Social capital and the public-private divide in Greek regions

West European Politics

Volumn 21, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 154-177

  Paraskevopoulos, Christos J ^a  

^a LONDON SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COLLECTIVE ACTION; NATIONAL POLITICS; POLITICAL SYSTEM; SOCIAL CAPITAL;

GREECE;

EID: 0031826968     PISSN: 01402382     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/01402389808425249     Document Type: Article

References (77)

1. Peter John, 'What is the European function?', Local Government Policy Making 20/5 (1994) pp.11-13; John Benington and Janet Harvey, 'Spheres or Tiers? The Significance of Transnational Local Authority Networks', in idem, pp.21-30; Mike Goldsmith, 'The Europeanisation of Local Government', Urban Studies 30/4 and 5 (1993) pp.683-99; and M. Geddes, 'Local Partnership and Social Capital', paper presented to the 25th ECPR Workshop on Social Capital and Politico-Economic Performance, University of Bern, Switzerland, 27 Feb. to 4 March 1997.
2. Peter John, 'What is the European function?', Local Government Policy Making 20/5 (1994) pp.11-13; John Benington and Janet Harvey, 'Spheres or Tiers? The Significance of Transnational Local Authority Networks', in idem, pp.21-30; Mike Goldsmith, 'The Europeanisation of Local Government', Urban Studies 30/4 and 5 (1993) pp.683-99; and M. Geddes, 'Local Partnership and Social Capital', paper presented to the 25th ECPR Workshop on Social Capital and Politico-Economic Performance, University of Bern, Switzerland, 27 Feb. to 4 March 1997.
3. Peter John, 'What is the European function?', Local Government Policy Making 20/5 (1994) pp.11-13; John Benington and Janet Harvey, 'Spheres or Tiers? The Significance of Transnational Local Authority Networks', in idem, pp.21-30; Mike Goldsmith, 'The Europeanisation of Local Government', Urban Studies 30/4 and 5 (1993) pp.683-99; and M. Geddes, 'Local Partnership and Social Capital', paper presented to the 25th ECPR Workshop on Social Capital and Politico-Economic Performance, University of Bern, Switzerland, 27 Feb. to 4 March 1997.
4. Peter John, 'What is the European function?', Local Government Policy Making 20/5 (1994) pp.11-13; John Benington and Janet Harvey, 'Spheres or Tiers? The Significance of Transnational Local Authority Networks', in idem, pp.21-30; Mike Goldsmith, 'The Europeanisation of Local Government', Urban Studies 30/4 and 5 (1993) pp.683-99; and M. Geddes, 'Local Partnership and Social Capital', paper presented to the 25th ECPR Workshop on Social Capital and Politico-Economic Performance, University of Bern, Switzerland, 27 Feb. to 4 March 1997.
5. See Stanley Hoffmann, Obstinate or obsolete? The Fate of the Nation-State and the Case of Western Europe', Daedalus 95 (1996) pp.862-915.
6. For an overview, see G. Marks, 'Structural Policy and Multilevel Governance in the EC', in Alan W. Cafruny and Glenda G. Rosenthal (eds.) The State of the European Community: The Maastricht Debates and Beyond, Vol.2 (London: Longman 1993); A. Scott, J. Peterson and D. Millar, 'Subsidiarity: A "Europe of the Regions" v. the British Constitution?', Journal of Common Market Studies 32/1 (1994) pp.47-67.
7. For an overview, see G. Marks, 'Structural Policy and Multilevel Governance in the EC', in Alan W. Cafruny and Glenda G. Rosenthal (eds.) The State of the European Community: The Maastricht Debates and Beyond, Vol.2 (London: Longman 1993); A. Scott, J. Peterson and D. Millar, 'Subsidiarity: A "Europe of the Regions" v. the British Constitution?', Journal of Common Market Studies 32/1 (1994) pp.47-67.
8. See Wolfgang Streeck and P.C. Schmitter, 'From National Corporatism to Transnational Pluralism: Organised Interests in the Single European Market', Politics and Society 19/2 (1991) pp. 133-64.
9. G. Marks, 'Structural Policy in the European Community' in A. Sbragia (ed.) Euro-politics, Institutions and Policy-Making in the 'New' European Community (Washington DC: Brookings 1992).
