Thymopentin and splenopentin as immunomodulators: Current status

Immunologic Research

Volumn 17, Issue 3, 1998, Pages 345-368

  Singh, Vijay K ^a   Biswas, Sumita ^a   Mathur, Krishna B ^b   Haq, Wahajul ^b   Garg, Satyendra K ^c   Agarwal, Shyam S ^a  

^a SANJAY GANDHI POSTGRADUATE INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL SCIENCES   (India)

^b CENTRAL DRUG RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (India)

^c DR RAM MANOHAR LOHIA AVADH UNIVERSITY   (India)

Author keywords

Immunomodulation; Splenin; Splenopentin; Thymopentin; Thymopoietin

Indexed keywords

ASPARTIC ACID; COMPLEMENTARY DNA; GLUTAMIC ACID; MESSENGER RNA; PENTAPEPTIDE; SPLENIN; SPLENOPENTIN; THYMOPOIETIN;

AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; ANIMAL TISSUE; ARTICLE; CATTLE; DRUG ACTIVITY; IMMUNOLOGICAL MEMORY; IMMUNOMODULATION; LYMPH NODE; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RADIOIMMUNOASSAY; SPLEEN; THYMUS;

EID: 0031813107     PISSN: 0257277X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/BF02786456     Document Type: Article

References (148)

1. Meroni PL, Barcellini W, Frasca D, Sguotti C, Borghi M, De Bertolo G, Doria G, Zanussi C: In vivo immunopotentiating activity of thymopentin in aging humans: Increase of IL-2 production. Clin Immunol Immonupathol 1987; 42:151-159.
2. Barcellini W, Meroni PL, Borghi MO, Frasca D, Perego R, Doria G, Zanussi C: In vivo immunopotentiating receptor expression. Clin Immun Immunopathol 1988; 48:140-149.
3. Caruso C, Modica MA, Candore G, Di Lorenzo G, Durante M, Di Giulio C: In vivo thymopentin modulation of mitogen-responsiveness T cell precursor frequency. Int J Immunother 1989;3:133-137.
4. Frasca D, Adorini L, Mancini C, Doria G: Reconstitution of T cell functions in aging by thymosin α1. Immunopharmacology 1986;11: 155-163.
5. Doria G, D'Agostaro G, Garavini M: Age dependent changes of B cell reactivity and T cell T cell interaction in the in vitro antibody response. Cell Immunol 1980;15: 195-206.
6. Goldstein G: Isolation of bovine thymin: a polypeptide hormone of the thymus. Nature 1974;247:11-14.
7. Audhya T, Schlesinger DH, Goldstein G: Complete amino acid sequences of bovine thymopoietin I, II. III: closely homologous polypeptides. Biochemistry 1981;20: 6195-6200.
8. Goldstein G, Hofmann WW: Electrophysiological changes similar to those of myasthenia gravis in rats with experimental autoimmune thymitis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiat 1968;31:453-459.
9. Goldstein G, Hofmann WW: Endocrine function of the thymus affecting neuromuscular transmission. Clin Exp Immunol 1969; 4:181-189.
10. Basch RS, Goldstein G: Induction of T cell differentiation in vitro by thymin, a purified polypeptide hormone of the thymus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1974;71:1474-1478.
11. Scheid MP, Goldstein G, Bosyse EA: The generation and regulation of lymphocyte populations: Evidence from differentiative induction systems in vitro. J Exp Med 1978;147:1727-1743.
12. 32-36. J Exp Med 1978;148:996-1006.
13. Goldberg EH, Goldstein G, Boyse EA, Scheid MP: Effect of TP5 analogue of thymopoietin on the rejection of male skin by aged and thymectomized female mice. Immunogenetics 1981;13:201-204.
14. Goldberg EH, Goldstein G, Harman DB, Boyse EA: Contrasting effects of thymopoietin and splenopentin on the capacity of female mice to reject syngeneic male skin. Transplantation 1984;38:52-55.
15. Lau CY, Freestone JA, Goldstein G: Effect of thymopoietin pentapeptide (TP-5) on autoimmunity. I. TP5 suppression of induced erythrocyte autoantibodies in C3H mice. J Immunol 1980;125:1634-1638.
