogers E, Moser DK, Ornato JP, Pitt B, Scott JD, Selker HP, Silva SJ, Thies W, Weaver WD, Wenger NK, White SK, Working Group on Educational Strategies to Prevent Prehospital Delay in Patients at High Risk for Acute Myocardial Infarction: The physician's role in minimizing prehospital delay in patients at high risk for acute myocardial: recommendations from the National Heart Attack Alert Program. Ann Intern Med 1997, 126:645-651 Important and practical recommendations from the NHAAP on how physicians should counsel their outpatients with stable coronary disease on what to do when heart attack symptoms appear.
56. Selker HP, Zalenski RJ, Antman EM, Aufderheide TP, Bernard SA, Borow RO, Gibler WB, Hagen MD, Johnson P, Lau J, McNutt RA, Ornato J, Schwartz JS, Scott JD, Tunick PA, Weaver WD: An evaluation of technologies for identifying acute cardiac ischemia in the emergency department: a report from a National Heart Attack Alert Working Group. Ann Emerg Med 1997, 29:13-87.
57. Cannon CP, Braunwald E: Time to reperfusion: the critical modulator in thrombolysis and primary angioplasty. J Thromb Thrombolysis 1996, 3:109-117.
58. Braunwald E: Optimizing thrombolytic therapy of acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 1990, 82:1510-1513.
59. Gersh BJ, Anderson JL: Thrombolysis and myocardial salvage: results of clinical trials and the animal paradigm-paradoxic or predictable? Circulation 1993, 88:296-306.
60. Cannon CP, Lambrew CT, Tiefenbrunn AJ, French WJ, Gore JM, Weaver DW, Rogers WJ, for the NRMI-2 Investigators: Influence of door-to-balloon time on mortality in primary angioplasty results in 3,648 patients in the second National Registry of Myocardial Infarction (NRMI-2) [abstract]. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996, 27(suppl A):61A-62A. Data showing the importance ol door-to-balloon time on mortality in patients treated with primary angioplasty.
61. Rogers WJ, Bowlby LJ, Chandra NC, French WJ, Gore JM, Lambrew CT, Rubison M, Tiefenbrunn AJ, Weaver WD. for the Participants in the National Registry of Myocardial Infarction: Treatment of myocardial infarction in the United States (1990 to 1993): observations from the National Registry of Myocardial Infarction. Circulation 1994, 90:2103-2114.
62. Dracup K, Moser DK: Treatment-seeking behavior among those with signs and symptoms of acute myocardial infarction. Heart Lung 1991, 20:570-575.
63. Ridker PM, Manson JE. Goldhaber SZ, Hennekens CH, Buring JE: Comparison of delay times to hospital presentation for physicians and nonphysicians with acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1992, 70:10-13.
64. Cannon CP, Henry TD, Schweiger MJ, Haugland JM, McKendall GR, Shah PK, Gleason R, McCabe CH, Antman EA, Braunwald E, for the TIMI 9 Registry Investigators and Coordinators: Current management of ST elevation myocardial infarction and outcome of thrombolytic ineligible patients: results of the multicenter TIMI 9 Registry [abstract]. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995, Special Issue:231-232A.
65. Dracup K, Alonzo AA, Atkins JM, Bennett NM, Braslow A, Clark LT, Eisenberg M, Ferdinand KC, Frye R, Green L, Hill MN, Kennedy JW, Kline-Rogers E, Moser DK, Ornato JP, Pitt B, Scott JD, Selker HP, Silva SJ, Thies W, Weaver WD, Wenger NK, White SK, Working Group on Educational Strategies to Prevent Prehospital Delay in Patients at High Risk for Acute Myocardial Infarction: Educational strategies to prevent prehospital delay in patients at high risk for acute myocardial. J Thromb Thrombolysis, in press. Important and practical recommendations from the NHAAP on how physicians should counsel their outpatients with stable coronary disease on what to do when heart attack symptoms appear.
66. Alonzo AA: The impact of the family and lay others on care-seeking during life-threatening episodes of suspected coronary artery disease. Soc Sci Med 1986, 22:1297-1311.