10. Gary Marks, Nielsen Francois, Ray Leonard and Jane Salk, 'Competencies, Cracks and Conflicts: Regional Mobilisation in the European Union', in Gary Marks, Fritz W. Scharpf, Philippe Schmitter and Wolfgang Streeck (eds.) Governance in the European Union (London: Sage 1996) pp.40-63 .
11. For an overview on the link between flexible specialisation and the emergence of regions, see M. Piore and C. Sabel, The Second Industrial Divide (NY: Basic Books 1984); Charles Sabel, 'Flexible Specialisation and the Re-emergence of Regional Economies', in Ash Amin (ed.) Post-Fordism: A Reader (Oxford: Blackwell 1994a) pp.101-56; P. Hirst and J. Zeitlin, 'Flexible Specialisation versus Post-Fordism: Theory, Evidence, and Policy Implications', in M. Storper and A. J. Scott (eds.) Pathways to Industrialisation and Regional Development, (London: Routledge 1992) pp.70-115.
12. For an overview on the link between flexible specialisation and the emergence of regions, see M. Piore and C. Sabel, The Second Industrial Divide (NY: Basic Books 1984); Charles Sabel, 'Flexible Specialisation and the Re-emergence of Regional Economies', in Ash Amin (ed.) Post-Fordism: A Reader (Oxford: Blackwell 1994a) pp.101-56; P. Hirst and J. Zeitlin, 'Flexible Specialisation versus Post-Fordism: Theory, Evidence, and Policy Implications', in M. Storper and A. J. Scott (eds.) Pathways to Industrialisation and Regional Development, (London: Routledge 1992) pp.70-115.
13. For an overview on the link between flexible specialisation and the emergence of regions, see M. Piore and C. Sabel, The Second Industrial Divide (NY: Basic Books 1984); Charles Sabel, 'Flexible Specialisation and the Re-emergence of Regional Economies', in Ash Amin (ed.) Post-Fordism: A Reader (Oxford: Blackwell 1994a) pp.101-56; P. Hirst and J. Zeitlin, 'Flexible Specialisation versus Post-Fordism: Theory, Evidence, and Policy Implications', in M. Storper and A. J. Scott (eds.) Pathways to Industrialisation and Regional Development, (London: Routledge 1992) pp.70-115.
14. M. Dunford and G. Kafkalas, 'The Global-Local Interplay, Corporate Geographies and Spatial Development Strategies in Europe', in ibid, (eds.) Cities and Regions in the New Europe: The Global-Local Interplay and Spatial Development Strategies (London: Belhaven Press 1992).
15. Bob Jessop, 'Post-Fordism and the State', in Amin (note 7) pp.251-79.
16. G. Smith has distinguished between two main types of decentralisation in Europe: one deriving from cultural differentiation (Belgium, Spain) and the 'deliberately conceived' one (Italy, Germany), that is interpreted as a response to functional needs. See G. Smith, 'The Crisis of the West European State', in D.M. Cameron (ed.) Regionalism and Supranationalism: Challenges and Alternatives to the Nation-State in Canada and Europe (Montreal: Inst. for Research on Public Policy 1981). On decentralisation in Europe see, R. Leonardi, 'The Regional Reform in Italy: From Centralised to Regionalised State', in idem The Regions and the European Community: The Regional Response to the Single Market in the Underdeveloped Areas (London: Frank Cass 1993); and idem and S. Garmise, 'Sub-National Elites and the European Community', in ibid.
17. G. Smith has distinguished between two main types of decentralisation in Europe: one deriving from cultural differentiation (Belgium, Spain) and the 'deliberately conceived' one (Italy, Germany), that is interpreted as a response to functional needs. See G. Smith, 'The Crisis of the West European State', in D.M. Cameron (ed.) Regionalism and Supranationalism: Challenges and Alternatives to the Nation-State in Canada and Europe (Montreal: Inst. for Research on Public Policy 1981). On decentralisation in Europe see, R. Leonardi, 'The Regional Reform in Italy: From Centralised to Regionalised State', in idem The Regions and the European Community: The Regional Response to the Single Market in the Underdeveloped Areas (London: Frank Cass 1993); and idem and S. Garmise, 'Sub-National Elites and the European Community', in ibid.
