Response of great horned owls to experimental 'hot spots' of snowshoe hare density

Auk

Volumn 115, Issue 3, 1998, Pages 694-705

  Rohner, Christoph ^a   Krebs, Charles J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BEHAVIOURAL RESPONSE; HABITAT USE; OWL; PREDATOR-PREY INTERACTION; PREY DENSITY; RANGE SIZE; TERRITORIALITY;

BUBO VIRGINIANUS; LEPUS AMERICANUS;

EID: 0031820848     PISSN: 00048038     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/4089417     Document Type: Article

References (82)

1. ABRAMS, P. A. 1982. Functional responses of optimal foragers. American Naturalist 120:382-391.
2. ABRAMS, P. A. 1987. The functional responses of adaptive consumers of two resources. Theoretical Population Biology 33:262-288.
3. ADAMCIK, R. S., A. W. TODD, AND L. B. KEITH. 1978. Demographic and dietary responses of Great Horned Owls during a snowshoe hare cycle. Canadian Field-Naturalist 92:156-166.
4. ANDERSSON, M. 1980. Nomadism and nest site tenacity as alternative reproductive tactics in birds. Journal of Animal Ecology 49:175-184.
5. ANGELSTAM, P., E. LINDSTRÖM, AND P. WIDÉN. 1984. Role of predation in short-term population fluctuations of some birds and mammals in Fennoscandia. Oecologia 62:199-208.
6. ARDITI, R., AND L. R. GINZBURG. 1989. Coupling in predator-prey dynamics: Ratio-dependence. Journal of Theoretical Biology 139:311-326.
7. BECHARD, M.J. 1982. Effect of vegetative cover on foraging site selection by Swainson's Hawk. Condor 84:153-159.
8. BENDER, E. A., T. J. CASE, AND M. E. GILPIN. 1984. Perturbation experiments in community ecology: Theory and practice. Ecology 65:1-13.
9. BOUTIN, S. 1990. Food supplementation experiments with terrestrial vertebrates: Patterns, problems, and the future. Canadian Journal of Zoology 68: 203-220.
10. BOUTIN, S., C. J. KREBS, R. BOONSTRA, M. R. T. DALE, S. J. HANNON, K. MARTIN, A. R. E. SINCLAIR, J. N. M. SMITH, R. TURKINGTON, M. BLOWER, A. BYROM, F. I. DOYLE, C. DOYLE, D. HIK, L. HOFER, A. HUBBS, T. KARELS, D. L. MURRAY, V. NAMS, M. O'DONOGHUE, C. ROHNER, AND S. SCHWEIGER. 1995. Population changes of the vertebrate community during a snowshoe hare cycle in Canada's boreal forest. Oikos 74:69-80.
11. BREITENMOSER, U., B. G. SLOUGH, AND C. BREITENMOSER-WÜRSTEN. 1993. Predators of cyclic prey: Is the Canada lynx victim or profiteer of the snowshoe hare cycle? Oikos 66:551-554.
12. BROWN, J. L. 1964. The evolution of diversity in avian territorial systems. Wilson Bulletin 76:160-169.
13. BROWN, J. S., AND R. A. MORGAN. 1995. Effects of foraging behavior and spatial scale on diet selectivity: A test with fox squirrels. Oikos 74:122-136.
14. CARPENTER, F. L. 1987a. Food abundance and territoriality: To defend or not to defend? American Zoologist 27:387-399.
15. CARPENTER, F. L. 1987b. The study of territorially: Complexities and future directions. American Zoologist 27:401-409.
16. CAUGHLEY, G., AND A. R. E. SINCLAIR. 1994. Wildlife ecology and management. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford.
17. CHARNOV, E. L. 1976. Optimal foraging and the marginal value theorem. Theoretical Population Biology 9:129-136.
18. DAVIES, N. B. 1980. The economics of territorial behaviour in birds. Ardea 68:63-74.
19. DONAZAR, J. A., F. HIRALDO, M. DELIBES, AND R. R. ESTRELLA. 1989. Comparative food habits of the Eagle Owl Bubo bubo and the Great Horned Owl Bubo virginianus in six Palearctic and Nearctic biomes. Omis Scandinavica 20:298-306.
20. DOYLE, F. I., AND J. N. M. SMITH. 1994. Population responses of Northern Goshawks to the 10-year cycle in numbers of snowshoe hares. Studies in Avian Biology 16:122-129.
21. EBERSOLE, J. P. 1980. Food density and territory size: An alternative model and a test on the reef fish Eupomacentrus leucostictus. American Naturalist 115:492-509.
22. FRAFJORD, K., D. BECKER, AND A. ANGERBJÖRN. 1989. Interactions between arctic and red foxes in Scandinavia - Predation and aggression. Arctic 42:354-356.
23. FRETWELL, S. D. 1972. Populations in a seasonal environment. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey.
24. FUJII, K., C. S. HOLLING, AND P. M. MACE. 1986. A simple generalized model of attack by predators and parasites. Ecological Research 1:141-156.
25. GESE, E. M., O. J. RONGSTAD, AND W. R. MYTTON. 1988. Home range and habitat use of coyotes in southeastern Colorado. Journal of Wildlife Management 52:640-646.