67. Gray D, Keating NA, Murdock J, Skene AM, Hampton JR: Impact of hospital thrombolysis policy on out-of-hospital response to suspected myocardial infarction. Lancet 1993, 341:654-657.
68. Ho MT, Eisenberg MS, Litwin PE, Schaeffer SM, Damon SK: Delay between onset of chest pain and seeking medical care: the effect of public education. Ann Emerg Med 1989, 18:727-731.
69. Sharkey SW, Brunette DD, Ruiz E, Hession WT, Wysham DG, Goldengerg IF, Hodges M.: An analysis of time delays preceding thrombolysis for acute myocardial infarction. JAMA 1989, 262:3171-3174.
70. Kline EM, Smith DD, Martin JS, for the GUSTO Time to Treatment Study Group: GUSTO Time to Treatment Substudy: results of the phase II randomized trial [abstract]. Circulation 1993, 88[Part 2]:I-337.
71. Ellerbeck EF, Jencks SF, Radford MJ, Kresowik TF, Craig AS, Gold JA, Krumholtz HM, Vogel RA: Quality of care for medicare patients with acute myocardial infarction: a four-state pilot study from the Cooperative Cardiovascular Project. JAMA 1995, 273:1509-1514.
72. Grines CL, Browne KF, Marco J, Rothbaum D, Stone BW, O'Keefe J, Overlie P, Donohue B, Chelliah N, Timmis GC, Vlietstra RE, Strzelecki M, Puchrowicz-Ochocki S, O'Neill WW. for the Primary Angioplasty in Myocardial Infarction Study Group: A comparison of immediate angioplasty with thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1993, 328:673-679.
73. Zijlstra F, de Boer MJ, Hoorntje JCA, Reiffers S, Reiber JHC, Suryapranata H: A comparison of immediate coronary angioplasty with intravenous streptokinase in acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1993, 328:680-684.
74. Rogers WJ, Dean LS, Moore PB, Wool KJ, Burgard SL, Bradley EL, for the Alabama Registry of Myocardial Ischemia Investigators: Comparison of primary angioplasty versus thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1994, 74:111-118.
75. Tiefenbrunn AJ, Chandra NC, French WJ, Gore JM, Rogers WJ: Clinical experience with primary PTCA compared with Alteplase (recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator) in patients with acute myocardial infarction: a report from the Second National Registry of Myocardial Infarction (NRMI-2). J Am Coll Cardiol 1 998, 31:1240-1245.
76. Every NR, Parsons LS, Hlatky M, Martin JS, Weaver WD, for the Myocardial Infarction Triage and Intervention Investigators: A comparison of thrombolytic therapy with primary coronary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1996, 335:1253-1260.
77. Neuhaus K-L, Vogt A, Harmjanz D, v. Leitner E, Wirtzfeld A, Niederer W, Merx W, for the ALKK-study group: Primary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction: results from a German multicenter registry [abstract]. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996, 27:62A.
78. de Boer MJ, Suryapranata H, Hoorntje JCA, Reiffers S, Liem AL, Miedema K, Hermens WT, van den Brand MJBM, Zijlstra F: Limitation of infarct size and preservation of left ventricular function after primary coronary angioplasty compared with intravenous streptokinase in acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 1994, 90:753-761.
79. Gibbons RJ, Holmes DR, Reeder GS, Bailey KR, Hopfenspirger MR, Gersh BJ, for the Mayo Coronary Care Unit and Catheterization Laboratory Groups: Immediate angioplasty compared with the administration of a thrombolytic agent followed by conservative treatment for myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1993, 328:685-691.
80. O'Neill WW, Brodie BR, Ivanhoe R, Knopf W, Taylor G, O'Keefe J, Grines CL, Weintraub R, Sickinger BG, Berdan LG, Tcheng JE, Woodlief LH, Strzelecki M, Hartzler G, Califf RM: Primary coronary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction (the Primary Angioplasty Registry). Am J Cardiol 1994, 73:627-634.
81. The Global Use of Strategies to Open Occluded Coronary Arteries in Acute Coronary Syndromes (GUSTO IIb) Angioplasty Substudy Investigators: A clinical trial comparing primary coronary angioplasty with tissue plasminogen activator for acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1997, 336:1621-1628.
