Palaeolithic society and the release from proximity: A network approach to intimate relations

World Archaeology

Volumn 29, Issue 3, 1998, Pages 426-449

  Gamble, Clive ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Agency; Cha ne op ratoire; Palaeolithic; Primates; Social networks; Society

Indexed keywords

HISTORICAL THEORY; PALAEOLITHIC; SOCIAL NETWORK;

EID: 0031803751     PISSN: 00438243     EISSN: 14701375     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00438243.1998.9980389     Document Type: Article

References (126)

1. Aiello, L. and Dunbar, R. 1993. Neocortex size, group size and the evolution of language. Current Anthropology, 34:184-93.
2. Asquith, P. J. 1996. Japanese science and western hegemonies: primatology and the limits set to questions. In Naked Science: Anthropological Enquiry into Boundaries, Power, and Knowledge (ed. L. Nader). New York: Routledge, pp. 239-56.
3. Bahn, P. 1990. Motes and beams: a further response to White on the Upper Palaeolithic. Current Anthropology, 31:71-6.
4. Bahuchet, S. 1992. Spatial mobility and access to resources among the African Pygmies. In Mobility and Territoriality: Social and Spatial Boundaries Among Foragers, Fishers, Pastoralists and Peripatetics (ed. M. J.Casimir and A. Rao). Oxford: Berg, pp. 205-57.
5. Barth, F. 1978. Scale and network in urban western society. In Scale and Social Organization (ed. F. Barth). Oslo: Universitets forlagert, pp. 163-83.
6. Bernard, H. R. and Killworth, P. D. 1973. On the social structure of an ocean-going research vessel and other important things. Social Science Research, 2:145-84.
7. Berndt, C. H. and Bemdt, R. M. 1983. The Aboriginal Australians: The First Pioneers, 2nd edn. Carlton: Pitman.
8. Binford, L. R. 1983. In Pursuit of the Past. London: Thames & Hudson.
9. Birdsell, J. 1958. On population structure in generalized hunting and collecting populations. Evolution, 12:189-205.
10. Birdsell, J. B. 1968. Some predictions for the Pleistocene based on equilibrium systems among recent hunter-gatherers. In Man the Hunter (eds R. Lee and I. DeVore). Chicago: Aldine, pp. 229-10.
11. Birdsell, J. B. 1976. ‘Realities and transformations: the tribes of the Western Desert of Australia.’ In Tribes and Boundaries in Australia (ed. N. Peterson). Canberra: AIAS, pp. 95-120.
12. Boeda, E., Geneste, J.-M. and Meignen, L. 1990. Identification de chaînes opératoires lithiques du Paléolithique ancien et moyen. Paléo, 2: 43-80.
13. Boissevain, J. 1968. The place of non-groups in the social sciences. Man, 3: 542-56.
14. Boissevain, J. 1974. Friends of Friends: Networks, Manipulators and Coalitions. Oxford: Blackwell.
15. Brody, H. 1981. Maps and Dreams. Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre.
16. Burch, E. S. 1975. Eskimo Kinsmen: Changing Family Relationships in Northwest Alaska. American Ethnological Society Monograph 59. New York: West Publishing.
17. Byrne, R. W. and Whiten, A. (eds) 1988. Machiavellian Intelligence: Social Expertise and the Evolution of Intellect in Monkeys, Apes and Humans. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
18. Cheney, D. and Seyfarth, R. 1990. How Monkeys See The World: Indise the Mind of Another Species. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
19. Cheney, D., Seyfarth, R. and Smuts, B. 1986. Social relationships and social cognition in nonhuman primates. Science, 234:1361-6.
20. Childe, V. G. 1951. Social Evolution. London: Watts.
21. Clark, G. A. 1992. A comment on Mithen’s ecological interpretation of palaeolithic art. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society, 58:107-9.
22. Colson, E. 1978. A redundancy of actors. In Scale and Social Organization (ed. F. Barth). Oslo: Universitets forlaget, pp. 150-62.
