Classical codes: Biogeographical assessments of environment in Victorian Canada

Journal of Historical Geography

Volumn 24, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 20-35

  Zeller, Suzanne ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CLASSICAL TRADITION; COLONIAL SOCIETY; HISTORICAL STUDY; PERCEPTION; SENSE OF PLACE; VICTORIAN CULTURE;

CANADA;

EID: 0031809361     PISSN: 03057488     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1006/jhge.1997.0074     Document Type: Article

References (180)

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2. F. M. Turner, The Greek Heritage in Victorian Britain (New Haven 1981) 4-5; R. Jenkins, The Legacy of Rome (Cambridge, Mass. 1982).
3. F. M. Turner, The Greek Heritage in Victorian Britain (New Haven 1981) 4-5; R. Jenkins, The Legacy of Rome (Cambridge, Mass. 1982).
4. Rupert's Land embraces the entire Hudson Bay drainage system. It devolved into northern Quebec and Ontario; Manitoba; and much of Saskatchewan, Alberta, and the Northwest Territories.
5. T. H. Levere, Science and the Canadian Arctic (Cambridge 1993) chaps 1-5.
6. J. B. Black, The Art of History (London 1926) 143; R. Porter, Edward Gibbon (London 1988) 1-14; E. Gibbon, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire 1 (London 1791) 346-8; S. Zeller, Inventing Canada: Early Victorian Science and the Idea of a Transcontinental Nation (Toronto 1987) chap. 9; Great Britain, Parliament, House of Commons, Select Committee on the Hudson's Bay Company, Report (London 1857) 189.
7. J. B. Black, The Art of History (London 1926) 143; R. Porter, Edward Gibbon (London 1988) 1-14; E. Gibbon, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire 1 (London 1791) 346-8; S. Zeller, Inventing Canada: Early Victorian Science and the Idea of a Transcontinental Nation (Toronto 1987) chap. 9; Great Britain, Parliament, House of Commons, Select Committee on the Hudson's Bay Company, Report (London 1857) 189.
8. J. B. Black, The Art of History (London 1926) 143; R. Porter, Edward Gibbon (London 1988) 1-14; E. Gibbon, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire 1 (London 1791) 346-8; S. Zeller, Inventing Canada: Early Victorian Science and the Idea of a Transcontinental Nation (Toronto 1987) chap. 9; Great Britain, Parliament, House of Commons, Select Committee on the Hudson's Bay Company, Report (London 1857) 189.
9. J. B. Black, The Art of History (London 1926) 143; R. Porter, Edward Gibbon (London 1988) 1-14; E. Gibbon, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire 1 (London 1791) 346-8; S. Zeller, Inventing Canada: Early Victorian Science and the Idea of a Transcontinental Nation (Toronto 1987) chap. 9; Great Britain, Parliament, House of Commons, Select Committee on the Hudson's Bay Company, Report (London 1857) 189.
10. J. B. Black, The Art of History (London 1926) 143; R. Porter, Edward Gibbon (London 1988) 1-14; E. Gibbon, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire 1 (London 1791) 346-8; S. Zeller, Inventing Canada: Early Victorian Science and the Idea of a Transcontinental Nation (Toronto 1987) chap. 9; Great Britain, Parliament, House of Commons, Select Committee on the Hudson's Bay Company, Report (London 1857) 189.
11. J. H. Lefroy, Remarks on thermometric registers, Canadian Journal of Science, Industry, and Art 1 (1852) 29.
12. C. J. Glacken, Traces on the Rhodian Shore (Berkeley 1967); J. Cawood, The magnetic crusade: science and politics in early Victorian Britain, Isis 70 (1979) 493-518; S. F. Cannon, Science in Culture (New York 1978) 73-110; D. N. Livingstone, The Geographical Tradition (Oxford 1992) chaps 4-5.
13. C. J. Glacken, Traces on the Rhodian Shore (Berkeley 1967); J. Cawood, The magnetic crusade: science and politics in early Victorian Britain, Isis 70 (1979) 493-518; S. F. Cannon, Science in Culture (New York 1978) 73-110; D. N. Livingstone, The Geographical Tradition (Oxford 1992) chaps 4-5.
14. C. J. Glacken, Traces on the Rhodian Shore (Berkeley 1967); J. Cawood, The magnetic crusade: science and politics in early Victorian Britain, Isis 70 (1979) 493-518; S. F. Cannon, Science in Culture (New York 1978) 73-110; D. N. Livingstone, The Geographical Tradition (Oxford 1992) chaps 4-5.
15. C. J. Glacken, Traces on the Rhodian Shore (Berkeley 1967); J. Cawood, The magnetic crusade: science and politics in early Victorian Britain, Isis 70 (1979) 493-518; S. F. Cannon, Science in Culture (New York 1978) 73-110; D. N. Livingstone, The Geographical Tradition (Oxford 1992) chaps 4-5.
16. M. Kline, Mathematics in Western Culture (Oxford 1953) chap 4; R. Ossermann, Poetry of the Universe (New York 1995) 6.
17. M. Kline, Mathematics in Western Culture (Oxford 1953) chap 4; R. Ossermann, Poetry of the Universe (New York 1995) 6.
18. B. Belyea, The sea of dreams: La Verendrye and the mapping of desire, Australian-Canadian Studies 12/2 (1994) 17-18; C. R. Markham, Address to the geographical section, BAAS Report 49 (1879) 421; Kline, op. cit., 233, 410, 417; Osserman, op. cit., 6, 63; J. L. Richards, Mathematical Visions (Boston 1988) 2-4 , 13-60, 168; A[rthur] Ca[yley], Geometry, Encyclopedia Britannica 9th ed., 10 (1892) 376.
19. B. Belyea, The sea of dreams: La Verendrye and the mapping of desire, Australian-Canadian Studies 12/2 (1994) 17-18; C. R. Markham, Address to the geographical section, BAAS Report 49 (1879) 421; Kline, op. cit., 233, 410, 417; Osserman, op. cit., 6, 63; J. L. Richards, Mathematical Visions (Boston 1988) 2-4 , 13-60, 168; A[rthur] Ca[yley], Geometry, Encyclopedia Britannica 9th ed., 10 (1892) 376.
20. B. Belyea, The sea of dreams: La Verendrye and the mapping of desire, Australian-Canadian Studies 12/2 (1994) 17-18; C. R. Markham, Address to the geographical section, BAAS Report 49 (1879) 421; Kline, op. cit., 233, 410, 417; Osserman, op. cit., 6, 63; J. L. Richards, Mathematical Visions (Boston 1988) 2-4 , 13-60, 168; A[rthur] Ca[yley], Geometry, Encyclopedia Britannica 9th ed., 10 (1892) 376.
21. B. Belyea, The sea of dreams: La Verendrye and the mapping of desire, Australian-Canadian Studies 12/2 (1994) 17-18; C. R. Markham, Address to the geographical section, BAAS Report 49 (1879) 421; Kline, op. cit., 233, 410, 417; Osserman, op. cit., 6, 63; J. L. Richards, Mathematical Visions (Boston 1988) 2-4 , 13-60, 168; A[rthur] Ca[yley], Geometry, Encyclopedia Britannica 9th ed., 10 (1892) 376.
22. B. Belyea, The sea of dreams: La Verendrye and the mapping of desire, Australian-Canadian Studies 12/2 (1994) 17-18; C. R. Markham, Address to the geographical section, BAAS Report 49 (1879) 421; Kline, op. cit., 233, 410, 417; Osserman, op. cit., 6, 63; J. L. Richards, Mathematical Visions (Boston 1988) 2-4 , 13-60, 168; A[rthur] Ca[yley], Geometry, Encyclopedia Britannica 9th ed., 10 (1892) 376.
23. B. Belyea, The sea of dreams: La Verendrye and the mapping of desire, Australian-Canadian Studies 12/2 (1994) 17-18; C. R. Markham, Address to the geographical section, BAAS Report 49 (1879) 421; Kline, op. cit., 233, 410, 417; Osserman, op. cit., 6, 63; J. L. Richards, Mathematical Visions (Boston 1988) 2-4 , 13-60, 168; A[rthur] Ca[yley], Geometry, Encyclopedia Britannica 9th ed., 10 (1892) 376.
24. Richards, op. cit., 7-8, 164.
25. R. A. Stafford, Scientist of Empire (Cambridge 1989); R. Strachey, On the scope of scientific geography, RGS Proceedings 16 (1871-72) 445; Sir C. H. Rawlinson, ibid 20 (1875-76) 302.
26. R. A. Stafford, Scientist of Empire (Cambridge 1989); R. Strachey, On the scope of scientific geography, RGS Proceedings 16 (1871-72) 445; Sir C. H. Rawlinson, ibid 20 (1875-76) 302.
27. R. A. Stafford, Scientist of Empire (Cambridge 1989); R. Strachey, On the scope of scientific geography, RGS Proceedings 16 (1871-72) 445; Sir C. H. Rawlinson, ibid 20 (1875-76) 302.
28. Murchison, Presidential address ibid. 15 (1845) lxxxv-lxxxvi; W. J. Hamilton, ibid. 19 (1849) xci; A. H. Robinson and H. M. Wallis, Humboldt's map of isothermal lines, Cartographic Journal 4 (1967) 119-23.
29. Murchison, Presidential address ibid. 15 (1845) lxxxv-lxxxvi; W. J. Hamilton, ibid. 19 (1849) xci; A. H. Robinson and H. M. Wallis, Humboldt's map of isothermal lines, Cartographic Journal 4 (1967) 119-23.
30. Murchison, Presidential address ibid. 15 (1845) lxxxv-lxxxvi; W. J. Hamilton, ibid. 19 (1849) xci; A. H. Robinson and H. M. Wallis, Humboldt's map of isothermal lines, Cartographic Journal 4 (1967) 119-23.
31. BAAS Report 4 (1834) xxx-xxxi. Richardson, On the frozen soils of North America, Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal [ENPJ] 29 (1839-40) 110-23; Observations on solar radiation ibid. 30 (1840-41) 240-52; Report . . . on the periodical phenomena of animals and vegetables ibid. 14 (1845) 321-2; idem., in J. Franklin, Narrative of a Journey to the Shores of the Polar Sea (Edmonton 1969, reprint ed.) 497-9, 534-7.
32. BAAS Report 4 (1834) xxx-xxxi. Richardson, On the frozen soils of North America, Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal [ENPJ] 29 (1839-40) 110-23; Observations on solar radiation ibid. 30 (1840-41) 240-52; Report . . . on the periodical phenomena of animals and vegetables ibid. 14 (1845) 321-2; idem., in J. Franklin, Narrative of a Journey to the Shores of the Polar Sea (Edmonton 1969, reprint ed.) 497-9, 534-7.
33. BAAS Report 4 (1834) xxx-xxxi. Richardson, On the frozen soils of North America, Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal [ENPJ] 29 (1839-40) 110-23; Observations on solar radiation ibid. 30 (1840-41) 240-52; Report . . . on the periodical phenomena of animals and vegetables ibid. 14 (1845) 321-2; idem., in J. Franklin, Narrative of a Journey to the Shores of the Polar Sea (Edmonton 1969, reprint ed.) 497-9, 534-7.
34. BAAS Report 4 (1834) xxx-xxxi. Richardson, On the frozen soils of North America, Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal [ENPJ] 29 (1839-40) 110-23; Observations on solar radiation ibid. 30 (1840-41) 240-52; Report . . . on the periodical phenomena of animals and vegetables ibid. 14 (1845) 321-2; idem., in J. Franklin, Narrative of a Journey to the Shores of the Polar Sea (Edmonton 1969, reprint ed.) 497-9, 534-7.
35. BAAS Report 4 (1834) xxx-xxxi. Richardson, On the frozen soils of North America, Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal [ENPJ] 29 (1839-40) 110-23; Observations on solar radiation ibid. 30 (1840-41) 240-52; Report . . . on the periodical phenomena of animals and vegetables ibid. 14 (1845) 321-2; idem., in J. Franklin, Narrative of a Journey to the Shores of the Polar Sea (Edmonton 1969, reprint ed.) 497-9, 534-7.
