메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 79, Issue 5, 1998, Pages 2603-2614

Caudal pontine reticular formation of C57BL/6J mice: Responses to startle stimuli, inhibition by tones, and plasticity

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACTION POTENTIAL; ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ARTICLE; BEHAVIOR; CONTROLLED STUDY; EVOKED RESPONSE; FEMALE; HEARING LOSS; MALE; MOUSE; NERVE CELL PLASTICITY; NONHUMAN; PONS RETICULAR FORMATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; STARTLE REFLEX;

EID: 0031812076     PISSN: 00223077     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1152/jn.1998.79.5.2603     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (63)

References (52)
  • 1
    • 0000324023 scopus 로고
    • Sensory properties of neurons in the mesencephalic reticular formation
    • BELL, C., SIERRA, G., BUENDIA, N., AND SEGUNDO, J. P. Sensory properties of neurons in the mesencephalic reticular formation. J. Neurophysiol. 27: 961-987, 1964.
    • (1964) J. Neurophysiol. , vol.27 , pp. 961-987
    • Bell, C.1    Sierra, G.2    Buendia, N.3    Segundo, J.P.4
  • 2
    • 0030587157 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The behavioral salience of tones as indicated by prepulse inhibition of the startle response: Relationship to hearing loss and central neural plasticity in C57BL/6J mice
    • CARLSON, S. AND WILLOTT, J. F. The behavioral salience of tones as indicated by prepulse inhibition of the startle response: relationship to hearing loss and central neural plasticity in C57BL/6J mice. Hear. Res. 99: 168-175, 1996.
    • (1996) Hear. Res. , vol.99 , pp. 168-175
    • Carlson, S.1    Willott, J.F.2
  • 3
    • 0001128615 scopus 로고
    • The mammalian startle response
    • edited by R. C. Eaton. New York: Plenum
    • DAVIS, M. The mammalian startle response. In: Neural Mechanisms of Startle Behavior, edited by R. C. Eaton. New York: Plenum, 1984, p. 309-330.
    • (1984) Neural Mechanisms of Startle Behavior , pp. 309-330
    • Davis, M.1
  • 4
    • 0019957992 scopus 로고
    • A primary acoustic startle circuit: Lesion and stimulation studies
    • DAVIS, M., GENDELMAN, D. S., TISCHLER, M. D., AND GENDELMAN, P. M. A primary acoustic startle circuit: lesion and stimulation studies. J. Neurosci. 2: 791-805, 1982.
    • (1982) J. Neurosci. , vol.2 , pp. 791-805
    • Davis, M.1    Gendelman, D.S.2    Tischler, M.D.3    Gendelman, P.M.4
  • 5
    • 0017640422 scopus 로고
    • Plasticity of the acoustic startle response in the acutely decerebrate rat
    • DAVIS, M. AND GENDELMAN, P. M. Plasticity of the acoustic startle response in the acutely decerebrate rat. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 91: 549-563, 1977.
    • (1977) J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. , vol.91 , pp. 549-563
    • Davis, M.1    Gendelman, P.M.2
  • 6
    • 0028075015 scopus 로고
    • Sensorimotor gating deficit after lesions of the superior colliculus
    • FENDT, M., KOCH, M., AND SCHNITZLER, H.-U. Sensorimotor gating deficit after lesions of the superior colliculus. NeuroReport 5: 1725-1728, 1994.
    • (1994) NeuroReport , vol.5 , pp. 1725-1728
    • Fendt, M.1    Koch, M.2    Schnitzler, H.-U.3
  • 7
    • 0002185514 scopus 로고
    • Adequate acoustic stimulus for startle reaction in the rat
    • FLESCHLER, M. Adequate acoustic stimulus for startle reaction in the rat. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 60: 200-207, 1965.
    • (1965) J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. , vol.60 , pp. 200-207
    • Fleschler, M.1
  • 8
    • 0018716096 scopus 로고
    • Habituation and prestimulus inhibition of the auditory startle reflex in decerebrate rats
    • Fox, J. E. Habituation and prestimulus inhibition of the auditory startle reflex in decerebrate rats. Physiol. Behav. 23: 291-297, 1979.
