Cosmogenic chlorine-36 production in calcite by muons

Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta

Volumn 62, Issue 3, 1998, Pages 433-454

  Stone, J O H ^a   Evans, J M ^a   Fifield, L K ^a   Allan, G L ^a,b   Cresswell, R G ^a  

^a AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^b RMIT UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CALCITE; CHLORINE-36; COSMIC RAY; EROSION; MUON;

EID: 0031827612     PISSN: 00167037     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0016-7037(97)00369-4     Document Type: Article

References (79)

1. Adair R. K. and Kasha H. (1975) Cosmic-ray muons. In Muon Physics (ed. V. W. Hughes and C. S. Wu), Vol. 1, pp. 322-385. Academic Press.
2. Allen J. E. and Apostolakis A. J. (1961) Sea level cosmic ray spectra at large zenith angles. Proc. Roy. Soc. A265, 117-132.
3. Allkofer O. C. and Jokisch H. (1973) A survey on the recent measuremerits of the absolute vertical cosmic-ray muon flux at sea level. Nuovo Cimento 15, 371-389.
4. Allkofer O. C., Carstensen K., and Dau W. D. (1971) The absolute cosmic ray muon spectrum at sea level. Phys. Lett. 36B, 425-427.
5. Allkofer O. C., Andresen R. D., Clausen K., and Dau W. D. (1972) Sea level muon spectrum at two different latitudes. J. Geophys. Res. 77, 4251-4253.
6. Ashton F. (1961) The range-energy relation for high energy μ-mesons. Proc. Phys. Soc. 77, 587-592.
7. Ayre C. A., Baxendale J. M., Hume C. J., Nandi B. C., Thompson M. G., and Whalley M. R. (1975) Precise measurement of the vertical muon spectrum in the range 20-500 GeV/c. J. Phys. G: Nucl. Phys. 1, 584-600.
8. Barbouti A. I. and Rastin B. C. (1983) A study of the absolute intensity of muons at sea level and under various thicknesses of absorber. J. Phys. G: Nucl. Phys. 9, 1577-1595.
9. Barton J. C. and Slade M. (1965) The intensity of stopping pions at sea level and underground. Proc. 9th Int. Conf. Cosmic Rays., 1006-1008.
10. Bateman B. J. et al. (1971) Absolute measurement of the vertical cosmic ray muon intensity at 3-50 GeV/c near sea level. Phys. Lett. 36B, 144-148.
11. Bhat P. N. and Ramana Murthy P. V. (1973) Intensity measurements of low energy cosmic ray muons underground. J. Phys. A: Math., Nucl. Gen. 6, 1960-1973.
12. 26Al evidence for exceptionally low rates of Australian bedrock erosion and the likely existence of pre-Pleistocene landscapes. Quat. Res. 44, 378-382.
13. 2. J. Geophys. Res. 94, 12145-12152.
14. 10Be in near-surface rocks from the Congo. Geophys. Res. Lett. 22, 703-706.
15. Budini P. and Moliére G. (1954) Concord of cosmic ray components in the atmosphere. In New Research Techniques in Physics, pp. 59-70. Servicio Gráfico.
16. Charalambus S. (1971) Nuclear transmutation by negative stopped muons and the activity induced by the cosmic-ray muons. Nucl. Phys. A166, 145-161.
17. Clark D. H., Bierman P. R., and Larsen P. (1995) Improving in situ cosmogenic chronometers. Quat. Res. 44, 367-377.
18. Conversi M. (1950) Experiments on cosmic-ray mesons and protons at several altitudes and latitudes. Phys. Rev. 79, 749-767.
19. Crookes J. N. and Rastin B. C. (1972) An investigation of the absolute intensity of muons at sea level. Nucl. Phys. B39, 493-508.
20. -2 below sea level. Nucl. Phys. B58, 93-109.
21. De A. K., Ghosh P., Smitra S., Bhattacharya P. C., and Das A. K. (1972) The muon flux of cosmic rays at sea level. J. Phys. A: Gen. Phys. 5, 1236-1242.
22. Decoster J., Stevenson M. L., Toner W. T., Zipf T. F., Breakstone A., and Flatté S. M. (1975) Zenith-angle distributions of atmospheric muons above 20 GeV. Lett. Nuovo Cimento 12, 239-245.
23. 36Cl. Nucl. Instr. Meth. B92, 321-325.
24. 36Cl in a terrestrial rock. Nucl. Instr. Meth. B92, 301-307.
25. 36Cl. Z Physik A - Hadrons and Nuclei 341, 117-119.