36. Richardson, Report on North American zoology, BAAS Report 6 (1836) 128-33; K, Baer, On the ground ice or frozen soil of Siberia, RGS Journals 8 (1838) 210-13; Baer, Recent intelligence upon the frozen ground in Siberia, ibid., 401-6. Richardson, Notice of a few observations, RGS Proceedings 9 (1839) 117-20; Note on the best points . . . ibid., 121-4. Fur traders: M. Gairdner, ENPJ 20 (1836) 67; P. W. Dease, ibid 29 (1840-41) 123-4; M. McPherson, ibid. 124-6; G. Barnston, ibid. 30 (1841) 252; D. Thompson, Mean temperature of Cumberland House . . . , British American Journal of Medical and Physical Science 4 (1849) 302. R. King, Temperature of quadrupeds, birds, . . . ENPJ 21 (1835-36) 150-3; A. C. Anderson, Some remarks upon the freezing of streams, RGS Journals 15 (1845) 367-70; Toronto Globe, 24 March 1847. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Hooker Correspondence, North American Letters (1851-58) , Richardson to W. J. Hooker, 21 June 1850, 401; 26 June 1851, 537; to J. D. Hooker, 17 Jan. and 18 March 1851, 538-9. Report of M. E. Bourgeau, Linnaean Society Journal of the Proceedings (Botany) 4 (1860) 3-4.
37. Richardson, Report on North American zoology, BAAS Report 6 (1836) 128-33; K, Baer, On the ground ice or frozen soil of Siberia, RGS Journals 8 (1838) 210-13; Baer, Recent intelligence upon the frozen ground in Siberia, ibid., 401-6. Richardson, Notice of a few observations, RGS Proceedings 9 (1839) 117-20; Note on the best points . . . ibid., 121-4. Fur traders: M. Gairdner, ENPJ 20 (1836) 67; P. W. Dease, ibid 29 (1840-41) 123-4; M. McPherson, ibid. 124-6; G. Barnston, ibid. 30 (1841) 252; D. Thompson, Mean temperature of Cumberland House . . . , British American Journal of Medical and Physical Science 4 (1849) 302. R. King, Temperature of quadrupeds, birds, . . . ENPJ 21 (1835-36) 150-3; A. C. Anderson, Some remarks upon the freezing of streams, RGS Journals 15 (1845) 367-70; Toronto Globe, 24 March 1847. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Hooker Correspondence, North American Letters (1851-58) , Richardson to W. J. Hooker, 21 June 1850, 401; 26 June 1851, 537; to J. D. Hooker, 17 Jan. and 18 March 1851, 538-9. Report of M. E. Bourgeau, Linnaean Society Journal of the Proceedings (Botany) 4 (1860) 3-4.
38. Richardson, Report on North American zoology, BAAS Report 6 (1836) 128-33; K, Baer, On the ground ice or frozen soil of Siberia, RGS Journals 8 (1838) 210-13; Baer, Recent intelligence upon the frozen ground in Siberia, ibid., 401-6. Richardson, Notice of a few observations, RGS Proceedings 9 (1839) 117-20; Note on the best points . . . ibid., 121-4. Fur traders: M. Gairdner, ENPJ 20 (1836) 67; P. W. Dease, ibid 29 (1840-41) 123-4; M. McPherson, ibid. 124-6; G. Barnston, ibid. 30 (1841) 252; D. Thompson, Mean temperature of Cumberland House . . . , British American Journal of Medical and Physical Science 4 (1849) 302. R. King, Temperature of quadrupeds, birds, . . . ENPJ 21 (1835-36) 150-3; A. C. Anderson, Some remarks upon the freezing of streams, RGS Journals 15 (1845) 367-70; Toronto Globe, 24 March 1847. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Hooker Correspondence, North American Letters (1851-58) , Richardson to W. J. Hooker, 21 June 1850, 401; 26 June 1851, 537; to J. D. Hooker, 17 Jan. and 18 March 1851, 538-9. Report of M. E. Bourgeau, Linnaean Society Journal of the Proceedings (Botany) 4 (1860) 3-4.
39. Richardson, Report on North American zoology, BAAS Report 6 (1836) 128-33; K, Baer, On the ground ice or frozen soil of Siberia, RGS Journals 8 (1838) 210-13; Baer, Recent intelligence upon the frozen ground in Siberia, ibid., 401-6. Richardson, Notice of a few observations, RGS Proceedings 9 (1839) 117-20; Note on the best points . . . ibid., 121-4. Fur traders: M. Gairdner, ENPJ 20 (1836) 67; P. W. Dease, ibid 29 (1840-41) 123-4; M. McPherson, ibid. 124-6; G. Barnston, ibid. 30 (1841) 252; D. Thompson, Mean temperature of Cumberland House . . . , British American Journal of Medical and Physical Science 4 (1849) 302. R. King, Temperature of quadrupeds, birds, . . . ENPJ 21 (1835-36) 150-3; A. C. Anderson, Some remarks upon the freezing of streams, RGS Journals 15 (1845) 367-70; Toronto Globe, 24 March 1847. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Hooker Correspondence, North American Letters (1851-58) , Richardson to W. J. Hooker, 21 June 1850, 401; 26 June 1851, 537; to J. D. Hooker, 17 Jan. and 18 March 1851, 538-9. Report of M. E. Bourgeau, Linnaean Society Journal of the Proceedings (Botany) 4 (1860) 3-4.
40. Richardson, Report on North American zoology, BAAS Report 6 (1836) 128-33; K, Baer, On the ground ice or frozen soil of Siberia, RGS Journals 8 (1838) 210-13; Baer, Recent intelligence upon the frozen ground in Siberia, ibid., 401-6. Richardson, Notice of a few observations, RGS Proceedings 9 (1839) 117-20; Note on the best points . . . ibid., 121-4. Fur traders: M. Gairdner, ENPJ 20 (1836) 67; P. W. Dease, ibid 29 (1840-41) 123-4; M. McPherson, ibid. 124-6; G. Barnston, ibid. 30 (1841) 252; D. Thompson, Mean temperature of Cumberland House . . . , British American Journal of Medical and Physical Science 4 (1849) 302. R. King, Temperature of quadrupeds, birds, . . . ENPJ 21 (1835-36) 150-3; A. C. Anderson, Some remarks upon the freezing of streams, RGS Journals 15 (1845) 367-70; Toronto Globe, 24 March 1847. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Hooker Correspondence, North American Letters (1851-58) , Richardson to W. J. Hooker, 21 June 1850, 401; 26 June 1851, 537; to J. D. Hooker, 17 Jan. and 18 March 1851, 538-9. Report of M. E. Bourgeau, Linnaean Society Journal of the Proceedings (Botany) 4 (1860) 3-4.
41. Richardson, Report on North American zoology, BAAS Report 6 (1836) 128-33; K, Baer, On the ground ice or frozen soil of Siberia, RGS Journals 8 (1838) 210-13; Baer, Recent intelligence upon the frozen ground in Siberia, ibid., 401-6. Richardson, Notice of a few observations, RGS Proceedings 9 (1839) 117-20; Note on the best points . . . ibid., 121-4. Fur traders: M. Gairdner, ENPJ 20 (1836) 67; P. W. Dease, ibid 29 (1840-41) 123-4; M. McPherson, ibid. 124-6; G. Barnston, ibid. 30 (1841) 252; D. Thompson, Mean temperature of Cumberland House . . . , British American Journal of Medical and Physical Science 4 (1849) 302. R. King, Temperature of quadrupeds, birds, . . . ENPJ 21 (1835-36) 150-3; A. C. Anderson, Some remarks upon the freezing of streams, RGS Journals 15 (1845) 367-70; Toronto Globe, 24 March 1847. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Hooker Correspondence, North American Letters (1851-58) , Richardson to W. J. Hooker, 21 June 1850, 401; 26 June 1851, 537; to J. D. Hooker, 17 Jan. and 18 March 1851, 538-9. Report of M. E. Bourgeau, Linnaean Society Journal of the Proceedings (Botany) 4 (1860) 3-4.
42. Richardson, Report on North American zoology, BAAS Report 6 (1836) 128-33; K, Baer, On the ground ice or frozen soil of Siberia, RGS Journals 8 (1838) 210-13; Baer, Recent intelligence upon the frozen ground in Siberia, ibid., 401-6. Richardson, Notice of a few observations, RGS Proceedings 9 (1839) 117-20; Note on the best points . . . ibid., 121-4. Fur traders: M. Gairdner, ENPJ 20 (1836) 67; P. W. Dease, ibid 29 (1840-41) 123-4; M. McPherson, ibid. 124-6; G. Barnston, ibid. 30 (1841) 252; D. Thompson, Mean temperature of Cumberland House . . . , British American Journal of Medical and Physical Science 4 (1849) 302. R. King, Temperature of quadrupeds, birds, . . . ENPJ 21 (1835-36) 150-3; A. C. Anderson, Some remarks upon the freezing of streams, RGS Journals 15 (1845) 367-70; Toronto Globe, 24 March 1847. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Hooker Correspondence, North American Letters (1851-58) , Richardson to W. J. Hooker, 21 June 1850, 401; 26 June 1851, 537; to J. D. Hooker, 17 Jan. and 18 March 1851, 538-9. Report of M. E. Bourgeau, Linnaean Society Journal of the Proceedings (Botany) 4 (1860) 3-4.
43. Richardson, Report on North American zoology, BAAS Report 6 (1836) 128-33; K, Baer, On the ground ice or frozen soil of Siberia, RGS Journals 8 (1838) 210-13; Baer, Recent intelligence upon the frozen ground in Siberia, ibid., 401-6. Richardson, Notice of a few observations, RGS Proceedings 9 (1839) 117-20; Note on the best points . . . ibid., 121-4. Fur traders: M. Gairdner, ENPJ 20 (1836) 67; P. W. Dease, ibid 29 (1840-41) 123-4; M. McPherson, ibid. 124-6; G. Barnston, ibid. 30 (1841) 252; D. Thompson, Mean temperature of Cumberland House . . . , British American Journal of Medical and Physical Science 4 (1849) 302. R. King, Temperature of quadrupeds, birds, . . . ENPJ 21 (1835-36) 150-3; A. C. Anderson, Some remarks upon the freezing of streams, RGS Journals 15 (1845) 367-70; Toronto Globe, 24 March 1847. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Hooker Correspondence, North American Letters (1851-58) , Richardson to W. J. Hooker, 21 June 1850, 401; 26 June 1851, 537; to J. D. Hooker, 17 Jan. and 18 March 1851, 538-9. Report of M. E. Bourgeau, Linnaean Society Journal of the Proceedings (Botany) 4 (1860) 3-4.
44. Richardson, Report on North American zoology, BAAS Report 6 (1836) 128-33; K, Baer, On the ground ice or frozen soil of Siberia, RGS Journals 8 (1838) 210-13; Baer, Recent intelligence upon the frozen ground in Siberia, ibid., 401-6. Richardson, Notice of a few observations, RGS Proceedings 9 (1839) 117-20; Note on the best points . . . ibid., 121-4. Fur traders: M. Gairdner, ENPJ 20 (1836) 67; P. W. Dease, ibid 29 (1840-41) 123-4; M. McPherson, ibid. 124-6; G. Barnston, ibid. 30 (1841) 252; D. Thompson, Mean temperature of Cumberland House . . . , British American Journal of Medical and Physical Science 4 (1849) 302. R. King, Temperature of quadrupeds, birds, . . . ENPJ 21 (1835-36) 150-3; A. C. Anderson, Some remarks upon the freezing of streams, RGS Journals 15 (1845) 367-70; Toronto Globe, 24 March 1847. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Hooker Correspondence, North American Letters (1851-58) , Richardson to W. J. Hooker, 21 June 1850, 401; 26 June 1851, 537; to J. D. Hooker, 17 Jan. and 18 March 1851, 538-9. Report of M. E. Bourgeau, Linnaean Society Journal of the Proceedings (Botany) 4 (1860) 3-4.