    • (1979) Physiol. Behav. , vol.23 , pp. 291-297
    • Fox, J.E.1
  • 10
    • 0017811468 scopus 로고
    • Afferents to brainstem nuclei (brain stem raphe, nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis and nucleus gigantocellularis) in the rat as demonstrated by microiontophoretically applied horseradish peroxidase
    • GALLAGER, D. W. AND PERT, A. Afferents to brainstem nuclei (brain stem raphe, nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis and nucleus gigantocellularis) in the rat as demonstrated by microiontophoretically applied horseradish peroxidase. Brain Res. 144: 257-275, 1978.
    • (1978) Brain Res. , vol.144 , pp. 257-275
    • Gallager, D.W.1    Pert, A.2
  • 11
    • 0016365564 scopus 로고
    • Brain stem pathways, cortical modulation and habituation of the acoustic startle response
    • GROVES, P. M., WILSON, C. J., AND BOYLE, R. D. Brain stem pathways, cortical modulation and habituation of the acoustic startle response. Behav. Biol. 10: 391-418, 1974.
    • (1974) Behav. Biol. , vol.10 , pp. 391-418
    • Groves, P.M.1    Wilson, C.J.2    Boyle, R.D.3
  • 12
    • 0015699301 scopus 로고
    • Lesions of pontine and medullary reticular formation and prestimulus inhibition of the acoustic startle reaction in rats
    • HAMMOND, G. R. Lesions of pontine and medullary reticular formation and prestimulus inhibition of the acoustic startle reaction in rats. Physiol. Behav. 10: 239-243, 1973.
    • (1973) Physiol. Behav. , vol.10 , pp. 239-243
    • Hammond, G.R.1
  • 13
    • 0018991381 scopus 로고
    • Reflex modification in the domain of startle. I. Some empirical findings and their implications for how the nervous system processes sensory input
    • HOFFMAN, H. S. AND ISON, J. R. Reflex modification in the domain of startle. I. Some empirical findings and their implications for how the nervous system processes sensory input. Psychol. Rev. 87: 175-189, 1980.
    • (1980) Psychol. Rev. , vol.87 , pp. 175-189
    • Hoffman, H.S.1    Ison, J.R.2
  • 14
    • 0025688997 scopus 로고
    • The descending auditory pathway and acousticomotor systems: Connections with the inferior colliculus
    • HUFFMAN, R. F. AND HENSON, O. W. The descending auditory pathway and acousticomotor systems: connections with the inferior colliculus. Brain Res. Rev. 15: 295-323, 1990.
    • (1990) Brain Res. Rev. , vol.15 , pp. 295-323
    • Huffman, R.F.1    Henson, O.W.2
  • 15
    • 0023573971 scopus 로고
    • Aging and the auditory brainstem response in mice with severe or minimal presbycusis
    • HUNTER, K. P. AND WILLOTT, J. F. Aging and the auditory brainstem response in mice with severe or minimal presbycusis. Hear. Res. 30: 207-218, 1987.
    • (1987) Hear. Res. , vol.30 , pp. 207-218
    • Hunter, K.P.1    Willott, J.F.2
  • 16
    • 0028834336 scopus 로고
    • Synaptic loss in the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus correlates with sensorineural hearing loss in the C57B1/6 mouse model of presbycusis
    • KAZEE, A. M., HAN, L. Y., SPONGR, V. P., WALTON, J. P., SALVI, R. J., AND FLOOD, D. G. Synaptic loss in the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus correlates with sensorineural hearing loss in the C57B1/6 mouse model of presbycusis. Hear. Res. 89: 109-120, 1995.
    • (1995) Hear. Res. , vol.89 , pp. 109-120
    • Kazee, A.M.1    Han, L.Y.2    Spongr, V.P.3    Walton, J.P.4    Salvi, R.J.5    Flood, D.G.6
  • 17
    • 0028936325 scopus 로고
    • Glycine receptors in the caudal pontine reticular formation: Are they important for the inhibition of the acoustic startle response?