26. Fabryka-Martin J. T. (1988) Production of radionuclides in the Earth and their hydrogeologic significance, with emphasis on chlorine-36 and iodine-129. PhD dissertation, Univ. Arizona.
27. Feige Y., Oltman B. G., and Kastner J. (1968) Production rates of neutrons in soils due to natural radioactivity. J. Geophys. Res. 73, 3135-3142.
28. Fermi E. and Teller E. (1947) The capture of negative mesotrons in matter. Phys. Rev. 72, 399-408.
29. Fifield L. K., Ophel T. R., Allan G. L., Bird J. R., and Davie R. F. (1990) Accelerator mass spectrometry at the Australian National University's 14UD accelerator: Experience and developments. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B52, 233-237.
30. Ford D. C. and Williams P. W. (1989) Karst Geomorphology and Hydrology. Unwin Hyman.
31. Gardener M., Jones D. G., Taylor F. E., and Wolfendale A. W. (1962) The momentum spectrum of cosmic ray muons near sea level in the momentum range 0.4-10 GeV/c. Proc. Phys. Soc. 80, 697-709.
32. George E. P. (1952) Observations of cosmic rays underground and their interpretation. In Progress in Cosmic Ray Physics (ed. J. G. Wilson), Vol. 1, pp. 395-451. North-Holland.
33. Gillespie A. R. and Bierman P. R. (1995) Precision of terrestrial exposure ages and erosion rates estimated from analysis of cosmo-genic isotopes produced in situ. J. Geophys. Res. 100, 24637-24649.
34. Greisen K. (1942) The intensities of the hard and soft components of cosmic rays as functions of altitude and zenith angle. Phys. Rev. 61, 212-221.
35. Hallet B. and Putkonnen J. (1994) Surface dating of dynamic landforms: Young boulders on aging moraines. Science 265, 937-940.
36. 26Al in terrestrial silicate rock. J. Geophys. Res. 80, 3757-3760.
37. Hayakawa S. (1969) Cosmic Ray Physics. John Wiley and Sons.
38. Hayman P. J. and Wolfendale A. W. (1962) The momentum spectrum of cosmic ray muons near sea level in the momentum range 5-1000 GeV/c. Proc. Phys. Soc. 80, 710-728.
39. Hughes V.W. and Wu C.S. (1975) Muon Physics. Academic Press.
40. 2, NO, and CO. Phys. Lett. 79A, 377-379.
41. Kraushaar W. L. (1949) Cosmic ray mesons near sea level. Phys. Rev. 76, 1045-1058.
42. 36Cl in limestone and some paleontological samples using completely stripped ions. Nucl. Instr. Meth. B5, 326-330.
43. Lal D. (1991) Cosmic ray labeling of erosion surfaces: In situ nuclide production rates and erosion models. Earth Planet. 551-612. Springer.
44. 36Cl accumulation in unstable landforms 1. Effects of the thermal neutron distribution. Water Resour. Res. 30, 3115-3125.
45. Macdonald B., Diaz J. A., Kaplan S. N., and Pyle R. V. (1965) Neutrons from negative-muon capture. Phys. Rev. 139, B1253-B1263.
46. Masarik J. and Reedy R. C. (1995) Terrestrial cosmogenic-nuclide production systematics calculated from numerical simulations. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 136, 381-396.
47. Menon M. G. K. and Ramana Murthy P. V. (1965) Cosmic ray intensities deep underground. In Progress in Elementary Particle and Cosmic Ray Physics (ed. J. G. Wilson and S. A. Wouthuysen), Vol. 9, pp. 163-243. Wiley.
48. Moroney J. R. and Parry J. K. (1954) Momentum distribution and charge ratio of μ-mesons at zenith angles in the east-west plane. Australian J. Phys. 7, 423-438.
49. 26Al by cosmic rays in terrestrial quartz in situ and implications for erosion rates. Nature 319, 134-135.
50. 26Al in quartz from glacially polished rocks. J. Geophys. Res. 94, 17,907-17,915.
51. 26Al in Antarctic rocks: Exposure and erosion history. Earth. Planet. Sci. Lett. 104, 440-454.
52. 26Al in the study of diverse geomorphic processes. Earth Surf. Proc. Landforms 18, 407-425.
53. 26Al on the surface of the Earth and underground. Eighth Intl. Conf. Geochron., Cosmochron. Isot. Geol. USGS Surv. Circ. 1107, 234.