45. Richardson, Report on North American zoology, BAAS Report 6 (1836) 128-33; K, Baer, On the ground ice or frozen soil of Siberia, RGS Journals 8 (1838) 210-13; Baer, Recent intelligence upon the frozen ground in Siberia, ibid., 401-6. Richardson, Notice of a few observations, RGS Proceedings 9 (1839) 117-20; Note on the best points . . . ibid., 121-4. Fur traders: M. Gairdner, ENPJ 20 (1836) 67; P. W. Dease, ibid 29 (1840-41) 123-4; M. McPherson, ibid. 124-6; G. Barnston, ibid. 30 (1841) 252; D. Thompson, Mean temperature of Cumberland House . . . , British American Journal of Medical and Physical Science 4 (1849) 302. R. King, Temperature of quadrupeds, birds, . . . ENPJ 21 (1835-36) 150-3; A. C. Anderson, Some remarks upon the freezing of streams, RGS Journals 15 (1845) 367-70; Toronto Globe, 24 March 1847. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Hooker Correspondence, North American Letters (1851-58) , Richardson to W. J. Hooker, 21 June 1850, 401; 26 June 1851, 537; to J. D. Hooker, 17 Jan. and 18 March 1851, 538-9. Report of M. E. Bourgeau, Linnaean Society Journal of the Proceedings (Botany) 4 (1860) 3-4.
46. Richardson, Report on North American zoology, BAAS Report 6 (1836) 128-33; K, Baer, On the ground ice or frozen soil of Siberia, RGS Journals 8 (1838) 210-13; Baer, Recent intelligence upon the frozen ground in Siberia, ibid., 401-6. Richardson, Notice of a few observations, RGS Proceedings 9 (1839) 117-20; Note on the best points . . . ibid., 121-4. Fur traders: M. Gairdner, ENPJ 20 (1836) 67; P. W. Dease, ibid 29 (1840-41) 123-4; M. McPherson, ibid. 124-6; G. Barnston, ibid. 30 (1841) 252; D. Thompson, Mean temperature of Cumberland House . . . , British American Journal of Medical and Physical Science 4 (1849) 302. R. King, Temperature of quadrupeds, birds, . . . ENPJ 21 (1835-36) 150-3; A. C. Anderson, Some remarks upon the freezing of streams, RGS Journals 15 (1845) 367-70; Toronto Globe, 24 March 1847. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Hooker Correspondence, North American Letters (1851-58) , Richardson to W. J. Hooker, 21 June 1850, 401; 26 June 1851, 537; to J. D. Hooker, 17 Jan. and 18 March 1851, 538-9. Report of M. E. Bourgeau, Linnaean Society Journal of the Proceedings (Botany) 4 (1860) 3-4.
47. Richardson, Report on North American zoology, BAAS Report 6 (1836) 128-33; K, Baer, On the ground ice or frozen soil of Siberia, RGS Journals 8 (1838) 210-13; Baer, Recent intelligence upon the frozen ground in Siberia, ibid., 401-6. Richardson, Notice of a few observations, RGS Proceedings 9 (1839) 117-20; Note on the best points . . . ibid., 121-4. Fur traders: M. Gairdner, ENPJ 20 (1836) 67; P. W. Dease, ibid 29 (1840-41) 123-4; M. McPherson, ibid. 124-6; G. Barnston, ibid. 30 (1841) 252; D. Thompson, Mean temperature of Cumberland House . . . , British American Journal of Medical and Physical Science 4 (1849) 302. R. King, Temperature of quadrupeds, birds, . . . ENPJ 21 (1835-36) 150-3; A. C. Anderson, Some remarks upon the freezing of streams, RGS Journals 15 (1845) 367-70; Toronto Globe, 24 March 1847. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Hooker Correspondence, North American Letters (1851-58) , Richardson to W. J. Hooker, 21 June 1850, 401; 26 June 1851, 537; to J. D. Hooker, 17 Jan. and 18 March 1851, 538-9. Report of M. E. Bourgeau, Linnaean Society Journal of the Proceedings (Botany) 4 (1860) 3-4.
48. Richardson, Report on North American zoology, BAAS Report 6 (1836) 128-33; K, Baer, On the ground ice or frozen soil of Siberia, RGS Journals 8 (1838) 210-13; Baer, Recent intelligence upon the frozen ground in Siberia, ibid., 401-6. Richardson, Notice of a few observations, RGS Proceedings 9 (1839) 117-20; Note on the best points . . . ibid., 121-4. Fur traders: M. Gairdner, ENPJ 20 (1836) 67; P. W. Dease, ibid 29 (1840-41) 123-4; M. McPherson, ibid. 124-6; G. Barnston, ibid. 30 (1841) 252; D. Thompson, Mean temperature of Cumberland House . . . , British American Journal of Medical and Physical Science 4 (1849) 302. R. King, Temperature of quadrupeds, birds, . . . ENPJ 21 (1835-36) 150-3; A. C. Anderson, Some remarks upon the freezing of streams, RGS Journals 15 (1845) 367-70; Toronto Globe, 24 March 1847. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Hooker Correspondence, North American Letters (1851-58) , Richardson to W. J. Hooker, 21 June 1850, 401; 26 June 1851, 537; to J. D. Hooker, 17 Jan. and 18 March 1851, 538-9. Report of M. E. Bourgeau, Linnaean Society Journal of the Proceedings (Botany) 4 (1860) 3-4.
49. Richardson, Report on North American zoology, BAAS Report 6 (1836) 128-33; K, Baer, On the ground ice or frozen soil of Siberia, RGS Journals 8 (1838) 210-13; Baer, Recent intelligence upon the frozen ground in Siberia, ibid., 401-6. Richardson, Notice of a few observations, RGS Proceedings 9 (1839) 117-20; Note on the best points . . . ibid., 121-4. Fur traders: M. Gairdner, ENPJ 20 (1836) 67; P. W. Dease, ibid 29 (1840-41) 123-4; M. McPherson, ibid. 124-6; G. Barnston, ibid. 30 (1841) 252; D. Thompson, Mean temperature of Cumberland House . . . , British American Journal of Medical and Physical Science 4 (1849) 302. R. King, Temperature of quadrupeds, birds, . . . ENPJ 21 (1835-36) 150-3; A. C. Anderson, Some remarks upon the freezing of streams, RGS Journals 15 (1845) 367-70; Toronto Globe, 24 March 1847. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Hooker Correspondence, North American Letters (1851-58) , Richardson to W. J. Hooker, 21 June 1850, 401; 26 June 1851, 537; to J. D. Hooker, 17 Jan. and 18 March 1851, 538-9. Report of M. E. Bourgeau, Linnaean Society Journal of the Proceedings (Botany) 4 (1860) 3-4.
50. Richardson, Report on North American zoology, BAAS Report 6 (1836) 128-33; K, Baer, On the ground ice or frozen soil of Siberia, RGS Journals 8 (1838) 210-13; Baer, Recent intelligence upon the frozen ground in Siberia, ibid., 401-6. Richardson, Notice of a few observations, RGS Proceedings 9 (1839) 117-20; Note on the best points . . . ibid., 121-4. Fur traders: M. Gairdner, ENPJ 20 (1836) 67; P. W. Dease, ibid 29 (1840-41) 123-4; M. McPherson, ibid. 124-6; G. Barnston, ibid. 30 (1841) 252; D. Thompson, Mean temperature of Cumberland House . . . , British American Journal of Medical and Physical Science 4 (1849) 302. R. King, Temperature of quadrupeds, birds, . . . ENPJ 21 (1835-36) 150-3; A. C. Anderson, Some remarks upon the freezing of streams, RGS Journals 15 (1845) 367-70; Toronto Globe, 24 March 1847. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Hooker Correspondence, North American Letters (1851-58) , Richardson to W. J. Hooker, 21 June 1850, 401; 26 June 1851, 537; to J. D. Hooker, 17 Jan. and 18 March 1851, 538-9. Report of M. E. Bourgeau, Linnaean Society Journal of the Proceedings (Botany) 4 (1860) 3-4.
51. Lefroy, Diary of a Magnetic Survey (London 1883) xviii, 158-61; Barometric and thermometric measurements of heights, RGS Journals 16 (1846) 263-91; Preliminary report on the observations of the aurora borealis, Philosophical Magazine 36 (1850) 456-66; Second report ibid., 4th ser., 4 (1852) 59-68. University of Toronto, Robarts Library, James Hargrave Papers (mfm), George Barnston to Hargrave, 14 December 1852, 5239; Magnetism, terrestrial Chambers's Encyclopedia, new ed. 6 (1890) 801-4; Zeller, op. cit., 127-8.
52. Lefroy, Diary of a Magnetic Survey (London 1883) xviii, 158-61; Barometric and thermometric measurements of heights, RGS Journals 16 (1846) 263-91; Preliminary report on the observations of the aurora borealis, Philosophical Magazine 36 (1850) 456-66; Second report ibid., 4th ser., 4 (1852) 59-68. University of Toronto, Robarts Library, James Hargrave Papers (mfm), George Barnston to Hargrave, 14 December 1852, 5239; Magnetism, terrestrial Chambers's Encyclopedia, new ed. 6 (1890) 801-4; Zeller, op. cit., 127-8.
53. Lefroy, Diary of a Magnetic Survey (London 1883) xviii, 158-61; Barometric and thermometric measurements of heights, RGS Journals 16 (1846) 263-91; Preliminary report on the observations of the aurora borealis, Philosophical Magazine 36 (1850) 456-66; Second report ibid., 4th ser., 4 (1852) 59-68. University of Toronto, Robarts Library, James Hargrave Papers (mfm), George Barnston to Hargrave, 14 December 1852, 5239; Magnetism, terrestrial Chambers's Encyclopedia, new ed. 6 (1890) 801-4; Zeller, op. cit., 127-8.
54. Lefroy, Diary of a Magnetic Survey (London 1883) xviii, 158-61; Barometric and thermometric measurements of heights, RGS Journals 16 (1846) 263-91; Preliminary report on the observations of the aurora borealis, Philosophical Magazine 36 (1850) 456-66; Second report ibid., 4th ser., 4 (1852) 59-68. University of Toronto, Robarts Library, James Hargrave Papers (mfm), George Barnston to Hargrave, 14 December 1852, 5239; Magnetism, terrestrial Chambers's Encyclopedia, new ed. 6 (1890) 801-4; Zeller, op. cit., 127-8.
55. Lefroy, Diary of a Magnetic Survey (London 1883) xviii, 158-61; Barometric and thermometric measurements of heights, RGS Journals 16 (1846) 263-91; Preliminary report on the observations of the aurora borealis, Philosophical Magazine 36 (1850) 456-66; Second report ibid., 4th ser., 4 (1852) 59-68. University of Toronto, Robarts Library, James Hargrave Papers (mfm), George Barnston to Hargrave, 14 December 1852, 5239; Magnetism, terrestrial Chambers's Encyclopedia, new ed. 6 (1890) 801-4; Zeller, op. cit., 127-8.
56. Lefroy, Diary of a Magnetic Survey (London 1883) xviii, 158-61; Barometric and thermometric measurements of heights, RGS Journals 16 (1846) 263-91; Preliminary report on the observations of the aurora borealis, Philosophical Magazine 36 (1850) 456-66; Second report ibid., 4th ser., 4 (1852) 59-68. University of Toronto, Robarts Library, James Hargrave Papers (mfm), George Barnston to Hargrave, 14 December 1852, 5239; Magnetism, terrestrial Chambers's Encyclopedia, new ed. 6 (1890) 801-4; Zeller, op. cit., 127-8.
57. Richardson, On some points of the physical geography of North America, Geological Society of London Proceedings 7 (1851) 212-15;
58. On the geographical distribution of plants, in Richardson, Arctic Searching Expedition 2 (London 1851) App. 3;
59. Lefroy and Richardson, Magnetical and Meteorological Observations (London 1855).
60. Address of the president, RGS Journals 25 (1855) cxxv; Zeller, op. cit., chaps 8-9; idem, Land of Promise, Promised Land: The Culture of Science in Victorian Canada Canadian Historical Association Historical Booklet No. 56 (Ottawa 1996) 4-5; P. F. Rehbock, The Philosophical Naturalists (Madison 1983) 131-2.
61. Address of the president, RGS Journals 25 (1855) cxxv; Zeller, op. cit., chaps 8-9; idem, Land of Promise, Promised Land: The Culture of Science in Victorian Canada Canadian Historical Association Historical Booklet No. 56 (Ottawa 1996) 4-5; P. F. Rehbock, The Philosophical Naturalists (Madison 1983) 131-2.
62. Address of the president, RGS Journals 25 (1855) cxxv; Zeller, op. cit., chaps 8-9; idem, Land of Promise, Promised Land: The Culture of Science in Victorian Canada Canadian Historical Association Historical Booklet No. 56 (Ottawa 1996) 4-5; P. F. Rehbock, The Philosophical Naturalists (Madison 1983) 131-2.