18. G. Smith has distinguished between two main types of decentralisation in Europe: one deriving from cultural differentiation (Belgium, Spain) and the 'deliberately conceived' one (Italy, Germany), that is interpreted as a response to functional needs. See G. Smith, 'The Crisis of the West European State', in D.M. Cameron (ed.) Regionalism and Supranationalism: Challenges and Alternatives to the Nation-State in Canada and Europe (Montreal: Inst. for Research on Public Policy 1981). On decentralisation in Europe see, R. Leonardi, 'The Regional Reform in Italy: From Centralised to Regionalised State', in idem The Regions and the European Community: The Regional Response to the Single Market in the Underdeveloped Areas (London: Frank Cass 1993); and idem and S. Garmise, 'Sub-National Elites and the European Community', in ibid.
19. Roland Watts, 'Federalism, Regionalism, and Political Integration', in Cameron (note 10) pp.3-19.
20. Giddens's conceptualisation of regionalisation as a process concerning time and space and of 'regions' as "contexts of interactions", combining thus structure and actors within the framework of structuration theory, is extremely relevant to this point. See A. Giddens, The Constitution of Society (Cambridge: Polity Press 1984) pp.110-32.
21. On the role of the state according to the intergovemmentalist approach to regional integration, see A. Moravcsik, 'Preferences and power in the European Community: a liberal intergovemmentalist approach', Journal of Common Market Studies 31/4 (1993) pp.473-524; on consociationalism see Paul Taylor, 'The European Community and the State: Assumptions, Theories and Propositions', Review of International Studies 17 (1991) pp. 109-25; idem, International Organisation in the Modern World: The Regional and the Global Process, Sec.2 (London: Pinter 1993); D.N. Chryssochoou, 'European Union and the Dynamics of Confederal Consociation: Problems and Prospects for a Democratic Future', Journal of European Integration 18/2 and 3 (1995).
22. On the role of the state according to the intergovemmentalist approach to regional integration, see A. Moravcsik, 'Preferences and power in the European Community: a liberal intergovemmentalist approach', Journal of Common Market Studies 31/4 (1993) pp.473-524; on consociationalism see Paul Taylor, 'The European Community and the State: Assumptions, Theories and Propositions', Review of International Studies 17 (1991) pp. 109-25; idem, International Organisation in the Modern World: The Regional and the Global Process, Sec.2 (London: Pinter 1993); D.N. Chryssochoou, 'European Union and the Dynamics of Confederal Consociation: Problems and Prospects for a Democratic Future', Journal of European Integration 18/2 and 3 (1995).
23. On the role of the state according to the intergovemmentalist approach to regional integration, see A. Moravcsik, 'Preferences and power in the European Community: a liberal intergovemmentalist approach', Journal of Common Market Studies 31/4 (1993) pp.473-524; on consociationalism see Paul Taylor, 'The European Community and the State: Assumptions, Theories and Propositions', Review of International Studies 17 (1991) pp. 109-25; idem, International Organisation in the Modern World: The Regional and the Global Process, Sec.2 (London: Pinter 1993); D.N. Chryssochoou, 'European Union and the Dynamics of Confederal Consociation: Problems and Prospects for a Democratic Future', Journal of European Integration 18/2 and 3 (1995).
24. On the role of the state according to the intergovemmentalist approach to regional integration, see A. Moravcsik, 'Preferences and power in the European Community: a liberal intergovemmentalist approach', Journal of Common Market Studies 31/4 (1993) pp.473-524; on consociationalism see Paul Taylor, 'The European Community and the State: Assumptions, Theories and Propositions', Review of International Studies 17 (1991) pp. 109-25; idem, International Organisation in the Modern World: The Regional and the Global Process, Sec.2 (London: Pinter 1993); D.N. Chryssochoou, 'European Union and the Dynamics of Confederal Consociation: Problems and Prospects for a Democratic Future', Journal of European Integration 18/2 and 3 (1995).
25. Streeck and Schmitter (note 4).
26. Robert Bates, 'Contra Contractarianism: Some Reflections on the New Institutionalism', Politics and Society 16/2 and 3 (1988) pp.387-401.
27. The 'Folk Theorem', one version of this strategy, holds that 'always defect' is not a unique equilibrium in the repeat-play prisoner's dilemma. See R. Axelrod, The Evolution of Cooperation (NY: Basic Books 1984).