26. HALL, P., AND S. R. WILSON. 1991. Two guidelines for bootstrap hypothesis testing. Biometrics 47:757-762.
27. HANSKI, I. 1991. The functional response of predators: Worries about scale. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 6:141-142.
28. HASSELL, M. P., AND R. M. MAY. 1974. Aggregation of predators and insect parasites and its effects on stability. Journal of Animal Ecology 43:567-594.
29. HIK, D.S. 1995. Does risk of predation influence population dynamics? Evidence from the cyclic decline of snowshoe hares. Wildlife Research 22: 115-129.
30. HOLLING, C. S. 1959. Some characteristics of simple types of predation and parasitism. Canadian Entomologist 91:385-398.
31. HOLLING, C. S. 1965. The functional response of predators to prey density and its role in mimicry and population regulation. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 45:1-60.
32. HOLT, R. D., AND J. H. LAWTON. 1994. The ecological consequences of shared natural enemies. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 25:495-520.
33. HOUSTON, C. S. 1987. Nearly synchronous cycles of the Great Horned Owl and snowshoe hare in Saskatchewan. Pages 56-58 in Biology and conservation of northern forest owls (R. W. Nero, R. J. Clark, R. J. Knapton, and R. H. Hamre, Eds.). United States Forest Service General Technical Report RM-142.
34. HOUSTON, C. S., AND C. M. FRANCIS. 1995. Survival of Great Horned Owls in relation to the snow-shoe hare cycle. Auk 112:44-59.
35. IMS, R. A., AND H. STEEN. 1990. Geographical synchrony in microtine population cycles: A theoretical evaluation of the role of nomadic avian predators. Oikos 57:381-387.
36. JANES, S.W. 1985. Habitat selection in raptorial birds. Pages 159-188 in Habitat selection in birds (M.L. Cody, Ed.). Academic Press, Orlando, Florida.
37. JEDRZEJEWSKI, W., B. JEDRZEJEWSKA, A. SZYMURA, AND K. ZUB. 1996. Tawny Owl (Strix aluco) predation in a pristine deciduous forest (Bialowieza National Park, Poland). Journal of Animal Ecology 65:105-120.
38. JENNY, D. 1992. Bruterfolg und Bestandsregulation einer alpinen Population des Steinadlers Aquila chrysaetos. Der Ornithologische Beobachter 89:1-43.
39. KEITH, L. B. 1963. Wildlife's ten year cycle. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison.
40. KEITH, L. B., AND D. H. RUSCH. 1988. Predation's role in the cyclic fluctuations Ruffed Grouse. Pages 699-732 in Acta XIX Congressus International Ornithologici (H. Quellet, Ed.). Ottawa, Ontario, 1986. National Museum of Natural Sciences, Ottawa.
41. KEITH, L. B., A. W. TODD, C. J. BRAND, R. S. ADAMCIK, AND D. H. RUSCH. 1977. An analysis of predation during a cyclic fluctuation of snowshoe hares. Proceedings of the International Congress of Game Biologists 13:151-175.
42. KENWARD, R. E. 1985. Raptor radio-tracking and telemetry. ICBP Technical Publication 5:409-420.
43. KENWARD, R. E. 1987. Wildlife radio-tagging: Equipment, field techniques, and data analysis. Academic Press, London.
44. KENWARD, R. E. 1990. Ranges IV. Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Furzebrook, Wareham United Kingdom.
45. KENWARD, R. E., V. MARCSTRÖM, AND M. KARLBOM. 1981. Goshawk winter ecology in Swedish pheasant habitats. Journal of Wildlife Management 45:397-408.
46. KORPIMÄKI, E. 1994. Rapid or delayed tracking of multi-annual vole cycles by avian predators? Journal of Animal Ecology 63:619-628.
47. KREBS, C. J., S. BOUTIN, R. BOONSTRA, A. R. E. SINCLAIR, J. N. M. SMITH, R. T. DALE, K. MARTIN, AND R. TURKINGTON. 1995. Impact of food and predation on the snowshoe hare cycle. Science 269:1112-1115.
48. LINDSTRÖM, E., P. ANGELSTAM, P. WIDÉN, AND H. ANDRÉN. 1987. Do predators synchronize vole and grouse fluctuations? - An experiment. Oikos 48:121-124.
49. LITVAITIS, J. A., J. A. SHERBURNE, AND J. A. BISSONETTE. 1986. Bobcat habitat use and home range size in relation to prey density. Journal of Wildlife Management 50:110-117.
50. MCINVAILLE, W. B., AND L. B. KEITH. 1974. Predator-prey relations and breeding biology of the Great Horned Owl and Red-tailed Hawk in central Alberta. Canadian Field-Naturalist 88:1-20.
51. MILINSKI, M., AND G. A. PARKER. 1991. Competition for resources. Pages 137-168 in Behavioural ecology: An evolutionary approach, 3rd ed. (J. R. Krebs and N. B. Davies, Eds.). Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford.
52. MITCHELL, W. A., AND J. S. BROWN. 1990. Density-dependent harvest rates by optimal foragers. Oikos 57:180-190.