63. Address of the president, RGS Journals 25 (1855) cxxv; Zeller, op. cit., chaps 8-9; idem, Land of Promise, Promised Land: The Culture of Science in Victorian Canada Canadian Historical Association Historical Booklet No. 56 (Ottawa 1996) 4-5; P. F. Rehbock, The Philosophical Naturalists (Madison 1983) 131-2.
64. D. Owram, Promise of Eden (Toronto 1980) chap. 3; G. S. Dunbar, Isotherms and politics, in A. W. Rasporich and H. C. Classen (Eds), Prairie Perspectives 2 (Toronto 1973) 80-101; J. Warkentin, Steppe, desert, empire, ibid., 102-36; Zeller, Inventing Canada 173-80. Public Archives of Ontario, Map B-24, Department of Crown Lands, The North-West Part of Canada, Indian Territories, and Hudson's Bay (1857); ibid., Map A-5, Presented to Subscribers of the Globe Toronto, March 1857; Barrie Northern Advance, 21 May 1857.
65. D. Owram, Promise of Eden (Toronto 1980) chap. 3; G. S. Dunbar, Isotherms and politics, in A. W. Rasporich and H. C. Classen (Eds), Prairie Perspectives 2 (Toronto 1973) 80-101; J. Warkentin, Steppe, desert, empire, ibid., 102-36; Zeller, Inventing Canada 173-80. Public Archives of Ontario, Map B-24, Department of Crown Lands, The North-West Part of Canada, Indian Territories, and Hudson's Bay (1857); ibid., Map A-5, Presented to Subscribers of the Globe Toronto, March 1857; Barrie Northern Advance, 21 May 1857.
66. D. Owram, Promise of Eden (Toronto 1980) chap. 3; G. S. Dunbar, Isotherms and politics, in A. W. Rasporich and H. C. Classen (Eds), Prairie Perspectives 2 (Toronto 1973) 80-101; J. Warkentin, Steppe, desert, empire, ibid., 102-36; Zeller, Inventing Canada 173-80. Public Archives of Ontario, Map B-24, Department of Crown Lands, The North-West Part of Canada, Indian Territories, and Hudson's Bay (1857); ibid., Map A-5, Presented to Subscribers of the Globe Toronto, March 1857; Barrie Northern Advance, 21 May 1857.
67. D. Owram, Promise of Eden (Toronto 1980) chap. 3; G. S. Dunbar, Isotherms and politics, in A. W. Rasporich and H. C. Classen (Eds), Prairie Perspectives 2 (Toronto 1973) 80-101; J. Warkentin, Steppe, desert, empire, ibid., 102-36; Zeller, Inventing Canada 173-80. Public Archives of Ontario, Map B-24, Department of Crown Lands, The North-West Part of Canada, Indian Territories, and Hudson's Bay (1857); ibid., Map A-5, Presented to Subscribers of the Globe Toronto, March 1857; Barrie Northern Advance, 21 May 1857.
68. D. Owram, Promise of Eden (Toronto 1980) chap. 3; G. S. Dunbar, Isotherms and politics, in A. W. Rasporich and H. C. Classen (Eds), Prairie Perspectives 2 (Toronto 1973) 80-101; J. Warkentin, Steppe, desert, empire, ibid., 102-36; Zeller, Inventing Canada 173-80. Public Archives of Ontario, Map B-24, Department of Crown Lands, The North-West Part of Canada, Indian Territories, and Hudson's Bay (1857); ibid., Map A-5, Presented to Subscribers of the Globe Toronto, March 1857; Barrie Northern Advance, 21 May 1857.
69. D. Owram, Promise of Eden (Toronto 1980) chap. 3; G. S. Dunbar, Isotherms and politics, in A. W. Rasporich and H. C. Classen (Eds), Prairie Perspectives 2 (Toronto 1973) 80-101; J. Warkentin, Steppe, desert, empire, ibid., 102-36; Zeller, Inventing Canada 173-80. Public Archives of Ontario, Map B-24, Department of Crown Lands, The North-West Part of Canada, Indian Territories, and Hudson's Bay (1857); ibid., Map A-5, Presented to Subscribers of the Globe Toronto, March 1857; Barrie Northern Advance, 21 May 1857.
70. W. Smith (Ed), A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography 2 (London 1873) 904, 1104, 1191; J. Moss, Enduring Dreams (Concord, Ont. 1994) 134-5.
71. W. Smith (Ed), A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography 2 (London 1873) 904, 1104, 1191; J. Moss, Enduring Dreams (Concord, Ont. 1994) 134-5.
72. M. H. Synge, Proposal for a rapid communication with the Pacific and the East, RGS Journals 22 (1852) 189; T. Hopkins, On a possible passage to the North Pole? RGS Proceedings 4 (1859-60) 235. J. Fleming, On the value of the evidence . . . that the arctic regions formerly enjoyed a milder climate than at present, ENPJ 6 (1828-29) 277-86; J. J. Bigsby, On the physical geography, geology, and commercial resources of Lake Superior, ibid. 53 (1852) 57; A. Williamson, Notes on Manchuria, ibid. 13-14 (1868-70) 31; J. D. Hooker, Presidential address, BAAS Geographical Section, in RGS Proceedings, n.s. 3 (1881) 602.
73. M. H. Synge, Proposal for a rapid communication with the Pacific and the East, RGS Journals 22 (1852) 189; T. Hopkins, On a possible passage to the North Pole? RGS Proceedings 4 (1859-60) 235. J. Fleming, On the value of the evidence . . . that the arctic regions formerly enjoyed a milder climate than at present, ENPJ 6 (1828-29) 277-86; J. J. Bigsby, On the physical geography, geology, and commercial resources of Lake Superior, ibid. 53 (1852) 57; A. Williamson, Notes on Manchuria, ibid. 13-14 (1868-70) 31; J. D. Hooker, Presidential address, BAAS Geographical Section, in RGS Proceedings, n.s. 3 (1881) 602.
74. M. H. Synge, Proposal for a rapid communication with the Pacific and the East, RGS Journals 22 (1852) 189; T. Hopkins, On a possible passage to the North Pole? RGS Proceedings 4 (1859-60) 235. J. Fleming, On the value of the evidence . . . that the arctic regions formerly enjoyed a milder climate than at present, ENPJ 6 (1828-29) 277-86; J. J. Bigsby, On the physical geography, geology, and commercial resources of Lake Superior, ibid. 53 (1852) 57; A. Williamson, Notes on Manchuria, ibid. 13-14 (1868-70) 31; J. D. Hooker, Presidential address, BAAS Geographical Section, in RGS Proceedings, n.s. 3 (1881) 602.
75. M. H. Synge, Proposal for a rapid communication with the Pacific and the East, RGS Journals 22 (1852) 189; T. Hopkins, On a possible passage to the North Pole? RGS Proceedings 4 (1859-60) 235. J. Fleming, On the value of the evidence . . . that the arctic regions formerly enjoyed a milder climate than at present, ENPJ 6 (1828-29) 277-86; J. J. Bigsby, On the physical geography, geology, and commercial resources of Lake Superior, ibid. 53 (1852) 57; A. Williamson, Notes on Manchuria, ibid. 13-14 (1868-70) 31; J. D. Hooker, Presidential address, BAAS Geographical Section, in RGS Proceedings, n.s. 3 (1881) 602.
76. M. H. Synge, Proposal for a rapid communication with the Pacific and the East, RGS Journals 22 (1852) 189; T. Hopkins, On a possible passage to the North Pole? RGS Proceedings 4 (1859-60) 235. J. Fleming, On the value of the evidence . . . that the arctic regions formerly enjoyed a milder climate than at present, ENPJ 6 (1828-29) 277-86; J. J. Bigsby, On the physical geography, geology, and commercial resources of Lake Superior, ibid. 53 (1852) 57; A. Williamson, Notes on Manchuria, ibid. 13-14 (1868-70) 31; J. D. Hooker, Presidential address, BAAS Geographical Section, in RGS Proceedings, n.s. 3 (1881) 602.
77. M. H. Synge, Proposal for a rapid communication with the Pacific and the East, RGS Journals 22 (1852) 189; T. Hopkins, On a possible passage to the North Pole? RGS Proceedings 4 (1859-60) 235. J. Fleming, On the value of the evidence . . . that the arctic regions formerly enjoyed a milder climate than at present, ENPJ 6 (1828-29) 277-86; J. J. Bigsby, On the physical geography, geology, and commercial resources of Lake Superior, ibid. 53 (1852) 57; A. Williamson, Notes on Manchuria, ibid. 13-14 (1868-70) 31; J. D. Hooker, Presidential address, BAAS Geographical Section, in RGS Proceedings, n.s. 3 (1881) 602.
78. A. W. Cochran, Prize essay, Literary and Historical Society of Quebec Transactions 3 (1837) 322, 331, 339. Man and climate: analytical and critical reviews, British and Foreign Medico- Chirurgical Review (1861) 2-4; W. E. Hickson, On the climate of the north pole, RGS Journals 35 (1865) 129-41; Sherard Osborn, On the probable existence of unknown lands within the Arctic Circle, RGS Proceedings 27 (1872-73) 172-83; C. C. Loomis, The arctic sublime, In U. C. Knoepflmacher and G. B. Tennyson (Eds), Nature and the Victorian Imagination (Berkeley 1977) 95-112.
79. A. W. Cochran, Prize essay, Literary and Historical Society of Quebec Transactions 3 (1837) 322, 331, 339. Man and climate: analytical and critical reviews, British and Foreign Medico-Chirurgical Review (1861) 2-4; W. E. Hickson, On the climate of the north pole, RGS Journals 35 (1865) 129-41; Sherard Osborn, On the probable existence of unknown lands within the Arctic Circle, RGS Proceedings 27 (1872-73) 172-83; C. C. Loomis, The arctic sublime, In U. C. Knoepflmacher and G. B. Tennyson (Eds), Nature and the Victorian Imagination (Berkeley 1977) 95-112.
80. A. W. Cochran, Prize essay, Literary and Historical Society of Quebec Transactions 3 (1837) 322, 331, 339. Man and climate: analytical and critical reviews, British and Foreign Medico- Chirurgical Review (1861) 2-4; W. E. Hickson, On the climate of the north pole, RGS Journals 35 (1865) 129-41; Sherard Osborn, On the probable existence of unknown lands within the Arctic Circle, RGS Proceedings 27 (1872-73) 172-83; C. C. Loomis, The arctic sublime, In U. C. Knoepflmacher and G. B. Tennyson (Eds), Nature and the Victorian Imagination (Berkeley 1977) 95-112.
81. A. W. Cochran, Prize essay, Literary and Historical Society of Quebec Transactions 3 (1837) 322, 331, 339. Man and climate: analytical and critical reviews, British and Foreign Medico- Chirurgical Review (1861) 2-4; W. E. Hickson, On the climate of the north pole, RGS Journals 35 (1865) 129-41; Sherard Osborn, On the probable existence of unknown lands within the Arctic Circle, RGS Proceedings 27 (1872-73) 172-83; C. C. Loomis, The arctic sublime, In U. C. Knoepflmacher and G. B. Tennyson (Eds), Nature and the Victorian Imagination (Berkeley 1977) 95-112.
82. A. W. Cochran, Prize essay, Literary and Historical Society of Quebec Transactions 3 (1837) 322, 331, 339. Man and climate: analytical and critical reviews, British and Foreign Medico- Chirurgical Review (1861) 2-4; W. E. Hickson, On the climate of the north pole, RGS Journals 35 (1865) 129-41; Sherard Osborn, On the probable existence of unknown lands within the Arctic Circle, RGS Proceedings 27 (1872-73) 172-83; C. C. Loomis, The arctic sublime, In U. C. Knoepflmacher and G. B. Tennyson (Eds), Nature and the Victorian Imagination (Berkeley 1977) 95-112.
83. Murchison, Address of the president, RGS Journals 22 (1852) lxxviii-lxxix; Sir Erasmus Ommanney, Address to the geographical section, BAAS Report 67 (1877) 131.
84. Murchison, Address of the president, RGS Journals 22 (1852) lxxviii-lxxix; Sir Erasmus Ommanney, Address to the geographical section, BAAS Report 67 (1877) 131.
85. Lorin Blodget, Climatology of the United States (Philadelphia 1857) 529-30; Distribution of heat in the North American climate ENPJ, n.s. 5 (1857) 205-19; Owram, op. cit.