16. 32-36 (TP-5) on cytotoxic lymphocyte precursor units (CLP-U). Enhancement of splenic CLP-U in vitro and in vivo after sub-optimal antigenic stimulation. J Immunol 1980;124:1861-1865.
17. Lau CY, Wang EY, Goldstein G: Studies of thymopoietin pentapeptide (TP-5) on experimental tumors. I. TP-5 relieves immunosuppression in tumor-bearing mice. Cell Immunol 1982;66:217-232.
18. Goldstein G, Scheid MP, Boyse EA, Schlesinger DH, Van Wauvve J: A synthetic pentapeptide with biological activity characteristic of thymic hormone thymopoietin. Science 1979;204:1309-1310.
19. Audhya T, Scheid MP, Goldstein G: Contrasting biological activities of thymopoietin and splenin, two closely related polypeptide products of thymus and spleen. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1984;81: 2847-2849.
20. Diezel W, Waschke SR, Eckert R, Forner K: Induction and augmentation of mitogen-induced immune interferon production in human lymphocytes by a synthetic pentapeptide. Biomed Biochem Acta 1984;43:K9-K12.
21. Diezel W, Eckert R, Forner K, Sonnichsen N: Effect of splenopentin (SP-5) on the antibody formation in immunosuppressed mice. Exp Clin Endocrinol 1986; 87:215-218.
22. Diezel W, Gruner S, Weber H, Maciejewski J, Volk HD: Synergistic effects of splenopentin and recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor on myelopoiesis. J Invest Dermotol 1989;93:547.
23. Gruner S, Deixel W, Strunk D, Zwirner A, Sonnichsen N, Anhall GJ: Stimulation of recruitment of epidermal Langerhans cells by splenopentin. Arch Dermatol Res 1990;281:526-529.
24. Schlesinger DH, Goldstein G: The amino acid sequence of thymopoietin II. Cell 1975;5:361-365.
25. Schlesinger DH, Goldstein G, Scheid MP, Boyse EA: Chemical synthesis of a peptide fragment of thymopoietin II that induces selective T cell differentiation. Cell 1975;5:367-370.
26. Goldstein G: Radioimmunoassay for thymopoietin. J Immunol 1976;117:690-692.
27. Viamontes GI, Audhya T, Goldstein G: Immunohistochemical localization of thymopoietin with an antiserum to its synthetic Cys-thymopoietin 28-39. Cell Immunol 1986;100:305-313.
28. Audhya T, Goldstein G: Amino acid sequence of thymopoietin isolated from skin. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1988;548:233-240.
29. Zevin-Sonkin D, Ilan E, Guthemann D, Riss J, Theodor L, Shoham J: Molecular cloning of the bovine thymopoietin gene and its expression on different calf tissues: Evidence for a predominant expression in thymocytes. Immunol Lett 1992;31:301-309.
30. Harris CA, Andryuk PJ, Cline SW, Chan HK, Natarajan, A., Siekierka, JJ, Goldstein, G: Three distinct human thymopoietins are derived from alternatively spliced mRNAs. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994;91: 6283-6287.
31. Harris CA, Andryuk, PJ, Cline SW, Mathew S, Siekierka JL, Goldstein G: Structure and Mapping of the human thymopoietin (TMPO) gene and relationship of human TMPO beta to rat lamin-associated polypeptide 2. Genomics 1995;28:198-205.
32. Berger R, Theodor L, Shohum J, Gokkel E, Brok-Simoni F, Avraham KB, Copeland NG, Jenkins NA, Rechavi G, Simon AJ: The characterization and localization of the mouse thymopoietin/lamin-associated polypeptide 2 gene and its alternatively spliced products. Genome Res 1996;6:361-370.
33. Berger R, Theodor L, Brok-Simoni F, Ben-Bassat H, Trakhtenhrot J, Shoham S, Rechavi G: Demonstration of thymopoietin transcripts in different haematopoietic cell lines. Acta Haematol 1995;93:62-66.
34. Hara H, Hayashi K, Ohta K, Itoh N, Ohta M: A new thymopoietin precursor gene from human thymus. Biochem Mol Biol Intl 1994;34: 927-933.
35. Toda T, Ishijima Y, Matshusita H, Yoshida M, Kimura, N: Detection of thymopoietin-responsive proteins in nude mouse spleen cells by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and image processing. Electrophoresis 1994; 15:984-987.