28. Bates (note 15).
29. Douglass North, Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance (Cambridge: CUP 1990) p.3.
30. Adrienne Windhoff-Heritier's notion of institution as 'restriction and opportunity' shows that new institutionalism is not inconsistent with the rational choice approach. See her 'Institutions, Interests, and Political Choice', in Roland M. Czada and Adrienne Windhoff-Heritier (eds.) Political Choice: Institutions, Rules, and the Limits of Rationality (Frankfurt: Campus Verlag and Westview Press 1991) p.41 ; on new institutionalism and collective action problems, see James S. Coleman, 'Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital', American Journal of Sociology 94 (1988) Supplement, pp.95-120.
31. Adrienne Windhoff-Heritier's notion of institution as 'restriction and opportunity' shows that new institutionalism is not inconsistent with the rational choice approach. See her 'Institutions, Interests, and Political Choice', in Roland M. Czada and Adrienne Windhoff-Heritier (eds.) Political Choice: Institutions, Rules, and the Limits of Rationality (Frankfurt: Campus Verlag and Westview Press 1991) p.41 ; on new institutionalism and collective action problems, see James S. Coleman, 'Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital', American Journal of Sociology 94 (1988) Supplement, pp.95-120.
32. On new institutional economics' approach to collective action, see O.E Williamson, Markets and Hierarchies: Analysis and Antitrust Implications (NY: Free Press 1975); and Oliver E. Williamson, 'Hierarchies, Markets and Power in the Economy: An Economic Perspective', Industrial and Corporate Change 4/1 (1995) pp.21-49.
33. On new institutional economics' approach to collective action, see O.E Williamson, Markets and Hierarchies: Analysis and Antitrust Implications (NY: Free Press 1975); and Oliver E. Williamson, 'Hierarchies, Markets and Power in the Economy: An Economic Perspective', Industrial and Corporate Change 4/1 (1995) pp.21-49.
34. Mark Granovetter, 'Economic Action and Social Structure: The Problem of Embeddedness', American Journal of Sociology 91/3 (1985) pp.481-510.
35. See Robert Putnam, with R. Leonardi and R. Nanetti, Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy (Princeton UP 1993); Robert D. Putnam, 'Tuning In, Tuning Out: The Strange Disappearance of Social Capital in America', Political Science and Politics 28/4 (1995) pp.664-83; and Paul Whiteley, 'Economic Growth and Social Capital', paper presented to the ECPR Workshop on Social Capital (note 1).
36. See Robert Putnam, with R. Leonardi and R. Nanetti, Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy (Princeton UP 1993); Robert D. Putnam, 'Tuning In, Tuning Out: The Strange Disappearance of Social Capital in America', Political Science and Politics 28/4 (1995) pp.664-83; and Paul Whiteley, 'Economic Growth and Social Capital', paper presented to the ECPR Workshop on Social Capital (note 1).
37. See Robert Putnam, with R. Leonardi and R. Nanetti, Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy (Princeton UP 1993); Robert D. Putnam, 'Tuning In, Tuning Out: The Strange Disappearance of Social Capital in America', Political Science and Politics 28/4 (1995) pp.664-83; and Paul Whiteley, 'Economic Growth and Social Capital', paper presented to the ECPR Workshop on Social Capital (note 1).
38. Putnam et al., ibid. p.167; on other definitions of Social Capital, see James S. Coleman, Foundations of Social Theory (Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP 1990) Chs.8, 12, pp.300-2.
39. Putnam et al., ibid. p.167; on other definitions of Social Capital, see James S. Coleman, Foundations of Social Theory (Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP 1990) Chs.8, 12, pp.300-2.
40. Charles Sabel, 'Studied Trust: Building New Forms of Co-operation in a Volatile Economy', in R. Swedberg (ed.) Explorations in Economic Sociology (NY: Russell Sage Fdn 1993) pp. 104-44; on the role of trust and other forms of social capital in modern economies, see also Mark Granovetter, 'The Nature of Economic Relationships', in ibid.
