A laboratory assessment of the relative importance of turbulence, particle composition, and concentration in limiting maximal floc size and settling behaviour

Journal of Sea Research

Volumn 39, Issue 3-4, 1998, Pages 227-241

  Milligan, T G ^a   Hill, P S ^b  

^a FISHERIES AND OCEANS CANADA   (Canada)

^b DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

Aggregation; Flocculation; Image analysis; Offshore oil; Sediment; Settling velocity

Indexed keywords

COASTAL ZONE; FLOCCULATION; MODELLING; PARTICLE COMPOSITION; SETTLING BEHAVIOUR; SUSPENDED PARTICULATE MATTER; TURBULENCE;

EID: 0031811468     PISSN: 13851101     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S1385-1101(97)00062-2     Document Type: Article

References (48)

1. Allersma, E., 1980. Mud in estuaries and along coasts. Proc. Int. Symp. River Sed., Beijing, pp. 663-685 and 1285-1289.
2. Amos C.L., Mosher D.C. Erosion and deposition of fine grained sediments from the Bay of Fundy. Sedimentology. 32:1985;815-832.
3. Bennett, R.H., Hurlbert, M.H., 1986. Clay Microstructure. International Human Resources Dev. Corp., Boston, 161 pp.
4. Berhane I., Sternberg R.W., Kineke G.C., Milligan T.G., Kranck K. The variability of suspended aggregates on the Amazon Continental Shelf. Cont. Shelf. Res. 17:1997;267-285.
5. Burban P.-Y., Lick W., Lick J. The flocculation of fine-grained sediments in estuarine waters. J. Geophys. Res. 94:1989;8323-8330.
6. Cranford P.J., Gordon D.C. Chronic sublethal impact of mineral oil-based drilling mud cuttings on adult sea scallops. Mar. Poll. Bull. 22:1991;339-344.
7. Cranford P.J., Gordon D.C. The influence of dilute clay suspensions on sea scallop (Placopecten magellanicus) feeding activity and tissue growth. Neth. J. Sea Res. 30:1992;107-120.
8. Day R.W., Quinn G.P. Comparison of treatments after analysis of variance in ecology. Ecol. Monogr. 59:1989;433-463.
9. Dickey T.D., Mellor G.L. Decaying turbulence in neutral and stratified fluids. J. Fluid Mech. 99:1980;13-31.
10. Eisma D. Flocculation and de-flocculation of suspended matter in estuaries. Neth. J. Sea Res. 20:1986;183-199.
11. Eisma D., Li A. Changes in suspended-matter floc size during the tidal cycle in the Dollard estuary. Neth. J. Sea Res. 31:1993;107-117.
12. Eisma D., Bernard P., Cadée G.C., Ittekkot V., Kalf J., Laane R., Martin J.M., Mook W.G., Van Put A., Schuhmacher T. Suspended-matter particle size in some West-European estuaries; Part II: A review on floc formation and break-up. Neth. J. Sea Res. 28:1991;215-220.
13. Fennessey M.J., Dyer K.R., Huntley D.A. INSSEV: an instrument to measure the size and settling velocity of flocs in situ. Mar. Geol. 117:1994;107-117.
14. Folk, R.L., 1980. Petrology of Sedimentary Rocks. Hemphill Publishing Co., Austin, TX, 184 pp.
15. Gibbs R.J. Floc breakage by pumps. J. Sed. Petrol. 51:1981;670-672.
16. Gibbs R.J. Floc stability during Coulter Counter analysis. J. Sed. Petrol. 52:1982;657-670.
17. Gibbs R.J., Konwar L.N. Effect of pipetting on mineral flocs. Environ. Sci. Technol. 16:1982;119-121.
18. Hannah, C.G., Shen, Y., Loder, J.W., Muschenheim, D.K., 1995. bblt: formulation and exploratory applications of a benthic boundary layer transport model. Can. Tech. Rep. Hydrogr. Ocean Sci. 166, vi + 52 pp.
19. Hill P.S. Sectional and discrete representations of floc breakage in agitated suspensions. Deep Sea Res. (I). 43:1996;679-702.
20. Jellett J.F., Li W.K.W., Dickie P.M., Boraie A., Kepkay P.E. Metabolic activity of bacterioplankton communities assessed by flow cytometry and single carbon substrate utilization. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 136:1996;213-225.
21. Kepkay P.E., Niven S.E.H., Milligan T.G. Low molecular weight and colloidal DOC production during a phytoplankton bloom. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 100:1993;233-244.
22. Kranck K. Experiments on the significance of flocculation in the settling behaviour of fine grained sediment in still water. Can. J. Earth Sci. 17:1980;1517-1526.
23. Kranck, K., 1986. Settling behaviour of cohesive sediment. In: Mehta, J. (Ed.), Estuarine Cohesive Sediment Dynamics. Springer Verlag, Berlin, pp. 151-169.