36. Lewis VM, Twomey JJ, Bealmear P. Goldstein G, Boyse EA: Age, thymic involution and circulating thymic hormone activity. J Clin Endocr Metab 1978;47:145-150
37. Lewis V, Twomey JJ, Goldstein G, O'Reilly R, Smithwick E, Pahwa R, Pahwa S, Good RA, Schulte-Wisserman H, Horowitz S, Hong R, Jones J, Sieber O, Kirkpatrick C, Polmar S, Bealmear P: Circulating thymic-hormone activity in congenital immunodeficiency. Lancet 1977;2:471-475.
38. Kirkpatrick CH, Greenberg LE, Chapman SW, Goldstein G, Lewis VM, Twomey JJ: Plasma thymic hormone activity in patients with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis. Clin Exp Immunol 1978; 34:311-317.
39. Goldstein G: Thymitis and myasthenia gravis. Lancet 1966; 2:1164-1167.
40. Goldstein G, Whittingham S: Experimental autoimmune thymitis. An animal model of human myasthenia gravis. Lancet 1966; 2:315-318.
41. Goldstein G: Reply to bovine thymin. Nature 1974;249:863-864.
42. Brand A, Gilmour DG, Goldstein G: Lymphocyte-differentiating hormone of Bursa Fabricius. Science 1976;193:319-321.
43. Scheid MP, Goldstein G, Hammerling U, Boyse EA: Lymphocyte differentiation from precursor cells in vitro. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1975; 249:531-540.
44. Goldstein G, Audhya TK: Thymopoietin and thymopentin: Experimental studies. Surv Immunol Res 1985;4(S)1:1-10.
45. Sunshine GH, Basch RS, Coffey RG, Cohen KW, Goldstein G, Hadden JW: Thymopoietin enhances the allogeneic response and cyclic GMP levels of mouse peripheral, thymus derived lymphocytes. J Immunol 1978;120:1594-1599.
46. Audhya T, Talle MA, Goldstein G: Thymopoietin radioreceptor assay utilizing lectin-purified glycoprotein from a biologically responsive T cell line. Archs Biochem Biophys 1984;234:167-177.
47. Smith DD, Conlon JM, Petzel J, Chen L, Murphy RF, Morley BJ: Solid phase peptide synthesis and biological activity of bovine thymopoietin II (TP-II) Int J. Pept Protein Res 1994;44:183-191.
48. Abiko T, Sekino H: Synthesis of [Phe(4F)3] thymopoietin II and examination of its immunological effect of the impaired blastogenic response of T lymphocytes of uremic patients. Bioorg Med Chem 1995; 3:1369-1375.
49. Goldstein G, Schlesinger DH: Thymopoietin and myasthenia gravis: neostigmine-responsive neuromuscular block produced in mice by a synthetic peptide fragment of thymopoietin. Lancet 1975;2:256-259.
50. Scheid MP, Goldstein G, Boyse EA: Differentiation of T cells in nude mice. Science 1975;190:1211-1213.
51. Ranges GE, Goldstein G, Boyse EA, Scheid MP: T cell development in normal and thymopentin treated nude mice. J Exp Med 1982;156:1057-1064.
52. 32-36. A study of amide and aromatic proton resonances. Arch Biochem Biophys 1982;217:468-472.
53. Tischio JP, Patrick JE, Weintraub HS, Chasin M, Goldstein G: Short in vivo half life of thymopoietin 32-36 pentapeptide in human plasma. Intl J Peptide Res 1979; 14:479-484.
54. Duchateau J, Delespesse G, Bolla K: Phase variation in the modulation of the human immune response. Immunol Today 1983; 4:213-214
55. Tourwe D, Deloen, JL, Hallenga K, Van Bisnt G: Conformational properties of the pentapeptide fragment (32-36) of the thymic hormone thymopoietin. Int J Peptide Protein Res 1984;23:84-93.
56. Heavner GA, Audhya T, Kroon D, Goldstein G: Structural requirement for the biological activity of thymopentin analogs. Arch Biochem Biophys 1985; 242: 248-255.
