A shelter of their own: Informal settlement expansion in Greater Cairo and government responses

Environment and Urbanization

Volumn 10, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 217-231

  El Batran, Manal ^a,c   Arandel, Christian ^b,c  

^a Housing and Building Research Centre   (Egypt)

^b Urban Mgmt Prog's Reg Off A   (Egypt)

^c NONE   (Egypt)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

HOUSING PROVISION; INFORMAL SETTLEMENT; SETTLEMENT GROWTH;

EGYPT, CAIRO;

EID: 0031818497     PISSN: 09562478     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1630/095624798101284392     Document Type: Article

References (46)

1. General Organization for Physical Planning (GOPP) and IAURIF (1983), Greater Cairo Region: Long Range Urban Development Scheme, Master Scheme, General Organization of Physical Planning, Cairo.
2. UNCHS-Habitat (1993), Metropolitan Planning and Management in the Developing World: Spatial Decentralization in Bombay and Cairo, Nairobi.
3. In 1976, Osman Ahmed Osman, then Minister of Construction and owner of Egypt's largest construction company (Arab Constructions) declared, in a self-serving speech, that Egypt needed to build at least 100,000 new housing units to meet the current and future demand. It was later demonstrated that this was not the case and that, in fact, the supply of housing units exceeded the demand. For more details see Milad, Hanna (1992), Le Logement en Egypte, Essai Critique, CEDEJ, Cairo.
4. GOPP & IAURIF (1991), Greater Cairo Region Master Scheme: Implementation Assessment Updating Proposal, Cairo.
5. Saker, H. (1996), "New urban communities: have they improved the situation of central areas? Greater Cairo region case studies", paper published in the Proceedings of the 20th INTA Annual World Conference: New Urban Communities: Past Experience and the Future of Cities, Cairo.
6. Waterbury, J. (1983), The Egypt of Nasser and Sadat: The Political Economy of Two Regimes, Princeton University Press, Princeton.
7. Serageldin, M. (1976), Immediate Action Proposal for Housing in Egypt, also Cairo University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1977), Low-income Housing in Egypt, the Joint Housing and Community Team, Ministry of Housing and Construction and Office of Housing; United State Agency for International Development, Cairo.
8. EI-Kholei, A. (1991), "The politics of development: the case of the Middle East" presented at the Annual Meeting of the Consortium on Development Studies, Seoul. Korea.
9. See, for instance, Malpezzi, S. (1986), Rent Control and Housing Market Equilibrium: Theory and Evidence From Cairo, Egypt, PhD dissertation, George Washington University, Washington DC.
10. These were when the landlord asked the renter to pay for part of the construction costs.
11. See reference 9; also Wheaton, W. (1980), "Housing policies and urban markets in developing countries: the Egyptian experience", Journal of Urban Economics Vol.9, pages 242-256; also Barrada, A., W. Wheaton and P. Annez (1980), "Public policy and the economics of housing" in Housing and Construction Industry in Egypt, Interim Report Working Papers, the Joint Research Team on Housing in Egypt, Cairo University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology; and Hardoy, Jorge E. and David Satterthwaite (1981), Shelter Needs and Response. Housing, Land and Settlements Policies in Seventeen Third World Nations, John Wiley and Sons, Chichester.
12. See reference 9; also Wheaton, W. (1980), "Housing policies and urban markets in developing countries: the Egyptian experience", Journal of Urban Economics Vol.9, pages 242-256; also Barrada, A., W. Wheaton and P. Annez (1980), "Public policy and the economics of housing" in Housing and Construction Industry in Egypt, Interim Report Working Papers, the Joint Research Team on Housing in Egypt, Cairo University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology; and Hardoy, Jorge E. and David Satterthwaite (1981), Shelter Needs and Response. Housing, Land and Settlements Policies in Seventeen Third World Nations, John Wiley and Sons, Chichester.