23. Conkey, M. W. 1978. ‘Style and information in cultural evolution: toward a predictive model for the palaeolithic.’ In Social Archaeology (eds C. L. Redman, M. J. Berman, E. V. Curtin, W. T. Langhorne, N. M. Versaggi and J. C. Wanser). New York: Academic Press, pp. 61-85.
24. Connerton, P. 1989. How Societies Remember. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
25. Constandse-Westermann, T. S. and Newell, R. R. 1991. ‘Social and biological aspects of the western European mesolithic population structure: a comparison with the demography of North American Indians.’ In The Mesolithic in Europe (ed. C. Bonsall). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, pp. 106-15.
26. Cubitt, T. 1973, Network density among urban families. In Network Analysis: Studies in Human Interaction (ed. J. Boissevain and J. C. Mitchell). The Hague: Mouton, pp. 67-82.
27. Dixon, R. M. W. 1976. Tribes, languages and other boundaries in northeast Queensland. In Tribes and Boundaries in Australia (ed. N. Peterson). Canberra: Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies, pp. 207-38.
28. Douglas, M. 1973. Natural Symbols. Harmondsworth: Pelican Books.
29. Dunbar, R. I. M. 1992. Time: a hidden constraint on the behavioural ecology of-baboons. Behavioural Ecology and Sociobiology, 31: 35-49.
30. Dunbar, R. I. M. 1993. Coevolution of neocortical size, group size and language in humans. Behavioural and Brain Sciences, 16: 681-735.
31. Dunbar, R. I. M. 1996. Grooming, Gossip and the Evolution of Language. London: Faber & Faber.
32. Foley, R. A. 1989. The evolution of hominid social behaviour. In Comparative Socioecology (ed. V. Standen and R. A. Foley). Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications, pp. 473-94.
33. Gamble, C. S. 1986. Hunter-gatherers and the origin of states. In States in History (ed. J. A. Hall). Oxford: Basil Blackwell, pp. 22-47.
34. Gamble, C. S. 1991. Raising the curtain on human origins. Antiquity, 65:412-17
35. Gamble, C. S. 1993a. Exchange, foraging and local hominid networks. In Trade and Exchange in Prehistoric Europe, vol. 33 (eds C. Scarre and F. Healy). Oxford: Oxbow Monograph, pp. 35-44.
36. Gamble, C. S. 1993b. Timewalkers: The Prehistory of Global Colonization. Stroud: Alan Sutton.
37. Gamble, C. S. 1995. Lithics and social evolution. In Lithics in Context: Suggestions for the Future Direction of Lithic Studies. Lithic Studies Society Occasional Paper 5 (ed. J. Schofield). Oxford: Oxbow Books, pp. 19-26.
38. Gamble, C. 1996a. Hominid behaviour in the Middle Pleistocene; an English perspective. In The English Palaeolithic Reviewed (eds C. S. Gamble and A. J. Lawson). Salisbury: Trust for Wessex Archaeology, pp. 63-71.
39. Gamble, C. S. 1996b. Making tracks: hominid networks and the evolution of the social landscape. In The Archaeology of Human Ancestry: Power, Sex and Tradition (eds J. Steele and S. J. Shennan). London: Routledge, pp. 253-77.
40. Gamble, C. S. in prep. The Palaeolithic Societies of Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
41. Geneste, J. 1988. Systèmes d’approvisionnement en matières premières au paléolithique moyen et au paléolithique supérieur en Aquitaine. L’Homme de Néandertal, 8: 61-70.
42. Geneste, J. 1991. Systèmes techniques de production lithique: variations techno-economiques dans les processus de realisation des outillages paléolithiques. Techniques et Culture, 17:1-35.
43. Gibson, J. J. 1979. The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception. Hillsdale: Erlbaum Associates.
44. Giddens, A. 1984. The Constitution of Society. Berkeley: University of California Press.
45. Gilman, A. 1984. Explaining the upper palaeolithic revolution. In Marxist Perspectives in Archaeology (ed. M. Spriggs). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 115-26.