57. Duchateau J, Bolla K: Immunomodulation with TP-5: In vitro studies. Med Oncol Tumor Pharmacother 1989;6:19-23.
58. Wedner HJ, Parker CW: Lymphocyte activation. Prog Allergy 1976;20:195-300.
59. Duchateau J, Servais G, Cooman R, Collet H, Bolla K: In vitro influence of thymopentin on proliferative responses and phytohaemagglutinin-induced IL 2 production in normal human lymphocyte cultures. Surv Immunol Res 1985;4 (S)1:116-124.
60. Hu C, Radelli L, Scorza R, Bonara P, Perego R, Fantuzzi G: In vivo enhancement of NK cell activity by thymopentin. Int J Immunopharmacol 1990;12:193-197.
61. Fiorilli M, Sirianni MC, Sorrentino R, Testi U, Aiuti F: In vitro enhancement of bone marrow natural killer cells after incubation with Thymopoietin 32-36 (TP-5). Thymus 1983;5:375-382.
62. Cillari E, Milano S, Dieli M, Arcoleo F, Perego R, Leoni F, Gromo G, Severn A, Liew, FY: Thymopentin reduces susceptibility of aged mice to cutaneous leishmaniasis by modulating CD4 T cell subsets. Immunology 1992; 76:362-366.
63. Brauer R, Thoss K, Henzgen S, Waldmann G: Effects of immunomodulator diacetylsplenopentin on antigen induced arthritis in rabbits. Agents Action 1992; 35:96-103.
64. Brauer R, Egg AJ, Henzgen S, Kriegsmann J, Thoss K: The effect of immunomodulatory thymic and splenic peptides and cyclosporin-A on antigen induced arthritis in rats. Agents Action 1993;38:C95-C97.
65. Sundal E, Bertelletti D: Management of viral infections with thymopentin. Arzneimittelforschung 1994;44:866-871.
66. Nicoletti F, Zaccone P, Magro G, Barcellini W, Cavallaro V, Belli G, Concuzza C, Di Marco R, Meroni PL: The effects of thymopentin on the development of SLE like syndrome in the MRL/lpr-lpr mouse. Scan J Immunol 1994; 40:549-556.
67. -T cells increase in MRL/lpr mice treated with thymic factors. Int J Immunopharmacol 1994;16:651-658.
68. Gallo F, Morale MC, Sambataro D, Farinella Z, Scapagnini U., Marchetti B: The immune system response during development and progression of carcinogen induced rat mammary tumors: prevention of tumor growth and restoration of immune system responsi veness by thymopentin. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1993;27:221-237.
69. Taylor DD, Gercel-Taylor C, Fowler WC, Weese JL: Enhancement of antitumor effects of combined chemoimmunotherapy. J Immunother 1993;13:91-97.
70. Ghanta VK, Hiramoto NS, Soong SJ, Hiramoto RN: Effect of thymic hormone treatment on several immune functions of nude mice. Mech Ageing Dev 1991;58:245-254.
71. Barbera N, Palmicci T, Chiarenza A, Bartoloni G, Cordaro S, Greco S, Scapagnini U, Bernardini R: Radioprotective effects of the association thymopentin-interleukin-1α in the C57BL/6 mouse. Pharmacol Toxicol 1993;72:256-261.
72. Ravagnan G, Falchetti R, Lanzilli G, Di Francesco P, Gaziano R, Favalli C, Garaci E: Effect of synthetic thymic hormones on the cocaine-induced inhibition of primary immune response in mice. Int J Immunopharmacol 1993;15: 879-885.
73. Braga M, Di Franscesco A, Gianotti L, Vignalli A, Costantini H, Socci C, Fortis C, Paganelli G, Di Carlo V: Thymopentin increases the survival of mice after allogeneic blood transfusion, bacterial gavage, and burn injury. Eur J Surg 1994;160:345-350.
74. Mallmann P, Krebs D: The effect of adjuvant combined chemo/ immunotherapy on immunological parameters and clinical course in patients with breast carcinoma. Zentralbl Gynakol 1991;113:697-706.
75. Di Lauro L, Del Medico P, Carpano S, Cancrini A, Gionfra T, Vici P, Roselli M, Lopez M: Sequential sub-cutaneous thymopentin. Interferon α2a and interleukin-2 in metastalic renal cancer. Tumori 1995;81:42-44.