86. Lorin Blodget, Climatology of the United States (Philadelphia 1857) 529-30; Distribution of heat in the North American climate ENPJ, n.s. 5 (1857) 205-19; Owram, op. cit.
87. Lorin Blodget, Climatology of the United States (Philadelphia 1857) 529-30; Distribution of heat in the North American climate ENPJ, n.s. 5 (1857) 205-19; Owram, op. cit.
88. Zeller, Inventing Canada, chap. 9.
89. Lyell's Principles of Geology (3 vols., 1830-33) synthesized Neptunist and Vulcanist theories in a "uniformitarian" approach, emphasizing the historical effects of elemental forces (wind, water, etc.) that continued to operate in his day.
90. E. Forbes, On the distribution of endemic plants, BAAS Report 14 (1845) 67-8; On the connexion between the distribution of the existing flora and fauna of the British Isles . . . , Geological Survey of Great Britain, Memoirs 1 (1846) 336-432. Murchison, Presidential address, RGS Journals 6 (1846) xxxiii-xxxiv; W. H. Smyth, Presidential address ibid. 20 (1851) lxvii; J. D. Hooker, Outlines of the distribution of arctic plants, Linnaean Society Transactions 23 (1862) 251-310; Strachey, op. cit., 451; W. T. Thistleton-Dyer, Lecture on plant distribution as a field for geographical research, RGS Proceedings 22 (1877-78) 441; Hooker, Presidential address, BAAS Geographical Section, ibid., n.s. 3 (1881) 598-602. M. Nicolson, Alexander von Humboldt, Humboldtian science and the origins of the study of vegetation, History of Science 25 (1987) 167-94; J. Browne, The Secular Ark (New Haven 1983) 131, chaps 6, 8: Rehbock, op. cit., 130-1, 184-91.
91. E. Forbes, On the distribution of endemic plants, BAAS Report 14 (1845) 67-8; On the connexion between the distribution of the existing flora and fauna of the British Isles . . . , Geological Survey of Great Britain, Memoirs 1 (1846) 336-432. Murchison, Presidential address, RGS Journals 6 (1846) xxxiii-xxxiv; W. H. Smyth, Presidential address ibid. 20 (1851) lxvii; J. D. Hooker, Outlines of the distribution of arctic plants, Linnaean Society Transactions 23 (1862) 251-310; Strachey, op. cit., 451; W. T. Thistleton-Dyer, Lecture on plant distribution as a field for geographical research, RGS Proceedings 22 (1877-78) 441; Hooker, Presidential address, BAAS Geographical Section, ibid., n.s. 3 (1881) 598-602. M. Nicolson, Alexander von Humboldt, Humboldtian science and the origins of the study of vegetation, History of Science 25 (1987) 167-94; J. Browne, The Secular Ark (New Haven 1983) 131, chaps 6, 8: Rehbock, op. cit., 130-1, 184-91.
92. E. Forbes, On the distribution of endemic plants, BAAS Report 14 (1845) 67-8; On the connexion between the distribution of the existing flora and fauna of the British Isles . . . , Geological Survey of Great Britain, Memoirs 1 (1846) 336-432. Murchison, Presidential address, RGS Journals 6 (1846) xxxiii-xxxiv; W. H. Smyth, Presidential address ibid. 20 (1851) lxvii; J. D. Hooker, Outlines of the distribution of arctic plants, Linnaean Society Transactions 23 (1862) 251-310; Strachey, op. cit., 451; W. T. Thistleton-Dyer, Lecture on plant distribution as a field for geographical research, RGS Proceedings 22 (1877-78) 441; Hooker, Presidential address, BAAS Geographical Section, ibid., n.s. 3 (1881) 598-602. M. Nicolson, Alexander von Humboldt, Humboldtian science and the origins of the study of vegetation, History of Science 25 (1987) 167-94; J. Browne, The Secular Ark (New Haven 1983) 131, chaps 6, 8: Rehbock, op. cit., 130-1, 184-91.
93. E. Forbes, On the distribution of endemic plants, BAAS Report 14 (1845) 67-8; On the connexion between the distribution of the existing flora and fauna of the British Isles . . . , Geological Survey of Great Britain, Memoirs 1 (1846) 336-432. Murchison, Presidential address, RGS Journals 6 (1846) xxxiii-xxxiv; W. H. Smyth, Presidential address ibid. 20 (1851) lxvii; J. D. Hooker, Outlines of the distribution of arctic plants, Linnaean Society Transactions 23 (1862) 251-310; Strachey, op. cit., 451; W. T. Thistleton-Dyer, Lecture on plant distribution as a field for geographical research, RGS Proceedings 22 (1877-78) 441; Hooker, Presidential address, BAAS Geographical Section, ibid., n.s. 3 (1881) 598-602. M. Nicolson, Alexander von Humboldt, Humboldtian science and the origins of the study of vegetation, History of Science 25 (1987) 167-94; J. Browne, The Secular Ark (New Haven 1983) 131, chaps 6, 8: Rehbock, op. cit., 130-1, 184-91.
94. E. Forbes, On the distribution of endemic plants, BAAS Report 14 (1845) 67-8; On the connexion between the distribution of the existing flora and fauna of the British Isles . . . , Geological Survey of Great Britain, Memoirs 1 (1846) 336-432. Murchison, Presidential address, RGS Journals 6 (1846) xxxiii-xxxiv; W. H. Smyth, Presidential address ibid. 20 (1851) lxvii; J. D. Hooker, Outlines of the distribution of arctic plants, Linnaean Society Transactions 23 (1862) 251-310; Strachey, op. cit., 451; W. T. Thistleton-Dyer, Lecture on plant distribution as a field for geographical research, RGS Proceedings 22 (1877-78) 441; Hooker, Presidential address, BAAS Geographical Section, ibid., n.s. 3 (1881) 598-602. M. Nicolson, Alexander von Humboldt, Humboldtian science and the origins of the study of vegetation, History of Science 25 (1987) 167-94; J. Browne, The Secular Ark (New Haven 1983) 131, chaps 6, 8: Rehbock, op. cit., 130-1, 184-91.
95. E. Forbes, On the distribution of endemic plants, BAAS Report 14 (1845) 67-8; On the connexion between the distribution of the existing flora and fauna of the British Isles . . . , Geological Survey of Great Britain, Memoirs 1 (1846) 336-432. Murchison, Presidential address, RGS Journals 6 (1846) xxxiii-xxxiv; W. H. Smyth, Presidential address ibid. 20 (1851) lxvii; J. D. Hooker, Outlines of the distribution of arctic plants, Linnaean Society Transactions 23 (1862) 251-310; Strachey, op. cit., 451; W. T. Thistleton-Dyer, Lecture on plant distribution as a field for geographical research, RGS Proceedings 22 (1877-78) 441; Hooker, Presidential address, BAAS Geographical Section, ibid., n.s. 3 (1881) 598-602. M. Nicolson, Alexander von Humboldt, Humboldtian science and the origins of the study of vegetation, History of Science 25 (1987) 167-94; J. Browne, The Secular Ark (New Haven 1983) 131, chaps 6, 8: Rehbock, op. cit., 130-1, 184-91.
96. E. Forbes, On the distribution of endemic plants, BAAS Report 14 (1845) 67-8; On the connexion between the distribution of the existing flora and fauna of the British Isles . . . , Geological Survey of Great Britain, Memoirs 1 (1846) 336-432. Murchison, Presidential address, RGS Journals 6 (1846) xxxiii-xxxiv; W. H. Smyth, Presidential address ibid. 20 (1851) lxvii; J. D. Hooker, Outlines of the distribution of arctic plants, Linnaean Society Transactions 23 (1862) 251-310; Strachey, op. cit., 451; W. T. Thistleton-Dyer, Lecture on plant distribution as a field for geographical research, RGS Proceedings 22 (1877-78) 441; Hooker, Presidential address, BAAS Geographical Section, ibid., n.s. 3 (1881) 598-602. M. Nicolson, Alexander von Humboldt, Humboldtian science and the origins of the study of vegetation, History of Science 25 (1987) 167-94; J. Browne, The Secular Ark (New Haven 1983) 131, chaps 6, 8: Rehbock, op. cit., 130-1, 184-91.
97. E. Forbes, On the distribution of endemic plants, BAAS Report 14 (1845) 67-8; On the connexion between the distribution of the existing flora and fauna of the British Isles . . . , Geological Survey of Great Britain, Memoirs 1 (1846) 336-432. Murchison, Presidential address, RGS Journals 6 (1846) xxxiii-xxxiv; W. H. Smyth, Presidential address ibid. 20 (1851) lxvii; J. D. Hooker, Outlines of the distribution of arctic plants, Linnaean Society Transactions 23 (1862) 251-310; Strachey, op. cit., 451; W. T. Thistleton-Dyer, Lecture on plant distribution as a field for geographical research, RGS Proceedings 22 (1877-78) 441; Hooker, Presidential address, BAAS Geographical Section, ibid., n.s. 3 (1881) 598-602. M. Nicolson, Alexander von Humboldt, Humboldtian science and the origins of the study of vegetation, History of Science 25 (1987) 167-94; J. Browne, The Secular Ark (New Haven 1983) 131, chaps 6, 8: Rehbock, op. cit., 130-1, 184-91.
98. E. Forbes, On the distribution of endemic plants, BAAS Report 14 (1845) 67-8; On the connexion between the distribution of the existing flora and fauna of the British Isles . . . , Geological Survey of Great Britain, Memoirs 1 (1846) 336-432. Murchison, Presidential address, RGS Journals 6 (1846) xxxiii-xxxiv; W. H. Smyth, Presidential address ibid. 20 (1851) lxvii; J. D. Hooker, Outlines of the distribution of arctic plants, Linnaean Society Transactions 23 (1862) 251-310; Strachey, op. cit., 451; W. T. Thistleton-Dyer, Lecture on plant distribution as a field for geographical research, RGS Proceedings 22 (1877-78) 441; Hooker, Presidential address, BAAS Geographical Section, ibid., n.s. 3 (1881) 598-602. M. Nicolson, Alexander von Humboldt, Humboldtian science and the origins of the study of vegetation, History of Science 25 (1987) 167-94; J. Browne, The Secular Ark (New Haven 1983) 131, chaps 6, 8: Rehbock, op. cit., 130-1, 184-91.
99. E. Forbes, On the distribution of endemic plants, BAAS Report 14 (1845) 67-8; On the connexion between the distribution of the existing flora and fauna of the British Isles . . . , Geological Survey of Great Britain, Memoirs 1 (1846) 336-432. Murchison, Presidential address, RGS Journals 6 (1846) xxxiii-xxxiv; W. H. Smyth, Presidential address ibid. 20 (1851) lxvii; J. D. Hooker, Outlines of the distribution of arctic plants, Linnaean Society Transactions 23 (1862) 251-310; Strachey, op. cit., 451; W. T. Thistleton-Dyer, Lecture on plant distribution as a field for geographical research, RGS Proceedings 22 (1877-78) 441; Hooker, Presidential address, BAAS Geographical Section, ibid., n.s. 3 (1881) 598-602. M. Nicolson, Alexander von Humboldt, Humboldtian science and the origins of the study of vegetation, History of Science 25 (1987) 167-94; J. Browne, The Secular Ark (New Haven 1983) 131, chaps 6, 8: Rehbock, op. cit., 130-1, 184-91.
100. E. Forbes, On the distribution of endemic plants, BAAS Report 14 (1845) 67-8; On the connexion between the distribution of the existing flora and fauna of the British Isles . . . , Geological Survey of Great Britain, Memoirs 1 (1846) 336-432. Murchison, Presidential address, RGS Journals 6 (1846) xxxiii-xxxiv; W. H. Smyth, Presidential address ibid. 20 (1851) lxvii; J. D. Hooker, Outlines of the distribution of arctic plants, Linnaean Society Transactions 23 (1862) 251-310; Strachey, op. cit., 451; W. T. Thistleton-Dyer, Lecture on plant distribution as a field for geographical research, RGS Proceedings 22 (1877-78) 441; Hooker, Presidential address, BAAS Geographical Section, ibid., n.s. 3 (1881) 598-602. M. Nicolson, Alexander von Humboldt, Humboldtian science and the origins of the study of vegetation, History of Science 25 (1987) 167-94; J. Browne, The Secular Ark (New Haven 1983) 131, chaps 6, 8: Rehbock, op. cit., 130-1, 184-91.