46. Goffman, E. 1963. Behaviour in Public Places: Notes on the Social Organisation of Gatherings. New York: Free Press.
47. Gosden, C. 1994. Social Being and Time. Oxford: Blackwell.
48. Gowlett, J. A. J. 1996. The frameworks of early hominid social systems: how many useful parameters of archaeological evidence can we isolate? In The Archaeology of Human Ancestry; Power, Sex and Tradition (eds J. Steele and S. Shennan). London: Routledge, pp. 135-83.
49. Graves, P. 1994. Flakes and ladders: what the archaeological record does not tell us about the origins of language. World Archaeology, 26:158-71.
50. Gregory, C. A. 1982. Gifts and Commodities. London: Academic Press.
51. Gregory, K. M. 1995. The ‘grid and group’ of Neolithic Orkney. BA dissertation, University of Southampton.
52. Grönhaug, R. 1978. ‘Scale as a variable in analysis: fields in social organisation in Herat, northwest Afghanistan.’ In Scale and Social Organisation (ed. F. Barth). Oslo: Universitets forlaget, pp. 78-121.
53. Guemple, L. 1971. Kinship and alliance in Belcher Island Eskimo society. In Alliance in Eskimo Society, vol. supplement (ed. L. Guemple). American Ethnological Society, pp. 56-78.
54. Hare, A. P. 1976. Handbook of Small Group Research. New York: The Free Press.
55. Hill, J. H. 1978. Language contact systems and human adaptations. Journal of Anthropological Research, 34:1-26.
56. Hinde, R. A. 1976. Interactions, relationships and social structure. Man, 11:1-17.
57. Hinde, R. A. 1987. Individuals, Relationships and Culture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
58. Howell, N. 1988. Understanding simple social structure: kinship units and ties. In Social Structures: A Network Approach (eds B. Wellman and S. D. Berkowitz). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 62-82.
59. Howell, N. and Lehotay, V. A. 1978. Ambush: a compter program for stochastic microsimulation of small human populations. American Anthropologist, 80: 905-22.
60. Ingold, T. 1993. The temporality of the landscape. World Archaeology, 25:152-73.
61. Ingold, T. 1994. Introduction to culture. In Companion Encyclopedia of Anthropology (ed. T. Ingold). London: Routledge, pp. 329-49.
62. Isaac, G. 1989. The Archaeology of Human Origins; Papers by Glynn Isaac edited by Barbara Isaac. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
63. Jacobson, D. 1978. Scale and social control. In Scale and Social Organization (ed. F. Barth). Oslo: Universitets forlagert, pp. 184-93.
64. Johnson, A. W. and Earle, T. 1987. The Evolution of Human Societies. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
65. Keeley, L. H. 1988. Hunter-gatherer economic complexity and ‘population pressure’: a cross-cultural analysis. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 7: 373-411.
66. Killworth, P. D., Bernard, H. R. and McCarty, C. 1984. Measuring patterns of acquaintanceship. Current Anthropology, 25: 381-96.
67. Killworth, P. D., Johnson, E. C., Bernard, H. R., Shelley, G. A. and McCarty, C. 1990. Estimating the size of personal networks. Social Networks, 12: 289-312.
68. Knight, C. 1991. The Origins of Human Society, 4th edn. London: Radical Anthropology Group.
69. Kosse, K. 1990. Group size and societal complexity: thresholds in the long-term memory. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 9: 275-303.
70. Lemmonier, P. 1993. Introduction. In Technological Choices: Transformations in Material Cultures since the Neolithic (ed. P. Lemmonier). London: Routledge, pp. 1-35.
71. Leroi-Gourhan, A. 1993. Gesture and Speech. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
72. Lovejoy, C. O.1981. The origin of man. Science, 211: 341-50.
73. Mandryk, C. A. S. 1993. Hunter gatherer social costs and the nonviability of submarginal environments. Journal of Anthropological Research, 49: 39-71.