76. Denuro A, Stivala F, Mazzarino MC: Immunologic study on patients with head and neck cancer treated with thymopentin associated with surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital 1994;14:611-625.
77. Maurizio T, Belli G, Santarelli M, Raffetto N, Margherita T: Valutazione del trattamento con timopentina associato alla radiotgerapia nei tumori della testa e del collo. Clin Ter 1995;146:457-467.
78. Sortini A, Di Marco L, Navarra G, Donini A, Fiorentini G, Santini M, Sartori A, Donini I: Treatment w ith immunomodulating drugs of patients with operated cancer. Minerva Chir 1994;49:1101-1105.
79. Gebbia R, Valenza A, Testa G, Borsellino CN, Gebbia N: A prospective randomized trial of thymopentin versus granulocyte-colony stimulating factor with or without thymopentin in the prevention of febrile episodes in cancer patients undergoing highly cytotoxic chemotherapy. Anticancer Res 1994;14:731-734.
80. Aiuti F, Businco L, Rossi P, Quinti I: Response to thymopoietin pentapeptide in a patient with DiGeorge Syndrome. Lancet 1980;i:91.
81. Aiuti F, Fierily M, Quinti I, Seminara R, Businco L, Galli E, Rossi P, Goldstein G: Thymopoietin pentapeptide treatment of primary immunodeficiencies. Lancet 1983;1:551-554.
82. Joffe MI, Sochett E, Pettifor JM, Rabson AR: A case of DiGeorge syndrome treated with thymopoietin pentapeptide (TP-S) demonstrating an adherent suppressor cell of lymphocyte function. J Clin Lab Immunol 1982;8:69-73.
83. Fiorilli, M, Sirianni MC, Pandolfi F, Quinti I, Tosti U, Aiuti F, Goldstein G: Improvement of NK activity of T cells after thymopoietin pentapeptide therapy in a patient with severe combined immunodeficiency. Clin Exp Immunol 1981;45:344-351.
84. Duchateau J, Servais G, Vreyers R, Delespesse G, Bolla K: Modulation of immune response in aged humans through different administration modes of thymopentin. Surv Immun Res 1985;4 (S):94-101.
85. Domzig W, Stadler BM, Herberman RB: Interleukin 2 dependence of human natural killer (NK) cell activity. J Immunol 1983;130:1970-1973.
86. Williams RC, Montano JD, Bankhurs AD: Abrogation of in vitro suppressor cell activity in adult common variable hypogamma-globulinamia after TP-S treatment. J Lab Clin Med 1983;101:152-160.
87. Hsieh KH, Shaio, MF, Liao, TN: Thymopentin treatment in severe atopic dermatitis - clinical and immunological evaluations. Arch Dis Child 1992;67:1095-1002.
88. Strannegard IL, Kang K, Cooper KD, Hanifen JM: FcIgG receptor-hearing lymphocytes and monoclonal antihody-defined subsets in atopic dermatitis: Effect of treatment with thymopoietin pentapeptide (TP-5). Intl Arch Allergy Appl Immunol 1982;69:238-244.
89. Kang K, Cooper KD, Hanifen JM: Thymopoietin pentapeptide (TP-5) improves clinical parameters and lymphocyte sub-populations in atopic dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1983;8:372-377.
90. Stiller MJ, Shupack JL, Kenny C, Jondreau L, Cohen DE, Soter NA: A double blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial to evaluate the safety and efficacy of thymopentin as an adjunctive treatment in atopic dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1994;30:597-602.
91. Cooper KD: New theraupeutic approaches in atopic dermatitis. Clin Rev Allergy 1993;11:543-559.
92. Cooper KD: Atopic dermatitis: recent trends in pathogenesis and therapy. J Invest Dermatol 1994; 102:128-137.
93. Di Perri T, Laghi-Pasini F, Auteri A: Immunokinetics of a single dose of thymopoietin pentapeptide. J. Immunopharmacol. 1980;2:567-572.
94. Thrower PA, Doyle DV, Scott J, Huskisson EC: Thymopoietin in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatol Rehabl 1982;21:72-77.
95. Abiko T, Onodera I, Sekino H: Effects of thymopoietin II fragments on E-rosette forming cells of rheumatoid arthritis patients. Chem Pharm Bull 1981;29:2322-2329.