101. This ecological focus contrasted with the traditional localized perspective of Rev. William Hincks (1794-1871), who taught natural history within walking distance of the University of Toronto during these years.
102. A. T. Drummond, The distribution of plants in Canada, Canadian Naturalist and Geologist [CN&G] 3 (1867) 161-77; J. Sommers, A contribution towards the study of Nova Scotian mosses, Nova Scotia Institute of Natural Science Proceedings and Transactions 4 (1878) 362-9; Zeller, Inventing Canada, chap. 12; and Zeller, Environment, culture, and the reception of Darwin in Canada, in R. Numbers and J. Stenhouse (Eds) Responding to Darwin (Cambridge, forthcoming).
103. A. T. Drummond, The distribution of plants in Canada, Canadian Naturalist and Geologist [CN&G] 3 (1867) 161-77; J. Sommers, A contribution towards the study of Nova Scotian mosses, Nova Scotia Institute of Natural Science Proceedings and Transactions 4 (1878) 362-9; Zeller, Inventing Canada, chap. 12; and Zeller, Environment, culture, and the reception of Darwin in Canada, in R. Numbers and J. Stenhouse (Eds) Responding to Darwin (Cambridge, forthcoming).
104. A. T. Drummond, The distribution of plants in Canada, Canadian Naturalist and Geologist [CN&G] 3 (1867) 161-77; J. Sommers, A contribution towards the study of Nova Scotian mosses, Nova Scotia Institute of Natural Science Proceedings and Transactions 4 (1878) 362-9; Zeller, Inventing Canada, chap. 12; and Zeller, Environment, culture, and the reception of Darwin in Canada, in R. Numbers and J. Stenhouse (Eds) Responding to Darwin (Cambridge, forthcoming).
105. A. T. Drummond, The distribution of plants in Canada, Canadian Naturalist and Geologist [CN&G] 3 (1867) 161-77; J. Sommers, A contribution towards the study of Nova Scotian mosses, Nova Scotia Institute of Natural Science Proceedings and Transactions 4 (1878) 362-9; Zeller, Inventing Canada, chap. 12; and Zeller, Environment, culture, and the reception of Darwin in Canada, in R. Numbers and J. Stenhouse (Eds) Responding to Darwin (Cambridge, forthcoming).
106. Synge, op. cit., 174;
107. Murchison, Latest explorations in British North America, RGS Proceedings 4 (1859-60) 231-4;
108. I. M. Spry (Ed.), The Papers of the Palliser Expedition (Toronto 1968) 204;
109. H. Y. Hind, Narrative reprint ed (Edmonton 1971);
110. Zeller, Inventing Canada, 173-6;
111. R. I. Ruggles, 'Furious over the fall': map images of Rupert's Land and the northwest, in R. C. Davis (Ed.) Rupert's Land (Waterloo, 1988) 28.
112. John Bell, in RGS Journals 3 (1858-59) 126. Synge, op. cit., 176, 187; Rupert[sic] Land, the colony and its limits, RGS Proceedings 7 (1863) 75. G. Barnston, Remarks on the geographical distribution of the Cruciferae, CN&G 4 (1859) Art. 1; Geographical distribution of the genus Allium ibid., 116-21. A. Morris, The Hudson's Bay and Pacific Territories (Montreal 1858); J. B. Hurlburt, The great mixed forests of North America ENPJ, n.s. 18 (1863) 244-7; Murchison, Presidential address, RGS Journals 22 (1852) cvi and 31 (1861) clxix. Lefroy, in Select Committee op. cit., 163, 189-90, 378-84, 414-16, 2898ff.; and RGS Proceedings 1 (1856-57) 265.
113. John Bell, in RGS Journals 3 (1858-59) 126. Synge, op. cit., 176, 187; Rupert[sic] Land, the colony and its limits, RGS Proceedings 7 (1863) 75. G. Barnston, Remarks on the geographical distribution of the Cruciferae, CN&G 4 (1859) Art. 1; Geographical distribution of the genus Allium ibid., 116-21. A. Morris, The Hudson's Bay and Pacific Territories (Montreal 1858); J. B. Hurlburt, The great mixed forests of North America ENPJ, n.s. 18 (1863) 244-7; Murchison, Presidential address, RGS Journals 22 (1852) cvi and 31 (1861) clxix. Lefroy, in Select Committee op. cit., 163, 189-90, 378-84, 414-16, 2898ff.; and RGS Proceedings 1 (1856-57) 265.
114. John Bell, in RGS Journals 3 (1858-59) 126. Synge, op. cit., 176, 187; Rupert[sic] Land, the colony and its limits, RGS Proceedings 7 (1863) 75. G. Barnston, Remarks on the geographical distribution of the Cruciferae, CN&G 4 (1859) Art. 1; Geographical distribution of the genus Allium ibid., 116-21. A. Morris, The Hudson's Bay and Pacific Territories (Montreal 1858); J. B. Hurlburt, The great mixed forests of North America ENPJ, n.s. 18 (1863) 244-7; Murchison, Presidential address, RGS Journals 22 (1852) cvi and 31 (1861) clxix. Lefroy, in Select Committee op. cit., 163, 189-90, 378-84, 414-16, 2898ff.; and RGS Proceedings 1 (1856-57) 265.
115. John Bell, in RGS Journals 3 (1858-59) 126. Synge, op. cit., 176, 187; Rupert[sic] Land, the colony and its limits, RGS Proceedings 7 (1863) 75. G. Barnston, Remarks on the geographical distribution of the Cruciferae, CN&G 4 (1859) Art. 1; Geographical distribution of the genus Allium ibid., 116-21. A. Morris, The Hudson's Bay and Pacific Territories (Montreal 1858); J. B. Hurlburt, The great mixed forests of North America ENPJ, n.s. 18 (1863) 244-7; Murchison, Presidential address, RGS Journals 22 (1852) cvi and 31 (1861) clxix. Lefroy, in Select Committee op. cit., 163, 189-90, 378-84, 414-16, 2898ff.; and RGS Proceedings 1 (1856-57) 265.
116. John Bell, in RGS Journals 3 (1858-59) 126. Synge, op. cit., 176, 187; Rupert[sic] Land, the colony and its limits, RGS Proceedings 7 (1863) 75. G. Barnston, Remarks on the geographical distribution of the Cruciferae, CN&G 4 (1859) Art. 1; Geographical distribution of the genus Allium ibid., 116-21. A. Morris, The Hudson's Bay and Pacific Territories (Montreal 1858); J. B. Hurlburt, The great mixed forests of North America ENPJ, n.s. 18 (1863) 244-7; Murchison, Presidential address, RGS Journals 22 (1852) cvi and 31 (1861) clxix. Lefroy, in Select Committee op. cit., 163, 189-90, 378-84, 414-16, 2898ff.; and RGS Proceedings 1 (1856-57) 265.
117. John Bell, in RGS Journals 3 (1858-59) 126. Synge, op. cit., 176, 187; Rupert[sic] Land, the colony and its limits, RGS Proceedings 7 (1863) 75. G. Barnston, Remarks on the geographical distribution of the Cruciferae, CN&G 4 (1859) Art. 1; Geographical distribution of the genus Allium ibid., 116-21. A. Morris, The Hudson's Bay and Pacific Territories (Montreal 1858); J. B. Hurlburt, The great mixed forests of North America ENPJ, n.s. 18 (1863) 244-7; Murchison, Presidential address, RGS Journals 22 (1852) cvi and 31 (1861) clxix. Lefroy, in Select Committee op. cit., 163, 189-90, 378-84, 414-16, 2898ff.; and RGS Proceedings 1 (1856-57) 265.
118. John Bell, in RGS Journals 3 (1858-59) 126. Synge, op. cit., 176, 187; Rupert[sic] Land, the colony and its limits, RGS Proceedings 7 (1863) 75. G. Barnston, Remarks on the geographical distribution of the Cruciferae, CN&G 4 (1859) Art. 1; Geographical distribution of the genus Allium ibid., 116-21. A. Morris, The Hudson's Bay and Pacific Territories (Montreal 1858); J. B. Hurlburt, The great mixed forests of North America ENPJ, n.s. 18 (1863) 244-7; Murchison, Presidential address, RGS Journals 22 (1852) cvi and 31 (1861) clxix. Lefroy, in Select Committee op. cit., 163, 189-90, 378-84, 414-16, 2898ff.; and RGS Proceedings 1 (1856-57) 265.
119. John Bell, in RGS Journals 3 (1858-59) 126. Synge, op. cit., 176, 187; Rupert[sic] Land, the colony and its limits, RGS Proceedings 7 (1863) 75. G. Barnston, Remarks on the geographical distribution of the Cruciferae, CN&G 4 (1859) Art. 1; Geographical distribution of the genus Allium ibid., 116-21. A. Morris, The Hudson's Bay and Pacific Territories (Montreal 1858); J. B. Hurlburt, The great mixed forests of North America ENPJ, n.s. 18 (1863) 244-7; Murchison, Presidential address, RGS Journals 22 (1852) cvi and 31 (1861) clxix. Lefroy, in Select Committee op. cit., 163, 189-90, 378-84, 414-16, 2898ff.; and RGS Proceedings 1 (1856-57) 265.
120. John Bell, in RGS Journals 3 (1858-59) 126. Synge, op. cit., 176, 187; Rupert[sic] Land, the colony and its limits, RGS Proceedings 7 (1863) 75. G. Barnston, Remarks on the geographical distribution of the Cruciferae, CN&G 4 (1859) Art. 1; Geographical distribution of the genus Allium ibid., 116-21. A. Morris, The Hudson's Bay and Pacific Territories (Montreal 1858); J. B. Hurlburt, The great mixed forests of North America ENPJ, n.s. 18 (1863) 244-7; Murchison, Presidential address, RGS Journals 22 (1852) cvi and 31 (1861) clxix. Lefroy, in Select Committee op. cit., 163, 189-90, 378-84, 414-16, 2898ff.; and RGS Proceedings 1 (1856-57) 265.
121. John Bell, in RGS Journals 3 (1858-59) 126. Synge, op. cit., 176, 187; Rupert[sic] Land, the colony and its limits, RGS Proceedings 7 (1863) 75. G. Barnston, Remarks on the geographical distribution of the Cruciferae, CN&G 4 (1859) Art. 1; Geographical distribution of the genus Allium ibid., 116-21. A. Morris, The Hudson's Bay and Pacific Territories (Montreal 1858); J. B. Hurlburt, The great mixed forests of North America ENPJ, n.s. 18 (1863) 244-7; Murchison, Presidential address, RGS Journals 22 (1852) cvi and 31 (1861) clxix. Lefroy, in Select Committee op. cit., 163, 189-90, 378-84, 414-16, 2898ff.; and RGS Proceedings 1 (1856-57) 265.
122. Gibbon, op. cit., 348-9. Morris op. cit., 89; Canada and Her Resources (Montreal 1855) 137-37, 143; Nova Britannia (Montreal 1858) 58 , 67, 73, 79-80. J. W. Dawson, Geological survey of Canada, CN&G 3 (1858) 82; J. Moreton, Some account of the physical geography of Newfoundland, RGS Journals 34 (1864) 268-9.
123. Gibbon, op. cit., 348-9. Morris op. cit., 89; Canada and Her Resources (Montreal 1855) 137-37, 143; Nova Britannia (Montreal 1858) 58 , 67, 73, 79-80. J. W. Dawson, Geological survey of Canada, CN&G 3 (1858) 82; J. Moreton, Some account of the physical geography of Newfoundland, RGS Journals 34 (1864) 268-9.
124. Gibbon, op. cit., 348-9. Morris op. cit., 89; Canada and Her Resources (Montreal 1855) 137-37, 143; Nova Britannia (Montreal 1858) 58 , 67, 73, 79-80. J. W. Dawson, Geological survey of Canada, CN&G 3 (1858) 82; J. Moreton, Some account of the physical geography of Newfoundland, RGS Journals 34 (1864) 268-9.
125. Gibbon, op. cit., 348-9. Morris op. cit., 89; Canada and Her Resources (Montreal 1855) 137-37, 143; Nova Britannia (Montreal 1858) 58 , 67, 73, 79-80. J. W. Dawson, Geological survey of Canada, CN&G 3 (1858) 82; J. Moreton, Some account of the physical geography of Newfoundland, RGS Journals 34 (1864) 268-9.