53. MURDOCH, M. W., AND A. OATEN. 1975. Predation and population stability. Advances in Ecological Research 9:2-131.
54. MYERS, J. P., P. G. CONNORS, AND F. PITELKA. 1979. Territory size in wintering Sanderlings: The effects of prey abundance and intruder density. Auk 96:551-561.
55. NAMS, V. O. 1990. Locate II. Pacer, Truro, Nova Scotia.
56. NEWTON, I. 1992. Experiments on the limitation of bird numbers by territorial behaviour. Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 67:129-173.
57. NORRDAHL, K., AND E. KORPIMÄKI. 1996. Do nomadic avian predators synchronize population fluctuations of small mammals? A field experiment. Oecologia 107:478-483.
58. O'DONOGHUE, M., S. BOUTIN, C. J. KREBS, AND E. J. HOFER. 1997. Numerical responses of coyotes and lynx to the snowshoe hare cycle. Oikos 80: 150-162.
59. O'DONOGHUE, M., AND C. J. KREBS. 1992. Effects of supplemental food on snowshoe hare reproduction and juvenile growth at a cyclic population peak. Journal of Animal Ecology 61:631-641.
60. PITELKA, F. A., P. Q. TOMICH, AND G. W. TREICHEL. 1955. Ecological relations of jaegers and owls as lemming predators near Barrow, Alaska. Ecological Monographs 25:85-117.
61. POLLOCK, K. H., J. D. NICHOLS, C. BROWNIE, AND J. E. HINES. 1990. Statistical inference for capture-recapture experiments. Wildlife Monographs No. 107.
62. PRESTON, C. J. 1990. Distribution of raptor foraging in relation to prey biomass and habitat structure. Condor 92:107-112.
63. PULLIAM, H. R. 1974. On the theory of optimal diets. American Naturalist 108:59-75.
64. ROHNER, C. 1995. Great Horned Owls and snowshoe hares: What causes the time lag in the numerical response of predators to cyclic prey? Oikos 74: 61-68.
65. ROHNER, C. 1996. The numerical response of Great Horned Owls to the snowshoe hare cycle: Consequences of non-territorial "floaters" on demography. Journal of Animal Ecology 65: 359-370.
66. ROHNER, C. 1997. Non-territorial "floaters" in Great Horned Owls: Space use during a cyclic peak of snowshoe hares. Animal Behaviour 53:901-912.
67. ROHNER, C., AND F. I. DOYLE. 1992. Methods of locating Great Horned Owl nests in the boreal forest. Journal of Raptor Research 26:33-35.
68. ROHNER, C., AND C. J. KREBS. 1996. Owl predation on snowshoe hares: Consequences of antipredator behaviour. Oecologia 108:303-310.
69. ROHNER, C., AND J. N. M. SMITH. 1996. Brood size manipulations in Great Horned Owls Bubo virginianus: Are predators food limited at the peak of prey cycles? Ibis 138:236-242.
70. ROSENZWEIG, M. L., AND R. H. MACARTHUR. 1963. Graphical representation and stability conditions of predator-prey interactions. American Naturalist 97:209-223.
71. RUSCH, D. H., E. C. MESLOW, L. B. KEITH, AND P. D. DOERR. 1972. Response of Great Horned Owl populations to changing prey densities. Journal of Wildlife Management 36:282-296.
72. SALTZ, D., AND G. C. WHITE. 1990. Comparison of different measures of telemetry error in simulated radio-telemetry locations. Journal of Wildlife Management 54:169-174.
73. SCHOENER, T. W. 1983. Simple models of optimal feeding-territory size: A reconciliation. American Naturalist 121:608-629.
74. SOUTHERN, H. N., AND V. P. W. LOWE. 1968. The pattern of distribution of prey and predation in Tawny Owl territories. Journal of Animal Ecology 37:75-97.
75. STEEN, H. 1995. Untangling the causes of disappearance from a local population of root voles, Microtus oeconomus: A test of the regional synchrony hypothesis. Oikos 73:65-72.
76. STEPHENS, D. W., AND J. R. KREBS. 1986. Foraging theory. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey.
77. TEMELES, E. J. 1987. The relative importance of prey availability and intruder pressure in feeding territory size regulation by harriers, Circus cyaneus. Oecologia 74:286-297.
78. THOMPSON, I. D., AND P. W. COLGAN. 1987. Numerical responses of martens to a food shortage in northcentral Ontario. Journal of Wildlife Management 51:824-835.
79. VILLAGE, A. 1982. The home range and density of Kestrels in relation to vole abundance. Journal of Animal Ecology 51:413-428.
80. WALTERS, C. J. 1986. Adaptive management of renewable resources. Macmillan, New York.
81. WARD, R. M. P., AND C. J. KREBS. 1985. Behavioural responses of lynx to declining snowshoe hare abundance. Canadian Journal of Zoology 63: 2817-2824.
82. YDENBERG, R. C. 1987. Nomadic predators and geographical synchrony in microtine population cycles. Oikos 50:270-272.