96. Veys EM, Hermanns P, Goldstein G, Kung, P, Schlinder J, Van Wauwe J: Determination of T lymphocyte sub-population by monoclonal antibodies in rheumatoid arthritis. Influence of immunomodulating agents. J Immunopharmacol 1981;3:313-319.
97. Veys EM, Huskisson EC, Rosenthal M, VischerTL, Mielants H, Thrower PA, Scott J, Ott H, Scheijgrond H, Symdens J: Clinical response to therapy with thymopoietin pentapeptide (TP-5) in rheumatoid arthritis. Anna Rheum Dis 1982;41: 441-443.
98. Afeltra A, Galeazzi M, Basso P, Pietrucci A, De-Pita O, Ferri G M, Porzio F, Bonomo L: Immune imbalance in synovial fluid of rheumatoid arthritis patients: effects of intra-articular injection of thymopentin. J Biol Reg Homeost Agents 1991;5:71-75.
99. Ambrogi F, Ricciardi L, Nutini P, Vanacore P: CDS+ B lymphocytes and T cell subsets in a case of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1992;651:564-569.
100. Danese C, Zavattaro E, Calisi L, Marciano F, Perego MA: Long term thymopentin treatment in systemic scleroderma. Curr Med Res Opin 1994;13:195-201.
101. Borromei A, Draghetti M, Guerra L, Lozito A, Vargiu B: Multiple Sclerosis. Presentation of a case treated with thymopentin. Minerva Med 1995;86:227-232.
102. Fattovich G, Giustina G, Alberti A, Guido M, Pontisso P, Favarato S, Benvegnu L, Ruol A: A randomized controlled trial of thymopentin therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis B. J Hepat 1994;21:361-366.
103. Tovo PA, De Martino M, Rossi P, Cavagni, G, Masi M, Bardare M: The use of thymopentin in the prevention of recurrent infections of the respiratory system. Multicentre study. Minerva Pediatr 1993;45:505-510,
104. Sundal E: Thymopentin prophylactic treatment in patients with recurrent respiratory infections. Br J Clin Pract 1993;47:198-204.
105. Conant MA, Calabrese LH, Thompson SE, Poiesz BJ, Rasheed S, Hirsch RL, Meyerson LA, Kremer AB, Wang CC, Goldstein G: Maintenance of CD4+ cells by thymopentin in asymptomatic HIV-infected subjects: results of double blind placebo controlled study. AIDS 1992;6:1335-1339.
106. Goldstein G, Conant MA, Beall G, Grossman HA, Galpin JE, Blick G, Calabrese LH, Hirsh RL, Fisher A, Stampone P, Meyerson LA: Safety and efficacy of thymopentin in zidovudine (AZT) treated asymptomatic HIV infected subjects with 200-500 CD4 cells/mm3: a double blind placebo controlled trial. J AIDS Hum Retrovirol 1995;8:279-288.
107. Coppola S, Buccoliero G, Laddago V, Monno L, Perrone A, Guida G, Schiraldi O, Angarano G: Topical thymopentin therapy in HIV positive patients with recurrent oral candidiasis: A pilot study. Microbiologica 1996;19:351-356.
108. Grismondi GL, Marini A: Thymopentin and cervico vaginal HPV infections associated with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). Minerva Ginecol 1995;47:255-257.
109. Markewitz A, Faist E, Lang S, Endres S, Fuchs D, Reichart B: Successful restoration of cell mediated immune response after cardiopulmonary by pass by immunomodulation. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1993;105:15-24.
110. Vecchio R, Ferrara M, Mosca F, Messina G, Ignoto A, Di Martino M, Latteri F: Thymopentin in the prevention of post-splenectomy infections. Giorri Chir 1995;16: 253-255.
111. Launo C, De Grandi R, Augeri C, Palermo S, Cammardella MP, Mauro E, Doveri A, Maio M, Mantelli C: Changes in immune status due to anaesthesia and surgical interventions. The role of thymopentin and interleukin. Minerva Anesthesiol 1994;60: 427-435.
112. Thivolet J, Faure M, Nicolas JF, Maudiut G, Claudy A: Therapeutic use of TP-5 (thymopoietin 32-36) in sarcoidosis of the skin. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1983; 26:350-360.