126. Gibbon, op. cit., 348-9. Morris op. cit., 89; Canada and Her Resources (Montreal 1855) 137-37, 143; Nova Britannia (Montreal 1858) 58 , 67, 73, 79-80. J. W. Dawson, Geological survey of Canada, CN&G 3 (1858) 82; J. Moreton, Some account of the physical geography of Newfoundland, RGS Journals 34 (1864) 268-9.
127. Gibbon, op. cit., 348-9. Morris op. cit., 89; Canada and Her Resources (Montreal 1855) 137-37, 143; Nova Britannia (Montreal 1858) 58 , 67, 73, 79-80. J. W. Dawson, Geological survey of Canada, CN&G 3 (1858) 82; J. Moreton, Some account of the physical geography of Newfoundland, RGS Journals 34 (1864) 268-9.
128. J. C. Nott, Thoughts on acclimation[sic] American Journal of Medical Sciences, n.s. 32 (1856) 320-34; R. G. Haliburton, The Men of the North and Their Place in History (Montreal 1869). C. Berger, The true north strong and free, in P. Russell (Ed.), Canadian Nationalism (Toronto 1966) 3-26; Zeller, Inventing Canada, chaps 9 and 12.
129. J. C. Nott, Thoughts on acclimation[sic] American Journal of Medical Sciences, n.s. 32 (1856) 320-34; R. G. Haliburton, The Men of the North and Their Place in History (Montreal 1869). C. Berger, The true north strong and free, in P. Russell (Ed.), Canadian Nationalism (Toronto 1966) 3-26; Zeller, Inventing Canada, chaps 9 and 12.
130. J. C. Nott, Thoughts on acclimation[sic] American Journal of Medical Sciences, n.s. 32 (1856) 320-34; R. G. Haliburton, The Men of the North and Their Place in History (Montreal 1869). C. Berger, The true north strong and free, in P. Russell (Ed.), Canadian Nationalism (Toronto 1966) 3-26; Zeller, Inventing Canada, chaps 9 and 12.
131. J. C. Nott, Thoughts on acclimation[sic] American Journal of Medical Sciences, n.s. 32 (1856) 320-34; R. G. Haliburton, The Men of the North and Their Place in History (Montreal 1869). C. Berger, The true north strong and free, in P. Russell (Ed.), Canadian Nationalism (Toronto 1966) 3-26; Zeller, Inventing Canada, chaps 9 and 12.
132. Sylvester, BAAS Report 39 (1869) 3, 6; A plea for the mathematician, Nature 1 (1869) 237-9. H. von Helmholtz, The axions of geometry, The Academy 1 (1870) 128-31; L. Carroll, Euclid and His Modern Rivals (New York 1973 reprinted originally published 1885). Richards, op. cit., 9, 50-9 , 185-244; R. DiSalle, Helmholtz's empiricist philosophy of mathematics, in D. Cahan (Ed.), Hermann von Helmholtz and the Foundations of Nineteenth-Century Science (Berkeley 1993) 498-521; J. Smith, 'Euclid honourably shelved', in Smith, Fact and Feeling (Madison 1994) 180-210; H. M. Pycior, At the intersection of mathematics and humour: Lewis Carroll's Alices and symbolic algebra, in P. Brantlinger (Ed.), Energy and Entropy (Bloomington 1989) 134-6.
133. Sylvester, BAAS Report 39 (1869) 3, 6; A plea for the mathematician, Nature 1 (1869) 237-9. H. von Helmholtz, The axions of geometry, The Academy 1 (1870) 128-31; L. Carroll, Euclid and His Modern Rivals (New York 1973 reprinted originally published 1885). Richards, op. cit., 9, 50-9 , 185-244; R. DiSalle, Helmholtz's empiricist philosophy of mathematics, in D. Cahan (Ed.), Hermann von Helmholtz and the Foundations of Nineteenth-Century Science (Berkeley 1993) 498-521; J. Smith, 'Euclid honourably shelved', in Smith, Fact and Feeling (Madison 1994) 180-210; H. M. Pycior, At the intersection of mathematics and humour: Lewis Carroll's Alices and symbolic algebra, in P. Brantlinger (Ed.), Energy and Entropy (Bloomington 1989) 134-6.
134. Sylvester, BAAS Report 39 (1869) 3, 6; A plea for the mathematician, Nature 1 (1869) 237-9. H. von Helmholtz, The axions of geometry, The Academy 1 (1870) 128-31; L. Carroll, Euclid and His Modern Rivals (New York 1973 reprinted originally published 1885). Richards, op. cit., 9, 50-9 , 185-244; R. DiSalle, Helmholtz's empiricist philosophy of mathematics, in D. Cahan (Ed.), Hermann von Helmholtz and the Foundations of Nineteenth-Century Science (Berkeley 1993) 498-521; J. Smith, 'Euclid honourably shelved', in Smith, Fact and Feeling (Madison 1994) 180-210; H. M. Pycior, At the intersection of mathematics and humour: Lewis Carroll's Alices and symbolic algebra, in P. Brantlinger (Ed.), Energy and Entropy (Bloomington 1989) 134-6.
135. Sylvester, BAAS Report 39 (1869) 3, 6; A plea for the mathematician, Nature 1 (1869) 237-9. H. von Helmholtz, The axions of geometry, The Academy 1 (1870) 128-31; L. Carroll, Euclid and His Modern Rivals (New York 1973 reprinted originally published 1885). Richards, op. cit., 9, 50-9 , 185-244; R. DiSalle, Helmholtz's empiricist philosophy of mathematics, in D. Cahan (Ed.), Hermann von Helmholtz and the Foundations of Nineteenth-Century Science (Berkeley 1993) 498-521; J. Smith, 'Euclid honourably shelved', in Smith, Fact and Feeling (Madison 1994) 180-210; H. M. Pycior, At the intersection of mathematics and humour: Lewis Carroll's Alices and symbolic algebra, in P. Brantlinger (Ed.), Energy and Entropy (Bloomington 1989) 134-6.
136. Sylvester, BAAS Report 39 (1869) 3, 6; A plea for the mathematician, Nature 1 (1869) 237-9. H. von Helmholtz, The axions of geometry, The Academy 1 (1870) 128-31; L. Carroll, Euclid and His Modern Rivals (New York 1973 reprinted originally published 1885). Richards, op. cit., 9, 50-9 , 185-244; R. DiSalle, Helmholtz's empiricist philosophy of mathematics, in D. Cahan (Ed.), Hermann von Helmholtz and the Foundations of Nineteenth-Century Science (Berkeley 1993) 498-521; J. Smith, 'Euclid honourably shelved', in Smith, Fact and Feeling (Madison 1994) 180-210; H. M. Pycior, At the intersection of mathematics and humour: Lewis Carroll's Alices and symbolic algebra, in P. Brantlinger (Ed.), Energy and Entropy (Bloomington 1989) 134-6.
137. Sylvester, BAAS Report 39 (1869) 3, 6; A plea for the mathematician, Nature 1 (1869) 237-9. H. von Helmholtz, The axions of geometry, The Academy 1 (1870) 128-31; L. Carroll, Euclid and His Modern Rivals (New York 1973 reprinted originally published 1885). Richards, op. cit., 9, 50-9 , 185-244; R. DiSalle, Helmholtz's empiricist philosophy of mathematics, in D. Cahan (Ed.), Hermann von Helmholtz and the Foundations of Nineteenth-Century Science (Berkeley 1993) 498-521; J. Smith, 'Euclid honourably shelved', in Smith, Fact and Feeling (Madison 1994) 180-210; H. M. Pycior, At the intersection of mathematics and humour: Lewis Carroll's Alices and symbolic algebra, in P. Brantlinger (Ed.), Energy and Entropy (Bloomington 1989) 134-6.
138. Sylvester, BAAS Report 39 (1869) 3, 6; A plea for the mathematician, Nature 1 (1869) 237-9. H. von Helmholtz, The axions of geometry, The Academy 1 (1870) 128-31; L. Carroll, Euclid and His Modern Rivals (New York 1973 reprinted originally published 1885). Richards, op. cit., 9, 50-9 , 185-244; R. DiSalle, Helmholtz's empiricist philosophy of mathematics, in D. Cahan (Ed.), Hermann von Helmholtz and the Foundations of Nineteenth-Century Science (Berkeley 1993) 498-521; J. Smith, 'Euclid honourably shelved', in Smith, Fact and Feeling (Madison 1994) 180-210; H. M. Pycior, At the intersection of mathematics and humour: Lewis Carroll's Alices and symbolic algebra, in P. Brantlinger (Ed.), Energy and Entropy (Bloomington 1989) 134-6.
139. Sylvester, BAAS Report 39 (1869) 3, 6; A plea for the mathematician, Nature 1 (1869) 237-9. H. von Helmholtz, The axions of geometry, The Academy 1 (1870) 128-31; L. Carroll, Euclid and His Modern Rivals (New York 1973 reprinted originally published 1885). Richards, op. cit., 9, 50-9 , 185-244; R. DiSalle, Helmholtz's empiricist philosophy of mathematics, in D. Cahan (Ed.), Hermann von Helmholtz and the Foundations of Nineteenth-Century Science (Berkeley 1993) 498-521; J. Smith, 'Euclid honourably shelved', in Smith, Fact and Feeling (Madison 1994) 180-210; H. M. Pycior, At the intersection of mathematics and humour: Lewis Carroll's Alices and symbolic algebra, in P. Brantlinger (Ed.), Energy and Entropy (Bloomington 1989) 134-6.
140. Wallace, Address to biological section, BAAS Report 46 (1876) 101; J. D. Hooker, Address to geographical section ibid. 38 (1868) lviii; Thisleton-Dyer, op. cit., 444; Murchison, Presidential address, ibid. 41 (1871) ccvi; H. J. Mackinder, On the scope and methods of geography, RGS Proceedings, n.s. 9 (1887) 141; Sir F. de Winton, Address to BAAS geographical section, ibid., n.s. 11 (1889) 613; O. V. Derbishire, On the relation and importance of botany to geographical science, BAAS Report 84 (1904) 725.
141. Wallace, Address to biological section, BAAS Report 46 (1876) 101; J. D. Hooker, Address to geographical section ibid. 38 (1868) lviii; Thisleton-Dyer, op. cit., 444; Murchison, Presidential address, ibid. 41 (1871) ccvi; H. J. Mackinder, On the scope and methods of geography, RGS Proceedings, n.s. 9 (1887) 141; Sir F. de Winton, Address to BAAS geographical section, ibid., n.s. 11 (1889) 613; O. V. Derbishire, On the relation and importance of botany to geographical science, BAAS Report 84 (1904) 725.
142. Wallace, Address to biological section, BAAS Report 46 (1876) 101; J. D. Hooker, Address to geographical section ibid. 38 (1868) lviii; Thisleton-Dyer, op. cit., 444; Murchison, Presidential address, ibid. 41 (1871) ccvi; H. J. Mackinder, On the scope and methods of geography, RGS Proceedings, n.s. 9 (1887) 141; Sir F. de Winton, Address to BAAS geographical section, ibid., n.s. 11 (1889) 613; O. V. Derbishire, On the relation and importance of botany to geographical science, BAAS Report 84 (1904) 725.
143. Wallace, Address to biological section, BAAS Report 46 (1876) 101; J. D. Hooker, Address to geographical section ibid. 38 (1868) lviii; Thisleton-Dyer, op. cit., 444; Murchison, Presidential address, ibid. 41 (1871) ccvi; H. J. Mackinder, On the scope and methods of geography, RGS Proceedings, n.s. 9 (1887) 141; Sir F. de Winton, Address to BAAS geographical section, ibid., n.s. 11 (1889) 613; O. V. Derbishire, On the relation and importance of botany to geographical science, BAAS Report 84 (1904) 725.
144. Wallace, Address to biological section, BAAS Report 46 (1876) 101; J. D. Hooker, Address to geographical section ibid. 38 (1868) lviii; Thisleton-Dyer, op. cit., 444; Murchison, Presidential address, ibid. 41 (1871) ccvi; H. J. Mackinder, On the scope and methods of geography, RGS Proceedings, n.s. 9 (1887) 141; Sir F. de Winton, Address to BAAS geographical section, ibid., n.s. 11 (1889) 613; O. V. Derbishire, On the relation and importance of botany to geographical science, BAAS Report 84 (1904) 725.
