Exposure to carbon monoxide, methyl-tertiary butyl ether (MTBE), and benzene levels inside vehicles traveling on an urban area in Korea

Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology

Volumn 8, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 159-171

  Jo, Wan Kuen ^a   Park, Kun Ho ^a  

^a Kyungpook National University   (South Korea)

Author keywords

Benzene; CO; Commutes; Exposure; In auto; In bus; MTBE

Indexed keywords

BENZENE; CARBON MONOXIDE; TERT BUTYL METHYL ETHER;

AIR MONITORING; AIR POLLUTION; ARTICLE; CAR; SOUTH KOREA; TRAFFIC; TRAVEL; UNITED STATES;

AIR POLLUTANTS; BENZENE; CARBON MONOXIDE; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; HUMANS; KOREA; METHYL ETHERS; MOTOR VEHICLES; TRANSPORTATION; URBAN HEALTH;

EID: 0031807229     PISSN: 10534245     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (27)

1. AKLAND, G., HARTWELL, T.D., JOHNSON, T.R., and WHITMORE, R.W. (1985). "Measuring human exposure to carbon monoxide in Washington, DC and Denver, Colorado, during the winter of 1981-1983." Environ. Sci. Technol. 19:911.
2. ANDERSON, E.V. (1993). News Focus. Chemical Engineering News, September 20.
3. CHAN C.C., LIN, S.H., and HER, G.R. (1993). "Student's exposure to volatile organic compounds while commuting by motorcycle and bus in Taipei city." J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 43:1231-1238.
4. 2 under different driving conditions." Environ. Sci. Tech. 25: 964-972.
5. CLEAN AIR ACT. (1990). Public Law 101-549. November 15. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.
6. DOR, F., MOULLEC, Y. L., and FESTY, B. (1995). "Exposure of city residents to carbon monoxide and monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons during commuting trips in the Paris metropolitan area." J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 45:103-110.
7. FERNANDEZ-BREMAUNTZ, A.A. and ASHMORE, M.R. (1995). "Exposure of commuters to carbon monoxide in Mexico City. I. Measurement of in-vehicle concentrations." Atmos. Environ. 29:525-532.
8. FLACHSBART, P.G. (1995). "Long-term trends in United States highway emissions, ambient concentrations, and in-vehicle exposure to carbon monoxide in traffic." J. Expos. Anal. Environ. Epidem. 5:413-495.
9. FLACHSBART, P.G., MACK, G.A., HOWES, J.E., and RODES, C.E. (1987). "Carbon monoxide exposures of Washington commuters." J. Air Pollut. Contr. Assoc. 37:135-142.
10. JO, W.K. and CHOI, S.J. (1996). "Vehicle occupants' exposure to aromatic volatile organic compounds while commuting on an urban-suburban route in Korea." J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 46:749-754.
11. JOHNSON, T. (1984). "A study of personal exposure to carbon monoxide in Denver, Colorado." Paper 121.3 presented at the 77th Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution Control Association. San Francisco, CA.
12. KIRCHSTETTER, T.W., SINGER, B.C., and HARLEY, R.A. (1996). "Impact of oxygenated gasoline use on California light-duty vehicle emissions." Environ. Sci. Technol. 30:661.
13. KOREAN ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (1994). Yearbook for Korean environmental statistics.
14. LAWRYK, N.J. (1994). Automobile Commuter Exposures to Volatile Organic Compounds: Emissions, Malfunctions, and Policy. Doctoral dissertation, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey and Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ.
15. LAWRYK, N.J., LIOY, P.J., and WEISEL, C.P. (1995). "Exposure to volatile organic compounds in the passenger compartment of automobiles during periods of normal and malfunctioning operation." J. Expos. Anal. Environ. Epidem. 5:511-531.
16. LIOY, P.J. (1990). "Assessing total human exposures to contaminants." Environ. Sci. Technol. 24:938-945.
17. LIOY, P.J., WEISEL, C.P., JO, W.K., PELLIZZARI, E., and RAYMER, J.H. (1994). "Microenvironmental and personal measurements of methyl-tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) associated with automobile use activities." J. Expos. Anal. Environ. Epidem. 4:427-441.
18. MANNINO, D.M. and ETZEL, R.A. (1996). "Are oxygenated fuels effective? An evaluation of ambient carbon monoxide concentrations in 11 western states, 1986 to 1992." J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 46:20.
19. OTT, W.R. (1984). "Exposure estimates based on computer generated activity patterns," J. Toxicol. Clin. Toxicol. 21:97.
20. OTT, W.R. (1985). "Total human exposure." Environ. Sci. Technol. 19:880-886.
21. OTT, W., THOMAS, J., MAGE, D., and WALLACE, L. (1988). "Validation of the simulation of human activity and pollutant exposure (SHAPE) model using paired days from the Denver, Colorado, carbon monoxide field study." Atmos. Environ. 22:2101.
22. OTT, W., SWITZER, P., and WILLITIS, N. (1993). "Trends of in-vehicle CO exposures on a California arterial highway over one decade." Paper No. 93-RP-116B.04 presented at the 86th Annual Meeting of the Air and Waste Management Association. Denver, CO.
23. RUDOLF, W. (1990). "Concentrations of air pollutants inside and outside cars driving on highways." Sci. Total Environ. 93:263-276.
24. STATE OF ALASKA (1992). Epidemiological Bulletin, Department of Health and Human Services. December 22.
25. STUMP, F.D., KNAPP, K.T., and RAY, W.D. (1990). "Seasonal impact of blending oxygenated organics with gasoline on motor vehicle tailpipe and evaporative emissions." J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 40:872.
26. THE OXYGENATED FUELS ASSOCIATION (1993). Benefits of a National Oxygenated Fuel Prog. Washington, DC.
27. ZISKIND, R., FITE, K., and MAGE, D. (1982). "Pilot field study: Carbon monoxide exposure in the general population." Environ. Intl. 8:283.