113. Botturi M, Panzarasa R, Agostara B, Armarolli L, Belli M Barone D, Boccone F, Busutti L, Catalano E, Ciambellotti E: Effects of immunomodulation on antineoplastic radiotherapy. A controlled clinical study. Radiol Med 1993;86: 327-335.
114. Bisselli R, Fagiolo U, Nisini R, Paganelli R, D'offizi G, Ferrara R, Bertollo L, D'Amelio R: Humoral response to influenza hemagglutinin: Oligoclonal spectrotype and failure of thymopentin as immunoadjuvant. Gerontology 1995;41:3-10.
115. Venditti A, Scimo MT, Poeta GD, Buccisano F, Stasi R, Mastino A, Grelli S, Favalli C, Garaci E, Papa G: Recombinant interferon-(2a, thymopentin and low doses of cytosine arabinoside for the treatment of myelodysplastic syndromes. A pilot study. Leukemia Lymphoma 1995;16: 335-342.
116. Vazhnychaya EM, Tarasenko LM, Deviatkina TO: Effect of thymopentin on non-specific resistance in chronic stress. Fiziol Zh 1994;40:96-99.
117. Chu AC, Patterson JAK, Goldstein G, Berger CL, Takezaki S, Edelson RL: Thymopoietin-like substance in human skin. J Invest Derm. 1983;81:194-197.
118. Oliinyk BV, Sydorenko OV, Bohdanovych LV: Natural factor of splenin and mechanisms of its action. Fiziol Zh 1994;40:20-26.
119. Oliinyk BV, Bogdanovych LV, Zhuravskyi MH: Role of non-protein factor of splenin in the regulation of antibody formation. Fiziol Zh 1994;40:100-105.
120. Kikot VA, Dziubko NI: Non-specific active stimulation of the immune system in the combined treatment of rectal cancer. Vrach Delo 1989;7:46-48.
121. Frolov VM, Peresadin NA, Dekaliuk IV, Pshenichnyi II: The tocopherol acetate and splenin correction of the immunological disorders in patients with viral hepatitis B. Lik Sprava 1992;4:90-91.
122. Frolov VM, Peresadin NA, Vysotskii I, Tischenko AN, Pinskii LL: The immunomodulatory effect of vilozen and splenin in the treatment of patients with acute and chronic toxic allergic hepatitis. Lik Sprava 1993;5-6:70-72.
123. Frolov VM, Peresadin NA, Ershova IB, Demenkov VR, Miankina AV: The immunomodulating action of vilozen and splenin in angina patients against a background of chronic bronchitis. Lik Sprava 1992;8:79-81.
124. Frolov VM, Peresadin NA, Pustovoi I: Combined chemotherapy of toxic hepatitis in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. Probl Tuberk 1992;5-6:30-31.
125. Bereza NM, Selezneva SI, Mosalova NM, Boiko TI, Cherniakova VI, Shevtsova ZI, Kudriavtseva V: Enterobsorption in the treatment of ulcerative colitis patients. Lik Sprava 1992;1:97-100.
126. Epishin AV, Khaharova NA, Grytsiv VY, Venger YP: Idiopathic hypothyroidism. Combined treatment with immnomodifying drugs. Terapevt Arkh 1993;65:39-42.
127. Isakova OL, Sepetov NF, Forner K, Erlich A: Enzymatic hydrolysis of splenopentin and its analogs in human serum. Bioorg Khim 1989; 13:453-459.
128. Rastogi A, Singh VK, Biswas S, Haq W, Mathur KB, Agarwal SS: Augmentation of human natural killer cells by splenopentin analogs. FEBS Lett 1993;17:93-95.
129. Legarrec Y, Morin A, Chedid L: Modifications of natural killer activity in the mouse by MDP and various murumyl peptides relationship with adjuvant or infectious properties. Int J Immmunopharmacol 1985;5;7:343.
130. Kay N, Allen J, Morley JE: Endorphins stimulate normal human peripheral blood lymphocyte natural killer activity. Life Sci 1984;35:53-59.
131. Bajpai K, Singh VK, Agarwal SS, Dhawan VC, Naqvi T, Haq W, Mathur KB. Immunomodulatory activity of met-enkephalin and its two potent analogs. Int. J. Immunopharmacol. 1995;17:207-212.