41. Charles Sabel, 'Studied Trust: Building New Forms of Co-operation in a Volatile Economy', in R. Swedberg (ed.) Explorations in Economic Sociology (NY: Russell Sage Fdn 1993) pp. 104-44; on the role of trust and other forms of social capital in modern economies, see also Mark Granovetter, 'The Nature of Economic Relationships', in ibid.
42. Ash Amin and N. Thrift, 'Living in the Global', in idem, (eds.) Globalisation, Institutions, and Regional Development in Europe (Oxford: OUP 1994) pp. 14-16.
43. Shari O. Garmise, 'Institutional Networks and Industrial Restructuring: Local Initiatives toward the Textile Industry in Nottingham and Prato', Unpublished PhD Thesis, LSE 1995.
44. Bengt A. Lundvall, National Systems of Innovation: Towards a Theory of Innovation and Interactive Learning (London: Pinter 1992) p. 1.
45. Charles Sabel, 'Learning by Monitoring: The Institutions of Economic Development', in N.J. Smelser and Richard Swedberg (eds.) The Handbook of Economic Sociology (Princeton UP 1994).
46. On the importance of 'joint learning' and stability within institutional networks for governance, see B. Kohler-Koch, 'Catching up with Change: The Transformation of Governance in the European Union', Journal of European Public Policy 3/3 (1996) pp.359-80.
47. For the role of social capital in facilitating the learning process, see Michael Storper, 'The Resurgence of Regional Economies, Ten Years Later: The Region as a Nexus of Untraded Interdependences', European Urban and Regional Studies 2/3 (1995) pp. 191-221.
48. Garmise (note 26).
49. On the state-driven process of synergies and collective action, see Peter Evans, 'Introduction: Development Strategies across the Public-Private Divide', World Development 24/6 (1996) pp. 1033-7; and 'Government Action, Social Capital and Development: Reviewing the Evidence on Synergy', ibid, pp.1119-32; Jonathan Fox, 'How Does Civil Society Thicken? The Political Construction of Social Capital in Rural Mexico', ibid, pp.1089-103; Patrick Heller, 'Social Capital as a Product of Class Mobilisation and State Intervention: Industrial Workers in Kerala, India', ibid. pp. 1055-71; Elinor Ostrom, 'Crossing the Great Divide: Coproduction, Synergy and Development', ibid. pp. 1073-87.
50. On the state-driven process of synergies and collective action, see Peter Evans, 'Introduction: Development Strategies across the Public-Private Divide', World Development 24/6 (1996) pp. 1033-7; and 'Government Action, Social Capital and Development: Reviewing the Evidence on Synergy', ibid, pp.1119-32; Jonathan Fox, 'How Does Civil Society Thicken? The Political Construction of Social Capital in Rural Mexico', ibid, pp.1089-103; Patrick Heller, 'Social Capital as a Product of Class Mobilisation and State Intervention: Industrial Workers in Kerala, India', ibid. pp. 1055-71; Elinor Ostrom, 'Crossing the Great Divide: Coproduction, Synergy and Development', ibid. pp. 1073-87.
51. On the state-driven process of synergies and collective action, see Peter Evans, 'Introduction: Development Strategies across the Public-Private Divide', World Development 24/6 (1996) pp. 1033-7; and 'Government Action, Social Capital and Development: Reviewing the Evidence on Synergy', ibid, pp.1119-32; Jonathan Fox, 'How Does Civil Society Thicken? The Political Construction of Social Capital in Rural Mexico', ibid, pp.1089-103; Patrick Heller, 'Social Capital as a Product of Class Mobilisation and State Intervention: Industrial Workers in Kerala, India', ibid. pp. 1055-71; Elinor Ostrom, 'Crossing the Great Divide: Coproduction, Synergy and Development', ibid. pp. 1073-87.
52. On the state-driven process of synergies and collective action, see Peter Evans, 'Introduction: Development Strategies across the Public-Private Divide', World Development 24/6 (1996) pp. 1033-7; and 'Government Action, Social Capital and Development: Reviewing the Evidence on Synergy', ibid, pp.1119-32; Jonathan Fox, 'How Does Civil Society Thicken? The Political Construction of Social Capital in Rural Mexico', ibid, pp.1089-103; Patrick Heller, 'Social Capital as a Product of Class Mobilisation and State Intervention: Industrial Workers in Kerala, India', ibid. pp. 1055-71; Elinor Ostrom, 'Crossing the Great Divide: Coproduction, Synergy and Development', ibid. pp. 1073-87.