13. See reference 9; also Wheaton, W. (1980), "Housing policies and urban markets in developing countries: the Egyptian experience", Journal of Urban Economics Vol.9, pages 242-256; also Barrada, A., W. Wheaton and P. Annez (1980), "Public policy and the economics of housing" in Housing and Construction Industry in Egypt, Interim Report Working Papers, the Joint Research Team on Housing in Egypt, Cairo University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology; and Hardoy, Jorge E. and David Satterthwaite (1981), Shelter Needs and Response. Housing, Land and Settlements Policies in Seventeen Third World Nations, John Wiley and Sons, Chichester.
14. Allam, Ahmed (1992), "The problems of urban land in Greater Cairo" in Housing International Conference: Policies and Housing Systems for Low Income Communities, GOHBPR, Cairo.
15. El-Batran, Manal and Ahmed EI-Kholei (1996), "Gender and rehousing in Egypt", Netherlands Embassy in Cairo, Gender and Development Unit, Cairo.
16. World Bank and GOHBPR (1981), Construction Industry Study, Cairo.
17. ABT Associates, Dames & and GOHBPR (1982), Informal Housing in Egypt, Cairo.
18. GOPP (1993), Upgrading of Informal Settlements in Greater Cairo Region, Preliminary Report, Cairo.
19. Ministry of Local Administration (1994), The State Policy concerning Informal Settlements Issues, Internal Report, Cairo.
20. This literally means "random"; ashwayats are therefore random or unplanned settlements. This term refers to all types of informal settlement.
21. The term "informal settlement" will be used as a generic term to define all informal settlements. When needed, it will be qualified as occurring on private or public land. It should also be noted that there exists a variety of situations of tenure even in settlements developed on private land where squatter housing can be found.
22. Kadi, G. (1987), L'Urbanisation Spontanée au Caire, URBAMA,Tours, France.
23. It must be noted that informal land sub-division also benefits the high-income class. In an attempt to escape the noise and pollution of Cairo, high-income groups may buy luxurious mansions on agricultural land on the periphery of the city.
24. See reference 20.
25. Deboulet, A. (1994), Vers un Urbanisme d'Emanation Populaire, Compétences et Réalisations des Citadins, L'Exemple du Caire, Institut d'Urbanisme de Paris, Université de Paris XII-Creteil.
26. See reference 20.
27. Durand-Lasserve, A. (1996), Regularization and Integration of Irregular Settlements: Lessons from Experience, UMP Working Paper No.6, Urban Management Programme, UNCHS-World Bank-UNDP.
28. See reference 1.
29. See reference 5.
30. See reference 1.
31. GOPP, Giza Planner and Danish Group (1982), Giza Master Plan Study: Urban Growth Considerations, Cairo.
32. Observatoire Urbain du Caire Contemporain (1993),"Les'new settlements' du Caire, Lettre D'Informal Vol.33, No.77, CEDEJ.
33. Jossifort, S. (1995), Villes Nouvelles et "New Settlements": l'Aménagement du Désert Egyptien en Question, Les cahiers d'URBAMA, pages 29-43.
34. Ayeb, H. (1995), "Les inondations de Novembre 1994 en Egypte: catastrophe naturelle ou politique?", Egypt-Monde Arabe No.22, 2e trimestre 1995, pages 159-185.
35. Serageldin, M. (1991), Regularizing the Informal Land Development Process Vol. 1, Office of Housing and Urban Programmes, US AID, Washington DC.
36. El Messiri, S. (1990), Proposed Framework for an Integrated Approach to lnstitutionalization of Community Upgrading and Sites and Services Project in the Shelter and Urbanization Conference, GOHBPR, Cairo.
37. Arandal, Christian and Manal El-Batran (1997), The Informal Housing Development Process in Egypt, DPU Working Paper No.82, University College, London.
38. See reference 23.
39. See reference 23.
40. The exchange rate today is around 3.4 Egyptian pounds to $US 1 ; during the 1980s, the exchange rate was around E£ 1.82:US$ 1.
41. Gardner, J. and A. van Hyyck (1990), The Lesson Learned:The Helwan Housing and Community Upgrading Project for Low Income in Egypt, US AID, Cairo.
42. Shoura Council Report (1994), Unplanned Housing of Informal Areas, Arab Republic of Egypt.
43. See reference 31.
44. See reference 40.
45. Denis, E. (1995), "Le GOPP et l'IAURIF dans grand chantier de la régularisation des quartiers informels du Caire" in Lettre d'Information de LOUCC No.41-42, September 1995.
46. See reference 36.