82. Anderson JL, Karagounis LA, Muhlestein JB: Explaining discrepant mortality results between primary percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty and thrombolysis for acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1996, 78:934-939.
83. Grines C, Marsalese D, Brodie B, Griffin J, Donohue B, Sampaolesi A, Constantini C, Stone G, Spain M, Jones D, Sachs D, Mason D, O'Neill W: Acute cath provides the best method of risk stratifying MI patients [abstract]. Circulation 1995, 92(suppl 1):I-531
84. Gaspoz J-M, Unger P-F, Urban P, Chevrolet J-C, Rutishauser W, LOVIS C, Goldman L, Heliot C, Sechaud L, Mischler S, Waldvogel F: Impact of a public campaign on pre-hospital delay in patients reporting chest pain. Heart 1996, 76:150-155.
85. Blohm M, Herlitz J, Hartford M, Karlson BW, Risenfors M, Luepker RV, Sjolin M, Holmberg S: Consequences of a media campaign focusing on delay in acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1992, 69:411-413.
86. Weaver WD, Eisenberg MC, Martin JS, Litwin PE, Shaeffer SM, Ho MT, Kudenchuk P, Hallstrom AP, Cerqueira MD, Copass MK, Kennedy JW, Cobb LA, Ritchie JL: Myocardial Infarction Triage and Intervention Project-Phase I: patient characteristics and feasibility of prehospital initiation of thrombolytic therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol 1990, 15:925-931
87. Karagounis L, Ipsen SK, Jessop MR, Gilmore KM, Valenti DA, Clawson JJ, Teichman S, Anderson JL: Impact of field-transmitted electrocardiography on time to in-hospital thrombolytic therapy in acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1990, 66:786-791.
88. Aufderheide TP, Hedley GE, Thakur RK, Mateei JR, Stueven HA, Olson DW, Hargarten KM, Laitinen F, Robinson N, Preuss KC. et al.: The diagnostic impact of prehospital 12-lead electrocardiography. Ann Emerg Med 1990, 19:1280-1287.
89. Kereiakes DJ, Gibler WB, Martin LH, Pieper KS, Anderson LC, and the Cincinnati Heart Project Study Group: Relative importance of emergency medical system transport and the prehospital electrocardiogram on reducing hospital time delay to therapy for acute myocardial infarction: a preliminary report from the Cincinnati Heart Project. Am Heart J 1992, 123:835-840.
90. Lambrew CT, Weaver WD, French WJ, Bowlby L, Rubison M, for the National Registry of Myocardial Infarction (NRMI): Impact of hospital protocols on time to treatment with thrombolytic therapy (door to drug time) [abstract]. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994. (Special Issue): 14A.
91. Canto JG, Rogers WJ, Bowlby LJ, French WJ, Pearce DJ, Weaver WD, for the National Registry of Myocardial Infarction 2 Investigators: The prehospital electrocardiogram in acute myocardial infarction: is the full potential being realized? J Am Coll Cardiol 1997, 29:498-505. Compelling data on the beneficial effects that a pre-hospital ECG can have on both time to treatment and mortality.
92. Antman EM, Grudzien C, Sacks DB: Evaluation of a rapid bedside assay for detection of serum cardiac troponin T. JAMA 1995, 273:1279-1282.
93. Antman EM, Sacks DB, Rifai N, McCabe CH, Cannon CP, Braunwald E: Time to positivity of a rapid bedside assay for cardiac-specific troponin T predicts prognosis in acute coronary syndromes: a Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarctin (TIMI) 11A Substudy. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998, 31:326-330.
94. Rawles J, on behalf of the GREAT Group: Halving of mortality at 1 year by domiciliary thrombolysis in the Grampian Region Early Anistreplase Trial (GREAT). J Am Coll Cardiol 1994, 23:1-5.
95. The European Myocardial Infarction Project Group: Prehospital thrombolytic therapy in patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1993, 329:383-389.
96. Feinmark S, Behar S, Matetsky S, Feinberg M, Hod H, for the ARGAMI-2 Study Group. Time dependent effect of treatment with aspirin during thrombolytic therapy in acute myocardial infarction [abstract]. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998, 31 (Suppl. A):231A.
