Effects of gender on cardiac arrhythmias

Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology

Volumn 9, Issue 6, 1998, Pages 655-664

  Larsen, Jennifer A ^a   Kadish, Alan H ^a,b  

^a NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b NORTHWESTERN MEMORIAL HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

Arrhythmias; Gender

Indexed keywords

AGE DISTRIBUTION; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; FEMALE; GENDER; HEART ARRHYTHMIA; HEART ATRIUM FIBRILLATION; HEART ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY; HEART RATE; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; MALE; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QT INTERVAL; REVIEW; SEX DIFFERENCE; SUDDEN DEATH; SUPRAVENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA; TORSADE DES POINTES;

EID: 0031815135     PISSN: 10453873     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-8167.1998.tb00950.x     Document Type: Review

References (60)

1. Fields S, Savard M, Epstein K: The female patient. In Douglas PS, ed: Cardiovascular Health and Disease in Women. First Edition. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, 1993, pp. 3-21.
2. Bazett H: An analysis of the time-relations of electrocardiograms. Heart 1920;7:353-370.
3. Ashman R: The normal duration of the Q-T interval. Am Heart J 1942;23:522-534.
4. Adams W: The normal duration of the electrocardiographic ventricular complex. J Clin Invest 1936;15: 335-342.
5. Macfarlane P, Lawrie T: Theory and Practice in Health Disease. Pergamon Press, New York, 1989, p. 798.
6. Merri M, Benhorin J, Alberti M, et al: Electrocardiographic quantitation of ventricular repolarization. Circulation 1989;80:1301-1308.
7. Hanley P, Zinsmeister A, Clements I, et al: Gender-related differences in cardiac response to supine exercise assessed by radionuclide angiography. J Am Coll Cardiol 1989;13:624-629.
8. Kopecky S, Gersh B, McGoon M, et al: The natural history of lone atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 1987; 317:669-674.
9. Dahlberg S: Gender difference in the risk factors for sudden cardiac death. Cardiovasc Dis Women 1990; 77:31-40.
10. Stumpf W: Steroid hormones and the cardiovascular system: Direct actions of estradiol, progesterone, testosterone, gluco- and mineralocorticoids and soltriol (vitamin D) on central nervous regulatory and peripheral tissues. Experientia 1990;46:13-25.
11. Drici M, Burklow TR, Haridasse V, et al: Sex hormones prolong the QT interval and downregulate potassium channel expression in the rabbit heart. Circulation 1996;94:1471-1474.
12. Harder DR, Coulson P: Estrogen receptors and effects of estrogen on membrane electrical properties of coronary vascular smooth muscle. J Cell Physiol 1979;100: 375-382.
13. +-channel messenger RNA in rat myometrium during oestrus cycle and in pregnancy. Nature 1987;330:373-375.
14. + channel mRNA in rat uterus. Neuron 1990;4:807-812.
15. Wang Q, Curran M, Splawski I, et al: Positional cloning of a novel potassium channel gene: KVLQT1 mutations cause cardiac arrhythmias. Nat Genet 1996; 12:17-23.
16. Curran M, Splawski I, Timothy KW, et al: A molecular basis for cardiac arrhythmia: HERG mutations cause long QT syndrome. Cell 1995;80:795-803.
17. Wang Q, Shen J, Splawski I, et al: SCN5A mutations associated with an inherited cardiac arrhythmia, long QT syndrome. Cell 1995;80:805-811.
18. Roden D, Lazzara R: The SADS Foundation Task Force on LQTS: Multiple mechanisms in the long-QT syndrome - Current knowledge, gaps and future directions. Circulation 1996;94:1996-2012.
19. ks function nature. Genetics 1997;17:338-340.
20. Sicouri S, Antzelevitch C: A subpopulation of cells with unique electrophysiologic properties in the deep subepicardium of the canine ventricle: The M cell. Circ Res 1991;68:1729-1741.
21. Lehmann M, Timothy K, Frankovich D, et al: Age-gender influence on the rate-corrected QT interval and the QT-heart rate relation in families with genotypically characterized long QT syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;29:93-99.
22. Rautaharju P, Zhou S, Wong S, et al: Sex differences in the evolution of the electrocardiographic QT interval with age. Can J Cardiol 1992;8:690-695.
23. Huikuri H, Pikkujamsa S, Airaksinen KEJ, et al: Sex-related differences in autonomie modulation of heart rate in middle-aged subjects. Circulation 1996;94:122-125.
24. Stein P, Kleiger R, Rottman J: Differing effects of age on heart rate variability in men and women. Am J Cardiol 1997;80:302-305.
25. Bigger J, Fleiss J, Steinman RC, et al: RR variability in healthy, middle-aged persons compared with patients with chronic coronary heart disease or recent acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 1995;91:1936-1943.
26. Liao D, Barnes R, Chambless LE, et al: Age, race, and sex differences in autonomie cardiac function measured by spectral analysis of heart rate variability -The ARIC study. Am J Cardiol 1995;76:906-912.
27. Burke J, Goldberger J, Ehlert FA, et al: Gender differences in heart rate before and after autonomie blockade: Evidence against an intrinsic gender effect. Am J Cardiol 1996;100:537-543.
28. Burke J, Ehlert FA, Kruse JT, et al: Gender-specific differences in the QT interval and the effect of autonomic tone and menstrual cycle in healthy adults. Am J Cardiol 1997;79:178-181.