    • KOCH, M. AND FRIAUF, E. Glycine receptors in the caudal pontine reticular formation: are they important for the inhibition of the acoustic startle response? Brain Res. 671: 63-72, 1995.
    • (1995) Brain Res. , vol.671 , pp. 63-72
    • Koch, M.1    Friauf, E.2
  • 18
    • 0026717025 scopus 로고
    • Loss of the acoustic startle response following neurotoxic lesion of the caudal pontine reticular formation: Possible role of giant neurons
    • KOCH, M., LINGENHÖHL, K., AND PILZ, P.K.D. Loss of the acoustic startle response following neurotoxic lesion of the caudal pontine reticular formation: possible role of giant neurons. Neuroscience 49: 617-625, 1992.
    • (1992) Neuroscience , vol.49 , pp. 617-625
    • Koch, M.1    Lingenhöhl, K.2    Pilz, P.K.D.3
  • 20
    • 0029983622 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A primary acoustic startle pathway: Obligatory role of cochlear root neurons and the nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis
    • LEE, Y., LOPEZ, D. E., MELONI, E. G., AND DAVIS, M. A primary acoustic startle pathway: obligatory role of cochlear root neurons and the nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis. J. Neurosci. 16: 3775-3789, 1996.
    • (1996) J. Neurosci. , vol.16 , pp. 3775-3789
    • Lee, Y.1    Lopez, D.E.2    Meloni, E.G.3    Davis, M.4
  • 21
    • 0021909812 scopus 로고
    • Role of the inferior colliculus in the inhibition of the acoustic startle in the rat
    • LEITNER, D. S. AND COHEN, M. E. Role of the inferior colliculus in the inhibition of the acoustic startle in the rat. Physiol. Behav. 34: 65-70, 1985.
    • (1985) Physiol. Behav. , vol.34 , pp. 65-70
    • Leitner, D.S.1    Cohen, M.E.2
  • 23
    • 0019305774 scopus 로고
    • The neural substrate of the startle response
    • LEITNER, D. S., POWERS, A. S., AND HOFFMAN, H. S. The neural substrate of the startle response. Physiol. Behav. 25: 291-297, 1980.
    • (1980) Physiol. Behav. , vol.25 , pp. 291-297
    • Leitner, D.S.1    Powers, A.S.2    Hoffman, H.S.3
  • 24
    • 0025999967 scopus 로고
    • Age-related loss of auditory sensitivity in two mouse genotypes
    • LI, H.-S. AND BORG, E. Age-related loss of auditory sensitivity in two mouse genotypes. Acta Otolaryngol. 111: 827-834, 1991.
    • (1991) Acta Otolaryngol. , vol.111 , pp. 827-834
    • Li, H.-S.1    Borg, E.2
  • 25
    • 0026440360 scopus 로고
    • Giant neurons in the caudal pontine reticular formation receive short latency acoustic input: An intracellular recording and HRP-study in the rat
    • LINGENHÖHL, K. AND FRIAUF, E. Giant neurons in the caudal pontine reticular formation receive short latency acoustic input: an intracellular recording and HRP-study in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 325: 473-492, 1992.
    • (1992) J. Comp. Neurol. , vol.325 , pp. 473-492
    • Lingenhöhl, K.1    Friauf, E.2
  • 26
    • 0028324413 scopus 로고
    • Giant neurons in the rat reticular formation: A sensorimotor interface in the elementary acoustic startle circuit?
    • LINGENHÖHL, K. AND FRIAUF, E. Giant neurons in the rat reticular formation: a sensorimotor interface in the elementary acoustic startle circuit? J. Neurosci. 14: 1176-1194, 1994.
    • (1994) J. Neurosci. , vol.14 , pp. 1176-1194
    • Lingenhöhl, K.1    Friauf, E.2
  • 28
    • 0023829752 scopus 로고
    • Morphological and electrophysiological identification of gigantocellular tegmental field neurons with descending projections in the cat. I. Pons
    • MITANI, A., ITO, K., MITANI, Y., AND MCCARLEY, R. W. Morphological and electrophysiological identification of gigantocellular tegmental field neurons with descending projections in the cat. I. Pons. J. Comp. Neurol. 268: 527-545, 1988a.