132. Sharma SD, Tsac V, Krahenhuhl JL, Lemington JS: Augmentation of mouse natural killer cell-activity by muramyldipeptide and its analogs. Cell Immunol 1981; 62:101-109.
133. Chatterjee-Kishore M, Agrawal S, Singh VK, Mathur KB, Agarwal SS: Up regulation of HLA class-I gene transcription in K562 cells by analogs of splenopenyin (SP-5). Biochem Mol Biol Intl 1997; 41:521-528.
134. Biswas S, Singh VK, Rastogi A, Sharan R, Hag W, Mathur KB, Agarwal SS: Stimulation of IL-2 production and CD2R expression by splenopentin analogs. Int J Immunopharmacol, in press.
135. Weber HA, Maciejewski J, Eckert R, Schutt M, Deizel W, Volk, HD: Splenopentin (DAc SP-5) accelerates the restoration of myelopoietic and immune systems after sublethal radiation in mice. Int J Immunopharmacol 1990;12:761-768.
136. Eckert R, Diezel W, Forner K, Pfuller V, Sonnichsen N, Von Baehr R: Histamine receptor hearing lymphocytes (HRL). VIII. Splenopentin accelerated reconstitution of the immunoresponsive after elimination of HRL. Allerg Immun 1986;37:267-272.
137. Diezel W, Eckert R, Muller GM, Forner K, Sonnichsen N: Splenopentin influence on antibody formation in immunosuppressed animals and on phagocytic capability of human granulocytes. Arch Geschwultforsch 1989;59:161-164.
138. Eckert R, Diezel W, Schmidt R, Forner K, Volk HD: Splenopentin (DAc SP-5) accelerated reconstitution of antibody formation after syngeneic bone marrow transplantation. Exp Clin Endocrinol 1989;94:219-222.
139. Evseev VA, Davydova TV, Fomina VG, Odariuk I, Repke H, Oeme P, Forner K: Splenopentin -Modulator of immune and behavioral reactions in secondary immunodeficiency state induced by experimental alcoholism. Biull Eskp Biol Med 1991;111:637-639.
140. Liebermann HT, Thalmann G, Bartels T, Nockler A: Experiments on early protection against foot and mouth disease virus. Acta Virol 1993;37:181-183.
141. Eckert R, Schmidt R, Volk HD, Diezel W, Sonnichsen N, von Baehr R: Splenopentin induced reconstitution of the immune response after total body irradiation: optimization of treatment regime. Exp Clin Endocrinol 1989;94:223-225.
142. Eckert R, Volk HD, Deizel W, Maciejewski J, Heipe F, Forner K, von Baehr R: Prevention of graft-vs-host reaction induced immunodeficiency by treatment with splenopentin (DAc-SP-5). Allerg Immunol 1989;35;279-285.
143. Eckert R, Maciejewski J, Weber H, Volk HD, Deizel W, Forner K, von Baehr R: Splenopentin (DAc-SP-5) influence on engraftment and graft vs host reaction after non-H2 bone marrow transplantation in mice. Exp Clin Endocrinol 1990;96:307-313.
144. Simon HU, Forner K, Buttner A, Haroske D Vogt KH: The lymphocyte transformation test using mononuclear cells of elderly patients as a suitable in vitro method for the estimation of structure effect relationships of splenin peptides. Pharmazie 1990; 45:917-919.
145. Simon HU, Reipert B, Haroske D, Forner K, Storz H: Age-dependent sensitivity of human lymphocytes to the immunomodulating effect of bovine and human diacetyl splenopentin. Allerg Immunol 1990;36:351-358.
146. Diezel W, Weber HA, Maciejewski J, Volk HD: The effect of splenopentin (DAc SP-5) on in vitro myelopoiesis and on AZT-induced bone marrow toxicity. Int J Immunopharmacol 1993;15: 269-273.
147. Greiner J, Mihe M, Weber H, Stoimenov A, Sonnichsen N, Diezel W: Therapeutic use of splenopentin (DA SP-5) in patients with psoriasis arthropathica. Dermatol Monatsschr 1990;176:157-162.
148. Martynov VF, Leont'eva LI, Sorochinskaia EI: Effect of synthetic fragments of thytnic peptide hormones on learning and memory processes. Fiziol Zh 1988;74:634-639.