24. Kranck, K., 1990. Interparticle grain size relationships resulting from flocculation. In: Bennett, R.H., Bryant, W.R., Hulbert, M.H. (Eds.), Microstructure of Fine-Grained Sediments: From Mud to Shale. Frontiers in Sed. Geol., Springer-Verlag, New York, pp. 125-130.
25. Kranck K., Milligan T.G. Characteristics of suspended particles at an 11 hour anchor station in San Francisco Bay, California. J. Geophys. Res. 97:1992;11373-11382.
26. Lick W., Lick J. Aggregation and disaggregation of fine-grained lake sediments. J. Great Lakes Res. 14:1988;514-523.
27. Lick W., Huang H., Jepsen R. Flocculation of fine-grained sediments due to differential settling. J. Geophys. Res. 98:1993;10279-10288.
28. Logan B.E., Kilps J.R. Fractal dimensions of aggregates formed in different fluid mechanical environments. Water Res. 29:1995;443-453.
29. Luettich, R.A., Jr., Wells, J.T., Kim, S.Y., 1993. In situ variability of large aggregates: preliminary results on the effect of shear. In: Mehta, A.J. (Ed.), Nearshore and Estuarine Cohesive Sediment Transport, Coastal and Estuarine Studies Ser. 42, American Geophysical Union, Washington, pp. 447-466.
30. Milligan T.G. An examination of the settling behaviour of a flocculated suspension. Neth. J. Sea Res. 33:1995;163-171.
31. Milligan T.G. In situ particle (floc) size measurements with the Benthos 373 plankton silhouette camera. J. Sea Res. 36:1996;93-100.
32. Milligan, T.G., Kranck, K., 1991. Electro-resistance particle size analysers. In: Syvitski, J.P. (Ed.), Theory, Methods and Applications of Particle Size Analysis. Cambridge University Press, New York, pp. 109-118.
33. Muhle, K., 1993. Floc stability in laminar and turbulent flow. In: Dobiáš, D. (Ed.), Coagulation and Flocculation: Theory and Application. Lib. Congress Surfactant Sci. Ser. 47, Marcel Dekker, New York, pp. 355-390.
34. Muschenheim D.K., Milligan T.G. Flocculation and accumulation of fine drilling waste particles on the Scotian Shelf. Mar. Poll. Bull. 32:1996;740-745.
35. Muschenheim D.K., Kepkay P.E., Kranck K. Microbial growth in turbulent suspension and its relation to marine aggregate formation. Neth. J. Sea Res. 23:1989;283-292.
36. Muschenheim, D.K., Milligan, T.G., Gordon, D.C., 1995. New technology and suggested methodologies for monitoring particulate wastes discharged from offshore oil and gas drilling platforms and their effects on the benthic boundary layer environment, Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2049, x + 55 pp.
37. 234Th dynamics during a coastal phytoplankton bloom. Deep Sea Res. (II). 42:1995;257-273.
38. Oles V. Shear-induced aggregation and breakup of polystyrene latex particles. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 154:1992;351-358.
39. Owen, M.W., 1976. Determination of the settling velocity of cohesive muds. Hydraulics Res. Station Wallingford, Rep. No. IT 161, 26 pp.
40. Pandya J.D., Spielman L.A. Floc breakage in agitated suspensions: theory and data processing strategy. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 92:1982;517-531.
41. Passow U., Alldredge A.L., Logan B.E. The role of particulate carbohydrate exudates in the flocculation of diatom blooms. Deep Sea Res. 42:1994;335-337.
42. Puls, W.H., Kuehl, H., Heyman, K., 1988. Settling velocity of mud flocs: results of field measurements in the Elbe Estuary. In: Dronkers, J., Van Leussen, W. (Eds.), Physical Processes in Estuaries. Springer Verlag, New York, pp. 406-426.
43. Russ, J.C., 1995. The Image Processing Handbook, 2nd ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 674 pp.
44. Spicer P.T., Pratsinis S.E. Shear induced flocculation: the evolution of floc structure and shape of the size distribution at steady state. Water Res. 50:1996;1049-1056.
45. Tambo N., Hozumi H. Physical characteristics of flocs - II. Strength of floc. Water Res. 13:1979;421-427.
46. Ten Brinke W.B.M. In situ aggregate size and settling velocity in the Oosterschelde tidal basin (The Netherlands). Neth. J. Sea Res. 32:1994;23-35.
47. Tsai C.H., Iacobellis S., Lick W. Flocculation of fine-grained lake sediments due to uniform shear stress. J. Great Lakes Res. 13:1987;135-146.
48. Van Leussen, W., 1986. Laboratory experiments on the settling velocity of mud flocs. In: Wang, S.Y., Shen, H.W., Ding, L.Z. (Eds.), Proc. Third Int. Symp. River Sedimentation, School of Engineering, Univ. of Mississippi, pp. 1803-1812.