53. On the state-driven process of synergies and collective action, see Peter Evans, 'Introduction: Development Strategies across the Public-Private Divide', World Development 24/6 (1996) pp. 1033-7; and 'Government Action, Social Capital and Development: Reviewing the Evidence on Synergy', ibid, pp.1119-32; Jonathan Fox, 'How Does Civil Society Thicken? The Political Construction of Social Capital in Rural Mexico', ibid, pp.1089-103; Patrick Heller, 'Social Capital as a Product of Class Mobilisation and State Intervention: Industrial Workers in Kerala, India', ibid. pp. 1055-71; Elinor Ostrom, 'Crossing the Great Divide: Coproduction, Synergy and Development', ibid. pp. 1073-87.
54. On the evidence from the East Asian countries, see Peter Evans, 'Government Action, Social Capital and Development: Reviewing the Evidence on Synergy', World Development in ibid. pp. 1119-32.
55. See, in particular, Jürgen Grote, 'Policy Networks in the South of the South', paper presented at the 25th ECPR Joint Sessions of Workshops (note 1); and Putnam et al. (note 22).
56. On the importance of adaptability in networks, see Gernot Grabber, (1993), The Weakness of Strong Ties: The Lock-In of Regional Development in the Ruhr Area', in idem (ed.), The Embedded Firm: On the Socioeconomics of Industrial Networks (London: Routledge 1993) pp.255-77.
57. Studied trust refers to a 'kind of consensus and the associated forms of economic transactions' that theoretically result from 'associative' or 'co-operative' or 'autopoietic' - that is self-creating - 'reflexive' systems. These are systems in which 'the logic governing the development of each of the elements is constantly reshaped by the development of all the others: the parts reflect the whole and vice versa' (Sabel, note 24) pp. 125-30). Sabel's optimistic view on the creation of trust is based on the hypothesis that 'trust is a constitutive - hence in principle extensive - feature of social life, ibid, p.140.
58. Diego Gambetta, 'Can We Trust Trust?' in idem (ed.) Trust: Making and Breaking Co-operative Relations (Oxford: Blackwell 1988).
59. See CEC, Competitiveness and Cohesion: Trends in the Regions, Fifth Periodic Report on the Social and Economic Situation and Development of the Regions in the Community, Brussels (1994) pp.83-94.
60. On 'cultural dualism' and the weakness of civil society in Greece, see Nikiforos Diamandouros, Cultural Dualism and Political Change in Postauthoritarian Greece, Estudio/Working Paper 50 (Madrid: Juan March Institute 1994); Nicos Mouzelis, 'Greece in the Twenty-first Century: Institutions and Political Culture', in Dimitri Constas and Theofanis G, Stavrou (eds.) Greece Prepares for the Twenty-first Century (Washington DC: Johns Hopkins UP 1995); and Politics in the Semi-Periphery: Early Parliamentarism and Late Industrialisation in the Balkans and Latin America (London: Macmillan 1986); Dimitris Charalambis and Nicolas Demertzis, 'Politics and Citizenship in Greece: Cultural and Structural Facets', Journal of Modern Greek Studies 11 (1993).
61. On 'cultural dualism' and the weakness of civil society in Greece, see Nikiforos Diamandouros, Cultural Dualism and Political Change in Postauthoritarian Greece, Estudio/Working Paper 50 (Madrid: Juan March Institute 1994); Nicos Mouzelis, 'Greece in the Twenty-first Century: Institutions and Political Culture', in Dimitri Constas and Theofanis G, Stavrou (eds.) Greece Prepares for the Twenty-first Century (Washington DC: Johns Hopkins UP 1995); and Politics in the Semi-Periphery: Early Parliamentarism and Late Industrialisation in the Balkans and Latin America (London: Macmillan 1986); Dimitris Charalambis and Nicolas Demertzis, 'Politics and Citizenship in Greece: Cultural and Structural Facets', Journal of Modern Greek Studies 11 (1993).