145. Wallace, Address to biological section, BAAS Report 46 (1876) 101; J. D. Hooker, Address to geographical section ibid. 38 (1868) lviii; Thisleton-Dyer, op. cit., 444; Murchison, Presidential address, ibid. 41 (1871) ccvi; H. J. Mackinder, On the scope and methods of geography, RGS Proceedings, n.s. 9 (1887) 141; Sir F. de Winton, Address to BAAS geographical section, ibid., n.s. 11 (1889) 613; O. V. Derbishire, On the relation and importance of botany to geographical science, BAAS Report 84 (1904) 725.
146. Wallace, Address to biological section, BAAS Report 46 (1876) 101; J. D. Hooker, Address to geographical section ibid. 38 (1868) lviii; Thisleton-Dyer, op. cit., 444; Murchison, Presidential address, ibid. 41 (1871) ccvi; H. J. Mackinder, On the scope and methods of geography, RGS Proceedings, n.s. 9 (1887) 141; Sir F. de Winton, Address to BAAS geographical section, ibid., n.s. 11 (1889) 613; O. V. Derbishire, On the relation and importance of botany to geographical science, BAAS Report 84 (1904) 725.
147. W. Y. S[ellar], Lucretius Encyclopedia Britannica, 9th ed., 15 (Edinburgh 1883) 54; Lucretius, On the Nature of Things, trans. W. H. D. Rouse (Cambridge, Mass. 1992) Bk 2, lines 216-63; F. M. Turner, Lucretius among the Victorians, Victorian Studies 17 (1973) 329-48; Murchison, Presidential address ibid. 41 (1871) ccvi; C. Smith and M. Norton Wise, Energy and Empire (Cambridge 1989) 628.
148. W. Y. S[ellar], Lucretius Encyclopedia Britannica, 9th ed., 15 (Edinburgh 1883) 54; Lucretius, On the Nature of Things, trans. W. H. D. Rouse (Cambridge, Mass. 1992) Bk 2, lines 216-63; F. M. Turner, Lucretius among the Victorians, Victorian Studies 17 (1973) 329-48; Murchison, Presidential address ibid. 41 (1871) ccvi; C. Smith and M. Norton Wise, Energy and Empire (Cambridge 1989) 628.
149. W. Y. S[ellar], Lucretius Encyclopedia Britannica, 9th ed., 15 (Edinburgh 1883) 54; Lucretius, On the Nature of Things, trans. W. H. D. Rouse (Cambridge, Mass. 1992) Bk 2, lines 216-63; F. M. Turner, Lucretius among the Victorians, Victorian Studies 17 (1973) 329-48; Murchison, Presidential address ibid. 41 (1871) ccvi; C. Smith and M. Norton Wise, Energy and Empire (Cambridge 1989) 628.
150. W. Y. S[ellar], Lucretius Encyclopedia Britannica, 9th ed., 15 (Edinburgh 1883) 54; Lucretius, On the Nature of Things, trans. W. H. D. Rouse (Cambridge, Mass. 1992) Bk 2, lines 216-63; F. M. Turner, Lucretius among the Victorians, Victorian Studies 17 (1973) 329-48; Murchison, Presidential address ibid. 41 (1871) ccvi; C. Smith and M. Norton Wise, Energy and Empire (Cambridge 1989) 628.
151. W. Y. S[ellar], Lucretius Encyclopedia Britannica, 9th ed., 15 (Edinburgh 1883) 54; Lucretius, On the Nature of Things, trans. W. H. D. Rouse (Cambridge, Mass. 1992) Bk 2, lines 216-63; F. M. Turner, Lucretius among the Victorians, Victorian Studies 17 (1973) 329-48; Murchison, Presidential address ibid. 41 (1871) ccvi; C. Smith and M. Norton Wise, Energy and Empire (Cambridge 1989) 628.
152. Lefroy, Address to BAAS geographical section, RGS Proceedings, n.s. 2 (1880) 575-9; ibid., n.s. 6 (1884) 597.
153. ibid., n.s. 6 (1884) 597.
154. Lefroy, ibid., n.s. 7 (1885) 674; On the depth of the permanently frozen stratum of soil in British North America, BAAS Report 55 (1885) 1136; Report of the committee ibid. 56 (1886); Second report ibid. 57 (1887) 152-57; Autobiography, Lady Lefroy (Ed.), (London 1895) 78; Magnetism, terrestrial, op. cit., 803; Zeller, Inventing Canada, 177.
155. Lefroy, ibid., n.s. 7 (1885) 674; On the depth of the permanently frozen stratum of soil in British North America, BAAS Report 55 (1885) 1136; Report of the committee ibid. 56 (1886); Second report ibid. 57 (1887) 152-57; Autobiography, Lady Lefroy (Ed.), (London 1895) 78; Magnetism, terrestrial, op. cit., 803; Zeller, Inventing Canada, 177.
156. Lefroy, ibid., n.s. 7 (1885) 674; On the depth of the permanently frozen stratum of soil in British North America, BAAS Report 55 (1885) 1136; Report of the committee ibid. 56 (1886); Second report ibid. 57 (1887) 152-57; Autobiography, Lady Lefroy (Ed.), (London 1895) 78; Magnetism, terrestrial, op. cit., 803; Zeller, Inventing Canada, 177.
157. Lefroy, ibid., n.s. 7 (1885) 674; On the depth of the permanently frozen stratum of soil in British North America, BAAS Report 55 (1885) 1136; Report of the committee ibid. 56 (1886); Second report ibid. 57 (1887) 152-57; Autobiography, Lady Lefroy (Ed.), (London 1895) 78; Magnetism, terrestrial, op. cit., 803; Zeller, Inventing Canada, 177.
158. Lefroy, ibid., n.s. 7 (1885) 674; On the depth of the permanently frozen stratum of soil in British North America, BAAS Report 55 (1885) 1136; Report of the committee ibid. 56 (1886); Second report ibid. 57 (1887) 152-57; Autobiography, Lady Lefroy (Ed.), (London 1895) 78; Magnetism, terrestrial, op. cit., 803; Zeller, Inventing Canada, 177.
159. Lefroy, ibid., n.s. 7 (1885) 674; On the depth of the permanently frozen stratum of soil in British North America, BAAS Report 55 (1885) 1136; Report of the committee ibid. 56 (1886); Second report ibid. 57 (1887) 152-57; Autobiography, Lady Lefroy (Ed.), (London 1895) 78; Magnetism, terrestrial, op. cit., 803; Zeller, Inventing Canada, 177.
160. Lefroy, ibid., n.s. 7 (1885) 674; On the depth of the permanently frozen stratum of soil in British North America, BAAS Report 55 (1885) 1136; Report of the committee ibid. 56 (1886); Second report ibid. 57 (1887) 152-57; Autobiography, Lady Lefroy (Ed.), (London 1895) 78; Magnetism, terrestrial, op. cit., 803; Zeller, Inventing Canada, 177.
161. J. Macoun, Manitoba and the Great North-West (Guelph 1882) 145, 167, 171, 200-1; Notes on the extent, topography, . . . of the Canadian North-West, BAAS Report 56 (1886) 726; W. Waiser, The Field Naturalist (Toronto 1989); Zeller, Inventing Canada, chap. 13.
162. J. Macoun, Manitoba and the Great North-West (Guelph 1882) 145, 167, 171, 200-1; Notes on the extent, topography, . . . of the Canadian North-West, BAAS Report 56 (1886) 726; W. Waiser, The Field Naturalist (Toronto 1989); Zeller, Inventing Canada, chap. 13.
163. J. Macoun, Manitoba and the Great North-West (Guelph 1882) 145, 167, 171, 200-1; Notes on the extent, topography, . . . of the Canadian North-West, BAAS Report 56 (1886) 726; W. Waiser, The Field Naturalist (Toronto 1989); Zeller, Inventing Canada, chap. 13.
164. J. Macoun, Manitoba and the Great North-West (Guelph 1882) 145, 167, 171, 200-1; Notes on the extent, topography, . . . of the Canadian North-West, BAAS Report 56 (1886) 726; W. Waiser, The Field Naturalist (Toronto 1989); Zeller, Inventing Canada, chap. 13.
165. R. Bell, On the commercial importance of Hudson's Bay, BAAS Report 51 (1881) 745; RGS Proceedings, n.s. 3 (1881) 577-85; H. Sutherland, A new trade route between America and Europe, BAAS Report 56 (1886) 727; J. Rae, Proposed new route to the great prairie lands of north-west Canada, ibid., 728-9; A. H. Markham, Hudson's Bay and Hudson's Strait as a navigable channel, ibid., n.s. 10 (1888) 550-65.
166. R. Bell, On the commercial importance of Hudson's Bay, BAAS Report 51 (1881) 745; RGS Proceedings, n.s. 3 (1881) 577-85; H. Sutherland, A new trade route between America and Europe, BAAS Report 56 (1886) 727; J. Rae, Proposed new route to the great prairie lands of north-west Canada, ibid., 728-9; A. H. Markham, Hudson's Bay and Hudson's Strait as a navigable channel, ibid., n.s. 10 (1888) 550-65.
167. R. Bell, On the commercial importance of Hudson's Bay, BAAS Report 51 (1881) 745; RGS Proceedings, n.s. 3 (1881) 577-85; H. Sutherland, A new trade route between America and Europe, BAAS Report 56 (1886) 727; J. Rae, Proposed new route to the great prairie lands of north-west Canada, ibid., 728-9; A. H. Markham, Hudson's Bay and Hudson's Strait as a navigable channel, ibid., n.s. 10 (1888) 550-65.
168. R. Bell, On the commercial importance of Hudson's Bay, BAAS Report 51 (1881) 745; RGS Proceedings, n.s. 3 (1881) 577-85; H. Sutherland, A new trade route between America and Europe, BAAS Report 56 (1886) 727; J. Rae, Proposed new route to the great prairie lands of north-west Canada, ibid., 728-9; A. H. Markham, Hudson's Bay and Hudson's Strait as a navigable channel, ibid., n.s. 10 (1888) 550-65.
169. R. Bell, On the commercial importance of Hudson's Bay, BAAS Report 51 (1881) 745; RGS Proceedings, n.s. 3 (1881) 577-85; H. Sutherland, A new trade route between America and Europe, BAAS Report 56 (1886) 727; J. Rae, Proposed new route to the great prairie lands of north-west Canada, ibid., 728-9; A. H. Markham, Hudson's Bay and Hudson's Strait as a navigable channel, ibid., n.s. 10 (1888) 550-65.
170. Dawson, Modern Ideas of Evolution (New York 1890) reprint ed (New York 1977) 220.
171. W. Lauder Lindsay, The place and power of natural history in colonisation, ENPJ, n.s. 17-18 (1863) 140;
172. Sir R. Alcock, Address to the geographical section, BAAS Report 53 (1873) 10;
173. R. Felkin, Can Europeans become acclimatized in tropical Africa? ibid. 66 (1886) 729;
174. On acclimatization, ibid. 71 (1891) 715-16;
175. Berger, op. cit.;
176. D. N. Livingstone, Human acclimatization: perspectives on a contested field of inquiry, History of Science 25 (1987) 359-94.
177. Cf. M. E. Bourgeau in J. Hector, Physical features of the central part of British North America ENPJ, n.s. 14 (1861) 239; D. J. Hall, Clifford Sifton 1 (Vancouver 1981) 11, chap. 11; idem., Clifford Sifton: immigration and settlement policy 1896-1905, in H. Palmer (Ed) The Settlement of the West (Calgary 1977) 60-85.
178. Cf. M. E. Bourgeau in J. Hector, Physical features of the central part of British North America ENPJ, n.s. 14 (1861) 239; D. J. Hall, Clifford Sifton 1 (Vancouver 1981) 11, chap. 11; idem., Clifford Sifton: immigration and settlement policy 1896-1905, in H. Palmer (Ed) The Settlement of the West (Calgary 1977) 60-85.
179. Cf. M. E. Bourgeau in J. Hector, Physical features of the central part of British North America ENPJ, n.s. 14 (1861) 239; D. J. Hall, Clifford Sifton 1 (Vancouver 1981) 11, chap. 11; idem., Clifford Sifton: immigration and settlement policy 1896-1905, in H. Palmer (Ed) The Settlement of the West (Calgary 1977) 60-85.
180. D. N. Livingstone, The spaces of knowledge: contributions towards a historical geography of science, Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 13 (1995) 29.