    • (1988) J. Comp. Neurol. , vol.268 , pp. 527-545
    • Mitani, A.1    Ito, K.2    Mitani, Y.3    McCarley, R.W.4
  • 29
    • 0023852091 scopus 로고
    • Descending projections from the gigantocellular tegmental field in the cat: Cells of origin and their brainstem and spinal cord trajectories
    • MITANI, A., ITO, K., MITANI, Y., AND MCCARLEY, R. W. Descending projections from the gigantocellular tegmental field in the cat: cells of origin and their brainstem and spinal cord trajectories. J. Comp. Neurol. 268: 546-566, 1988b.
    • (1988) J. Comp. Neurol. , vol.268 , pp. 546-566
    • Mitani, A.1    Ito, K.2    Mitani, Y.3    McCarley, R.W.4
  • 30
    • 0024210248 scopus 로고
    • Acoustic startle response in young and aging C57BL/6J and CBA/J mice
    • PARHAM, K. AND WILLOTT, J. F. Acoustic startle response in young and aging C57BL/6J and CBA/J mice. Behav. Neurosci. 102: 881-886, 1988.
    • (1988) Behav. Neurosci. , vol.102 , pp. 881-886
    • Parham, K.1    Willott, J.F.2
  • 31
    • 0025607024 scopus 로고
    • Effects of inferior colliculus lesions on the acoustic startle response
    • PARHAM, K. AND WILLOTT, J. F. Effects of inferior colliculus lesions on the acoustic startle response. Behav. Neurosci. 104: 831-840, 1990.
    • (1990) Behav. Neurosci. , vol.104 , pp. 831-840
    • Parham, K.1    Willott, J.F.2
  • 32
    • 0014530284 scopus 로고
    • Projections of the inferior colliculus in cat
    • POWELL, E. W. AND HATTON, J. B. Projections of the inferior colliculus in cat. J. Comp. Neurol. 136: 183-192, 1969.
    • (1969) J. Comp. Neurol. , vol.136 , pp. 183-192
    • Powell, E.W.1    Hatton, J.B.2
  • 33
    • 0023129083 scopus 로고
    • Possible role of the brainstem in the mediation of prepulse inhibition in the rat
    • SAITOH, K., TILSON, H. A., SHAW, S., AND DYER, R. S. Possible role of the brainstem in the mediation of prepulse inhibition in the rat. Neurosci. Lett. 75: 216-222, 1987.
    • (1987) Neurosci. Lett. , vol.75 , pp. 216-222
    • Saitoh, K.1    Tilson, H.A.2    Shaw, S.3    Dyer, R.S.4
  • 34
    • 0017290392 scopus 로고
    • Changes in cochlear microphonic sensitivity after priming C57BL/6J mice at various ages for audiogenic seizures
    • SAUNDERS, J. C. AND HIRSCH, K. A. Changes in cochlear microphonic sensitivity after priming C57BL/6J mice at various ages for audiogenic seizures. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 90: 212-220, 1976.
    • (1976) J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. , vol.90 , pp. 212-220
    • Saunders, J.C.1    Hirsch, K.A.2
  • 35
    • 0023228717 scopus 로고
    • Afferent connections of the nuclei reticularis pontis oralis and caudalis: A horseradish peroxidase study in the rat
    • SHAMMAH-LAGNADO, S. J., NEGRAO, N., SILVA, B. A., AND RICARDO, J. A. Afferent connections of the nuclei reticularis pontis oralis and caudalis: a horseradish peroxidase study in the rat. Neuroscience 20: 961-989, 1987.
    • (1987) Neuroscience , vol.20 , pp. 961-989
    • Shammah-Lagnado, S.J.1    Negrao, N.2    Silva, B.A.3    Ricardo, J.A.4
  • 36
    • 0027309577 scopus 로고
    • Prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle in rats after lesions of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus
    • SWERDLOW, N. R. AND GEYER, M. A. Prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle in rats after lesions of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus. Behav. Neurosci. 107: 104-117, 1993.