97. Greenbaum R, Flaherty M, Chan KL, Shanit D: Failure to improve outcome in suspected acute myocardial infarction by pre-hospital administration of aspirin [abstract]. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996, 27(suppl A):11A.
98. Pell ACH, Miller HC, Robertson CE, Fox KAA. Effect of "fast track" admission for acute myocardial infarction on delay to thrombolysis. Br Med J 1992, 304:83-87.
99. Lambrew CT. Emergency department triage of patients with nontraumatic chest pain. ACC Curr J Rev 1995, 4:61-62.
100. Krall SP, Reese CL, Donahue L: Effect of continuous quality improvement methods on reducing triage time to thrombolytic interval for acute myocardial infarction. Acad Emerg Med 1995, 2:603-609.
101. Kopecky SL, Siska MJ, Jurek JA, Gudgell SF, Meloy TD, Fischer DR, Reeder GS: Method of reducing emergency room time to treatment of acute myocardial infarction [abstract]. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995, (Special Issue):206.
102. Chesebro JH, Knatterud G, Roberts R, Borer J, Cohen LS, Dalen J, Dodge HT, Francis CK, Hillis D, Ludbrook P, Markis JE, Mueller H, Passamani ER, Powers ER, Rao AK, Robertson T, Ross A, Ryan TJ, Sobel B, Willerson J, Williams DO, Zaret BL, Braunwald E: Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) Trial, Phase 1: a comparison between intravenous tissue plasminogen activator and intravenous streptokinase. Circulation 1987, 76:142-154.
103. Zeymer U, Tebbe U, von Essen R, Haarmann W, Neuhaus K-L, for the ALKK-Study Group: Influence of time-to-treatment on early infarct-related artery patency after different thrombolytic agents. Am Heart J, in press.
104. Steg PG, Laperche T, Golmard J-L, Juliard J-M, Benamer H, Himbert D, Aubry P, for the PERM Study Group: Efficacy of streptokinase, but not tissue-type plasminogen activator, in achieving 90-minute patency after thrombolysis for acute myocardial infarction decreases with time to treatment. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998, 31:776-779.
105. LATE Study Group: Late Assessment of Thrombolytic Efficacy (LATE) study with alteplase 6-24 hours after onset of acute myocardial infarction. Lancet 1993, 342:759-766.
106. EMERAS (Estudio Multicentrico Estreptoquinasa Republicas de America del Sur) Collaborative Group: Randomised trial of late thrombolysis in patients with suspected acute myocardia infarction. Lancet 1993, 342:767-772.
107. Grines CL, Stone GW, O'Neill WW: Establishing a program and performance of primary PTCA. J Inv Cardiol 1997, 9(suppl B):44B-52B.
108. Wharton TP, McNamara NS, Schmitz JM, Fedele FA, Gladstone AR, Jacobs MI: The value of immediate coronary angiography with primary PTCA standby in the triage and treatment of acute myocardial infarction at community hospitals without heart surgery: experience in 305 cases [abstract). J Am Coll Cardiol 1996, 27:250A.
109. Caputo RP, Ho KK, Stoler RC, Sukin CA, Lopez JJ, Cohen DJ, Kuntz RE, Berman A, Carroza JP, Baim DS. Effect of continuous quality improvement analysis on the delivery of primary percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1997, 79:1159-1164. Important article looking at the implementation of a critical pathway for primary angioplasty. Their initial experience showed long door-to-balloon times and high mortality. When they streamlined the process, they reduced time to treatment and mortality.
110. Granger CB, Califf RM, Topol EJ: Thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction. Drugs 1992, 44:293-325.
111. Neuhaus K-L, Von Essen R, Tebbe U, Vogt A, Roth M, Riess M, Niederer W, Forycki F, Wirtzfeld A, Maeurer W, Limbourg P, Merx W, Haerten K: Improved thrombolysis in acute myocardial infarction with front-loaded administration of alteplase: results of the rt-PA-APSAC Patency Study (TAPS). J Am Coll Cardiol 1992, 19:885-891.
112. Cannon CP: Prehospital management of acute myocardial infarction. In Cardiovascular Thrombosis: Thrombocardiology and Thromboneurology, edn 2. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven Publishers; 1998:485-498.