62. On 'cultural dualism' and the weakness of civil society in Greece, see Nikiforos Diamandouros, Cultural Dualism and Political Change in Postauthoritarian Greece, Estudio/Working Paper 50 (Madrid: Juan March Institute 1994); Nicos Mouzelis, 'Greece in the Twenty-first Century: Institutions and Political Culture', in Dimitri Constas and Theofanis G, Stavrou (eds.) Greece Prepares for the Twenty-first Century (Washington DC: Johns Hopkins UP 1995); and Politics in the Semi-Periphery: Early Parliamentarism and Late Industrialisation in the Balkans and Latin America (London: Macmillan 1986); Dimitris Charalambis and Nicolas Demertzis, 'Politics and Citizenship in Greece: Cultural and Structural Facets', Journal of Modern Greek Studies 11 (1993).
63. On 'cultural dualism' and the weakness of civil society in Greece, see Nikiforos Diamandouros, Cultural Dualism and Political Change in Postauthoritarian Greece, Estudio/Working Paper 50 (Madrid: Juan March Institute 1994); Nicos Mouzelis, 'Greece in the Twenty-first Century: Institutions and Political Culture', in Dimitri Constas and Theofanis G, Stavrou (eds.) Greece Prepares for the Twenty-first Century (Washington DC: Johns Hopkins UP 1995); and Politics in the Semi-Periphery: Early Parliamentarism and Late Industrialisation in the Balkans and Latin America (London: Macmillan 1986); Dimitris Charalambis and Nicolas Demertzis, 'Politics and Citizenship in Greece: Cultural and Structural Facets', Journal of Modern Greek Studies 11 (1993).
64. See Richard Clogg, A Short History of Modern Greece (Cambridge: CUP 1979).
65. For an in-depth analysis of the interactions between clientelism and populism, and the state/society relations in Greece, see Mouzelis (note 39); C. Tsoukalas, 'Free Riders in Wonderland; or, Of Greeks in Greece', in Constas and Stavrou (note 39); and J. Campbell, Honour, Family and Patronage: A Study of Institutions and Moral Values in a Greek Mountain Community (London: OUP 1964).
66. For an in-depth analysis of the interactions between clientelism and populism, and the state/society relations in Greece, see Mouzelis (note 39); C. Tsoukalas, 'Free Riders in Wonderland; or, Of Greeks in Greece', in Constas and Stavrou (note 39); and J. Campbell, Honour, Family and Patronage: A Study of Institutions and Moral Values in a Greek Mountain Community (London: OUP 1964).
67. See Philippe Schmitter, 'An Introduction to Southern European Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Italy, Greece, Portugal, Spain, and Turkey', in Guillermo O'Donnell, Philippe C. Schmitter, and Laurence Whitehead (eds.) Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Southern Europe (London: Johns Hopkins UP 1986).
68. CEC (note 38).
69. Ibid.
70. V. Kardasis, Syros: Crossroads of Eastern Mediterranean (1832-1857) (Athens: Cultural Fdn of the National Bank of Greece 1987).
71. The network analysis is based on extensive fieldwork involving around 70 semi-structured in-depth interviews with representatives of the most prominent institutional actors in the regions concerned, and the UCINET IV Version 1.00, has been used (S.P. Borgatti, M.G. Everett and L.C. Freeman, Columbia: Analytic Technologies 1992).
72. Getimis, P. 'Development Issues and Local Regulation: The Case of the Dodecanese Prefecture' (in Greek) in K. Psychopedis and P. Getimis (eds.) Regulation of Local Problems (Athens: Fdn for Med. Studies 1982).
73. R. Inglehart, The Renaissance of Political Culture', American Political Science Review 82/4 (1988) pp. 1203-30.
74. The 'VOLMED' research project is financed by the EU Commission (DG V) and focuses on registering the voluntary organisations in the Mediterranean countries. The research for Greece has been undertaken by the Panteion Univ. of Social Sciences (Dept. of Social Statistics); co-ordinator: Associate Prof. Ms Stasinopoulou.
75. Evridike Siphnaeou , Lesbos: Economic and Social History (1840-1912) (Athens: Trochalia 1996).
76. In Greece, since 1968, there have been two communist parties: one reformist and Eurocommunist that has more or less followed the trajectory of the Italian PCI and currently participates in the Coalition of the Left, and the hard-core more powerful party, which was well-disposed towards the former Soviet Union.
77. Streeck and Schmitter (note 4) p. 159.