    • (1993) Behav. Neurosci. , vol.107 , pp. 104-117
    • Swerdlow, N.R.1    Geyer, M.A.2
  • 37
    • 0018407139 scopus 로고
    • Spinal projections from the lower brain stem in the cat as demonstrated by the horseradish peroxidase technique. I. Origins of the reticulospinal tracts and their funicular trajectories
    • TOHYAMA, M., SAKAI, K., SALVERT, D., TOURET, M., AND JOUVET, M. Spinal projections from the lower brain stem in the cat as demonstrated by the horseradish peroxidase technique. I. Origins of the reticulospinal tracts and their funicular trajectories. Brain Res. 173: 383-403, 1979.
    • (1979) Brain Res. , vol.173 , pp. 383-403
    • Tohyama, M.1    Sakai, K.2    Salvert, D.3    Touret, M.4    Jouvet, M.5
  • 38
    • 0002292922 scopus 로고
    • Reticular formation of the pons and medulla oblongata. A golgi study
    • VALVERDE, F. Reticular formation of the pons and medulla oblongata. A golgi study. J. Comp. Neurol. 116: 71-99, 1961.
    • (1961) J. Comp. Neurol. , vol.116 , pp. 71-99
    • Valverde, F.1
  • 39
    • 0021167037 scopus 로고
    • Changes in frequency representation in the auditory system of mice with age-related hearing impairment
    • WILLOTT, J. F. Changes in frequency representation in the auditory system of mice with age-related hearing impairment. Brain Res. 309: 159-162, 1984.
    • (1984) Brain Res. , vol.309 , pp. 159-162
    • Willott, J.F.1
  • 40
    • 0022482932 scopus 로고
    • Effects of aging, hearing loss, and anatomical location on thresholds of inferior colliculus neurons in C57BL/6J and CBA mice
    • WILLOTT, J. F. Effects of aging, hearing loss, and anatomical location on thresholds of inferior colliculus neurons in C57BL/6J and CBA mice. J. Neurophysiol. 56: 391-408, 1986.
    • (1986) J. Neurophysiol. , vol.56 , pp. 391-408
    • Willott, J.F.1
  • 41
    • 0027409478 scopus 로고
    • Plasticity of auditory cortex associated with sensorineural hearing loss in adult C57BL/6J mice
    • WILLOTT, J. F., AITKIN, L. M., AND MCFADDEN, S. L. Plasticity of auditory cortex associated with sensorineural hearing loss in adult C57BL/6J mice. J. Comp. Neurol. 329: 402-411, 1993.
    • (1993) J. Comp. Neurol. , vol.329 , pp. 402-411
    • Willott, J.F.1    Aitkin, L.M.2    McFadden, S.L.3
  • 42
    • 0029071671 scopus 로고
    • Modification of the acoustic startle response in hearing impaired C57BL/6J mice: Prepulse augmentation and prolongation of prepulse inhibition
    • WILLOTT, J. F. AND CARLSON, S. Modification of the acoustic startle response in hearing impaired C57BL/6J mice: prepulse augmentation and prolongation of prepulse inhibition. Behav. Neurosci. 109: 396-403, 1995.
    • (1995) Behav. Neurosci. , vol.109 , pp. 396-403
    • Willott, J.F.1    Carlson, S.2
  • 43
    • 0028108218 scopus 로고
    • Prepulse inhibition of the startle response in mice: Relationship to hearing loss and auditory system plasticity
    • WILLOTT, J. F., CARLSON, S., AND CHEN, H. Prepulse inhibition of the startle response in mice: relationship to hearing loss and auditory system plasticity. Behav. Neurosci. 108: 703-713, 1994.
    • (1994) Behav. Neurosci. , vol.108 , pp. 703-713
    • Willott, J.F.1    Carlson, S.2    Chen, H.3
  • 44
    • 0022997470 scopus 로고
    • The influence of stimulus repetition on the acoustic startle response and on responses of inferior colliculus neurons of mice
    • WILLOTT, J. F. AND DEMUTH, R. M. The influence of stimulus repetition on the acoustic startle response and on responses of inferior colliculus neurons of mice. Brain Res. 386: 105-112, 1986.