29. Liu K, Ballew C, Jacobs D, et al: Ethnic differences in blood pressure, pulse rate, and related characteristics in young adults. Hypertension 1989;14:218-226.
30. Levinson S, Liu K, Stamler J, et al: Ethnic differences in blood pressure and heart rate of Chicago school children. Am J Epidemiol 1985;122:366-377.
31. Jose A, Taylor R: Autonomic blockade by propranolol and atropine to study intinsic myocardial function in man. J Clin Invest 1969;48:2019-2031.
32. Jose A, Collison D: The normal range and determinants of the intrinsic heart rate in man. Cardiovasc Res 1970;4:160-167.
33. Ng A, Callister R, Johnson D, et al: Age and gender influence muscle sympathetic nerve activity at rest in health humans. Hypertension 1993;21:498-503.
34. Molnar J, Zhang F, Weiss J, et al: Diurnal pattern of QTc interval: How long is prolonged? Possible relation to circadian triggers of cardiovascular events. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996;27:76-83.
35. Larsen J, Tung R, Sadananda R, et al: Effects of hormone replacement on QT interval. (Abstract) J Am Coll Cardiol 1998;31:264.
36. Kligfield P, Lax K, Okin P: QT interval heart rate relation during exercise in normal men and women: Definition by linear regression analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996;28:1547-1555.
37. Stramba-Badiale M, Locati E, Martinelli A, et al: Gender and the relationship between ventricular repolarization and cardiac cycle length during 24-hour Holter monitor recordings. Eur Heart J 1997;18: 1000-1006.
38. Yang H, Elko P, LeCarpenter GL, et al: Sex differences in the rate of cardiac re polarization. J Electrocardiol 1997;30:267-276.
39. Fei L, Statters D, Camm A: QT-dispersion on 12-lead electrocardiogram in normal subjects: Its reproducibility and relation to the T wave. Am Heart J 1994; 127: 1654-1655.
40. Challapalli S, Lingamneni R, Horvath G, et al: Twelve lead QT dispersion is lower in women. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol 1998;3:25-31.
41. Moss A, Schwartz P, Crampton RS, et al: The long QT syndrome prospective longitudinal study of 328 families. Circulation 1991;84:1136-1144.
42. Feinberg W, Blackshear J, Laupacis A, et al: Prevalence, age distributon and gender of patients with atrial fibrillation. Analysis and implications. Arch Intern Med 1995;155:469-473.
43. Benjamin E, Levy D, Vagiri S, et al: Independent risk factors for atrial fibrillation in a population based cohort. The Framingham Heart Study. JAMA 1994;271: 840-844.
44. Domanski M: The epidemiology of atrial fibrillation. Coron Artery Dis 1995;6:95-100.
45. Benjamin E, Wolf P, Kannel W: The epidemiology of atrial fibrillation. In Falk R, Podrid P, eds. Atrial Fibrillation Mechanisms and Management. Lippincott-Raven Publishers, Philadelphia, 1997, pp. 1-22.
46. Maurer M, Shefrin E, Fleg J: Prevalence and prognostic significance of exercise-induced supraventricular tachycardia in apparently healthy volunteers. Am J Cardiol 1995;75:788-792.
47. Rosano G, Leonardo F, Sarrel PM, et al: Cyclical variation in paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia in women. Lancet 1996;347:786-788.
48. Keil J, Sutherland S, Knapp R, et al: Mortality rates and risk factors for coronary disease in black as compared with white men and women. N Engl J Med 1993; 329:73-78.
49. Lerner D, Kannel W: Patterns of coronary heart disease morbidity and mortality in the sexes: A 26-year follow-up of the Framingham population. Am Heart J 1986;111:383-390.
50. Schatzkin A, Cupple A, Heeren T, et al: Sudden death in the Framingham heart study. Am J Epidemiol 1984; 120:888-899.
51. Myerburg R: Epidemiology of ventricular tachycardia/fibrillation and sudden cardiac death. PACE 1986; 9:1334-1338.
52. Kannel W, Schatzkin A: Sudden death: Lessons from subsets in population studies. J Am Coll Cardiol 1985; 5:141B-149B.
53. Makkar R, Fromm B, Steinman R: Female gender as a risk factor for torsades de pointes associated with cardiovascular drugs. JAMA 1993;270:2590-2597.
54. Kawasaki R, Machado C, Reinoehl J: Increased propensity of women to develop torsades de pointes during complete heart block. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 1995;6:1032-1038.
55. Lehmann M, Hardy S, Archibald D, et al: Sex differences in the risk of torsades de pointes with d,l-sotalol. Circulation 1996;94:2534-2541.
56. Reinoehl J, Frankovich D, Machado C, et al: Probucol-associated tachyarrhythmia events and QT prolongation: Importance of gender. Am Heart J 1996;131: 1184-1191.
57. Albert C, McGovern B, Newell JB, et al: Sex differences in cardiac arrest survivors. Circulation 1996;93: 1170-1176.
58. Kudenchuk P, Bardy G, Poole JE. et al: Malignant sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmias in women: Characteristics and outcome of treatment with an implantable cardioverter deibrillator. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 1997;8:2-10.
59. Moss A, Carleen E, and the Multicenter Postinfarction Research Group: Gender differences in the mortality risk associated with ventricular arrhythmias after myocardial infarction. In Eaker E, Parckard B, Wenger N, eds. Coronary Heart Disease in Women: Proceedings of an NIH Workshop. Hymarket Doyma, New York, 1987, pp. 204-207.
60. Dittrich H, Gilpin E, Nicod P: Acute myocardial infarction in women: Influence of gender on mortality and prognostic variables. Am J Cardiol 1988;62:1-7.