74. Mania, D. 1990. Auf den Spuren des Urmenschen: Die Funde von Bilzingsleben. Berlin: Theiss.
75. Maryanski, A. R. 1996. African ape social networks: a blueprint for reconstructing early hominid social structure. In The Archaeology of Human Ancestry; Power, Sex and Tradition (eds S. J. Shennan and J. Steele). London: Routledge, pp. 67-90.
76. Maryanski, A. and Ishii-Kuntz, M. 1991. A cross-species application of Bott’s hypothesis on role segregation and social networks. Sociological Perspectives, 34: 403-25.
77. Mellars, P. A. and Stringer, C. (eds) 1989. The Human Revolution: Behavioural and Biological Perspectives on the Origins of Modern Humans. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
78. Milardo, R. M. 1992. Comparative methods for delineating social networks. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 9: 447-61.
79. Milroy, L. 1987. Language and Social Networks, 2nd edn. Oxford: Blackwell.
80. Mitchell, J. C. 1974. Social networks. Annual Review of Anthropology, 3: 279-99.
81. Morris, B. 1982. Forest Traders: A Socio-Economic Study of the Hill Pandaram. New Jersey: Humanities Press.
82. Moss, C. (ed.) 1988. Elephant Memories. London: Fontana.
83. Mueller-Wille, S. and Dickson, D. B. 1991. An examination of some models of late pleistocene society in southwestern Europe. In Perspectives of the Past: Theoretical Biases on Mediterranean Hunter Gatherer Research (ed. G. Clark). University of Pennsylvania Press, pp. 25-55.
84. Nelson, R. K. 1973. Hunters of the Northern Forest. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
85. Newell, R. R. and Constandse-Westermann, T. S. 1986. Testing an ethnographic analogue of mesolithic social structure and the archaeological resolution of mesolithic ethnic groups and breeding populations. Proceedings of the Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, 89: 243-310.
86. Peterson, N. 1986. Australian Territorial Organisation. Vol. 30. Oceania Monograph, Sydney.
87. Politis, G. G. 1996. Moving to produce: Nukak mobility and settlement patterns in Amazonia. World Archaeology, 27:492-511.
88. Price, T. D. and Brown, J. A. (eds) 1985. Prehistoric Hunters and Gatherers: The Emergence of Cultural Complexity. New York: Academic Press.
89. Quiatt, D. and Reynolds, V. 1993. Primate Behaviour: Information, Social Knowledge, and the Evolution of Culture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
90. Redman, C. (ed.) 1978. Social Archaeology. New York: Academic Press.
91. Reynolds, V. 1966. Open groups in hominid evolution. Man, 1:441-52.
92. Reynolds, V. and Luscombe, G. 1976. Greeting behaviour, displays and rank order in a group of free-ranging chimpanzees. In The Social Structure of Attention (ed. M. R. A. Chance and R. R. Larsen). London: John Wiley, pp. 105-15.
93. Rodseth, L., Wrangham, R. W., Harrigan, A. and Smuts, B. B. 1991. The human community as a primate society. Current Anthropology, 32:221-54.
94. Rowell, T. E. 1991. What can we say about social structure? In The Development and Integration of Behaviour (ed. P. Bateson). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 255-69.
95. Sackett, J. R. 1982. Approaches to style in lithic archaeology. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 1:59-112.
96. Sahlins, M. 1972. Stone Age Economics. London: Tavistock.
97. Schlanger, N. 1990. Technique as human action: two perspectives. Archaeological Review from Cambridge, 9:18-26.
98. Service, E. R. 1971. Primitive Social Organization: An Evolutionary Perspective, 2nd edn. New York: Random House.
99. Stanner, W. E. H. 1965. Aboriginal territorial organisation: estate, range, domain and regime. Oceania, 36:1-26.
100. Stapert, D. 1992. Rings and sectors: intrasite spatial analysis of stone age sites. Doctoraat in de Letteren, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen.