    • (1986) Brain Res. , vol.386 , pp. 105-112
    • Willott, J.F.1    Demuth, R.M.2
  • 45
    • 0024213619 scopus 로고
    • Response properties of inferior colliculus neurons in middle aged C57 mice with presbycusis
    • WILLOTT, J. F., PARHAM, K., AND HUNTER, K. P. Response properties of inferior colliculus neurons in middle aged C57 mice with presbycusis. Hear. Res. 37: 15-28, 1988.
    • (1988) Hear. Res. , vol.37 , pp. 15-28
    • Willott, J.F.1    Parham, K.2    Hunter, K.P.3
  • 46
    • 0025760058 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of the auditory sensitivity of neurons in the cochlear nucleus and inferior colliculus of young and aging C57BL/6J and CBA/J mice
    • WILLOTT, J. F., PARHAM, K., AND HUNTER, K. P. Comparison of the auditory sensitivity of neurons in the cochlear nucleus and inferior colliculus of young and aging C57BL/6J and CBA/J mice. Hear. Res. 53: 78-94, 1991.
    • (1991) Hear. Res. , vol.53 , pp. 78-94
    • Willott, J.F.1    Parham, K.2    Hunter, K.P.3
  • 47
    • 0018379254 scopus 로고
    • Sensitivity of the acoustic startle response and neurons in subnuclei of the mouse inferior colliculus to stimulus parameters
    • WILLOTT, J. F., SHNERSON, A., AND URBAN, G. P. Sensitivity of the acoustic startle response and neurons in subnuclei of the mouse inferior colliculus to stimulus parameters. Exp. Neurol 65: 625-644, 1979.
    • (1979) Exp. Neurol , vol.65 , pp. 625-644
    • Willott, J.F.1    Shnerson, A.2    Urban, G.P.3
  • 48
    • 0023801664 scopus 로고
    • Anatomical distribution and response patterns of reticular neurons active in relation to acoustic startle
    • Wu, M. F., SUZUKI, S. S., AND SIEGEL, J. M. Anatomical distribution and response patterns of reticular neurons active in relation to acoustic startle. Brain Res. 457: 399-406, 1988.
    • (1988) Brain Res. , vol.457 , pp. 399-406
    • Wu, M.F.1    Suzuki, S.S.2    Siegel, J.M.3
  • 49
    • 0027250222 scopus 로고
    • Collision-like interactions between acoustic and electrical signals that produce startle reflexes in reticular formation sites
    • YEOMANS, J. S. AND COCHRANE, K. A. Collision-like interactions between acoustic and electrical signals that produce startle reflexes in reticular formation sites. Brain Res. 617: 320-328, 1993.
    • (1993) Brain Res. , vol.617 , pp. 320-328
    • Yeomans, J.S.1    Cochrane, K.A.2
  • 50
    • 0029555859 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The acoustic startle reflex: Neurons and connections
    • YEOMANS, J. S. AND FRANKLAND, J. S. The acoustic startle reflex: neurons and connections. Brain Res. Rev. 21: 301-314, 1996.
    • (1996) Brain Res. Rev. , vol.21 , pp. 301-314
    • Yeomans, J.S.1    Frankland, J.S.2
  • 51
    • 0024553174 scopus 로고
    • Double- pulse stimulation of startle-like responses in rats: Refractory periods and temporal summation
    • YEOMANS, J. S., ROSEN, J. B., BARBEAU, J., AND DAVIS, M. Double-pulse stimulation of startle-like responses in rats: refractory periods and temporal summation. Brain Res. 486: 147-158, 1989.
    • (1989) Brain Res. , vol.486 , pp. 147-158
    • Yeomans, J.S.1    Rosen, J.B.2    Barbeau, J.3    Davis, M.4
  • 52
    • 0020749371 scopus 로고
    • Reflex inhibition procedures for animal audiometry: A technique for assessing ototoxicity
    • YOUNG, J. S. AND FECHTER, L. D. Reflex inhibition procedures for animal audiometry: a technique for assessing ototoxicity. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 73: 1686-1693, 1983.
    • (1983) J. Acoust. Soc. Am. , vol.73 , pp. 1686-1693
    • Young, J.S.1    Fechter, L.D.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.