54. O'Brien K., Sandmeier H. A., Hansen G. E., and Campbell J. E. (1978) Cosmic ray induced neutron background sources and fluxes for geometries of air over water, ground, iron, and aluminium. J. Geophys. Res. 83, 114-120.
55. Osborne R. A. L. (1993) The history of karstification at Wombeyan Caves, New South Wales, Australia, as revealed by palaeokarst deposits. Cave Sci., Trans. Brit. Cave Res. Assoc. 20, 1-8.
56. 36Cl production rates in terrestrial rocks. Geophys. Res. Lett. 23, 949-951.
57. Reedy R. C. et al. (1994) Simulations of in situ cosmogenic-nuclide production. Nucl. Instr. Meth. B92, 297-300.
58. Rogers I. W. and Tristam M. (1984) The absolute depth - intensity curve for cosmic-ray muons underwater and the integral sea level momentum spectrum in the range 1-100 GeV/c. J. Phys. G: Nucl. Phys. 10, 983-1001.
59. Rossi B. (1948) Interpretation of cosmic ray phenomena. Rev. Mod. Phys. 20, 537-583.
60. Short A. M. (1963) Mesons stopped underground. Proc. Phys. Soc. 81, 841-845.
61. Smith J. A. and Duller N. M. (1959) Effects of pi meson decay-absorption phenomena on the high-energy mu meson zenithal variation near sea level. J. Geophys. Res. 64, 2297-2305.
62. Spannagel G. and Fireman E. L. (1972) Stopping rate of negative cosmic-ray muons near sea level. J. Geophys. Res. 77, 5351-5359.
63. Stanislaus F., Entezami F., Bagheri A., and Measday D. F. (1987) Atomic capture ratios from muons in oxides. Nucl. Phys. A475, 630-641.
64. Sternheimer R. M. and Peierls R. F. (1971) General expression for the density effect for the ionization loss of charged particles. Phys. Rev. B 3, 3681-3692.
65. Stone J., Fifield L. K., Allan G. L., Evans J. M., Cresswell R. G., and Chivas A. R. (1994) Limestone erosion measurements with cosmogenic chlorine-36 in calcite - preliminary results from Australia. Nucl. Instr. Meth. B92, 311-316.
66. Stone J., Allan G. L., Fifield L. K., and Cresswell R. G. (1996) Cosmogenic chlorine-36 from calcium spallation. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 60, 679-692.
67. 26Al. Nucl. Instr. Meth. B92, 317-320.
68. Takagi J. and Tanaka S. (1969) Cosmic-ray muon-induced Iron 59 in Cobalt. J. Geophys. Res. 74, 3219-3225.
69. Tennent R. M. (1960) The absorption and decay of negative muons. In Progress in Cosmic Ray and Elementary Particle Physics (ed. J. G. Wilson and S. A. Wouthuysen), Vol. IV, pp. 367-408. Wiley.
70. Vandenbosch R. and Huizenga J.R. (1973) Nuclear Fission. Academic Press.
71. Vavilov Y. N., Trubkin Y. A., and Fedorov V. M. (1974) Intensity of cosmic muons at large rock and water depths in ground and their energy spectrum at sea level. Sov. J. Nucl. Phys. 18, 434-439.
72. von Egidy T. and Hartmann F. J. (1982) Average muonic coulomb capture probabilities for sixty-five elements. Phys. Rev. A 26, 2355-2360.
73. von Egidy T., Daniel H., Ehrhart P., Hartmann F. J., and Kohler E. (1982) Muonic coulomb capture in alkali and alkaline-earth oxides. Z. Phys. A 308, 107-110.
74. Wellman P. and McDougall I. (1974) Potassium-argon ages on the Cainozoic volcanic rocks of New South Wales. J. Geol. Soc. Australia 21, 247-272.
75. Wykoff J. M., Ziegler B., Koch H. W., and Uhlig R. (1965) Total photonuclear cross sections for low atomic number elements. Phys. Rev. 137, B576-B594.
76. Wyttenbach A. et al. (1978) Probabilities of muon-induced nuclear reactions involving charged particle emission. Nucl. Phys. A 294, 278-292.
77. Zar J. L. (1951) Zenith angle and momentum spectrum of μ-mesons at sea level. Phys. Rev. 83, 761-767.
78. Zinov V. G., Konin A. D., and Mukhin A. I. (1965) Atomic capture of negative muons in chemical compounds. Sov. J. Nucl. Phys. 2, 613-618.
79. Zreda M. G., Phillips F. M., Elmore D., Kubik P. W., and Sharma P. (1991) Cosmogenic chlorine-36 production rates in terrestrial rocks. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 105, 94-109.