101. Steele, J. 1994. Communication networks and dispersal patterns in human evolution: a simple simulation model. World Archaeology, 26:126-43.
102. Strum, S. S. and Latour, B. 1987. Redefining the social link: from baboons to humans. Social Science Information, 26: 783-802.
103. Strum, S. C. and Mitchell, W. 1986. Baboon models and muddles. In The Evolution of Human Behaviour: Primate Models (ed. W. G. Kinzey). Albany: State University of New York Press, pp. 87-104.
104. Svoboda, J. (ed.) 1991. Dolní Vestonice II: Western Slope. Liège: ERAUL.
105. Thomas, J. 1991. Rethinking the Neolithic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
106. Thrasher, F. M. 1927. The Gang. Chicago: Chicago University Press.
107. Tindale, N. B. 1974. Aboriginal Tribes of Australia. Los Angeles: University of California Press.
108. Turner, J. 1991. The Structure of Sociological Theory, 5th edn. Belmont: Wadsworth.
109. Turner, J. H. and Maryanski, A. 1991. Network analysis. In The Structure of Sociological Theory (ed. J. H. Turner). Belmont: Wadsworth, pp. 540-72.
110. Valeri, V. 1992. Buying women but not selling them: gift and commodity exchange in Huaulu alliance. Man (N.S.), 29:1-26.
111. Vita-Finzi, C. and Higgs, E. S. 1970. Prehistoric economy in the Mount Carmel area of Palestine, site catchment analysis. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society, 36:1-37.
112. Washburn, S. L. (ed.) 1961. Social Life of Early Man. New York: Wenner-Gren.
113. Wellman, B., Carrington, P. J. and Hall, A. 1988. Networks as personal communities. In Social Structures: A Network Approach (eds B. Wellman and S. D. Berkowitz). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 130-84.
114. Whallon, R. 1984. Unconstrained clustering for the analysis of spatial distributions in archaeology. In Intrasite Spatial Analysis in Archaeology (ed. H. Hietala). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 242-77.
115. White, M. J. and Pettitt, P. P. 1995. Technology of early Palaeolithic western Europe: innovation, variability and a unified framework. Lithic, 16.
116. White, R. 1993. Introduction: gesture and speech. In Gesture and Speech (ed. A. Leroi-Gourhan). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, pp. 1-22.
117. Whitelaw, T. M. 1994. Order without architecture: functional, social and symbolic dimensions in hunter-gatherer settlement organisation. In Architecture and Order: Approaches to Social Space (eds M. Parker-Pearson and C. Richards). London: Routledge.
118. Wiessner, P. 1982. Risk, reciprocity and social influences on !Kung San economics. In Politics and History in Band Societies (eds E. Leacock and R. Lee). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 61-84.
119. Williams, B. J. 1974. A model of Band Society. Memoir of the Society for American Archaeology, 29.
120. Williams, B. J. 1981. Hunters: the structure of bands and the structure of the brain. Anthropology UCLA, 7: 239-53.
121. Wilmsen, E. N. 1989. Land Filled with Flies: A Political Economy of the Kalahari. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
122. Wilson, P. 1988. The Domestication of the Human Species. New Haven: Yale University Press.
123. Wobst, H. M. 1974. Boundary conditions for palaeolithic social systems: a simulation approach. American Antiquity, 39:147-78.
124. Wobst, H. M. 1976. Locational relationships in palaeolithic society. Journal of Human Evolution, 5:49-58.
125. Wobst, H. M. 1977. Stylistic behaviour and information exchange. In Papers for the Director: Research Essays in Honor of James B. Griffin, vol. 61, Anthropological Papers (ed. C. E.Cleland). Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, pp. 317-42.
126. Wrangham, R. W. 1987. The significance of African apes for reconstructing human social evolution. In The Evolution of Human Behaviour: Primate Models (ed. W. G. Kinzey). Albany: State University of New York Press.