Immunological dysfunction in schizophrenia: A systematic approach

Neuropsychobiology

Volumn 37, Issue 4, 1998, Pages 186-193

  Rothermundt, Matthias ^a   Arolt, Volker ^b   Weitzsch, Christine ^b   Eckhoff, Dörte ^b   Kirchner, Holger ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LÜBECK   (Germany)

^b NONE

Author keywords

Cytokines; Immunocompetent cells; Immunological dysfunction; Interfering variables; Schizophrenia

Indexed keywords

CYTOKINE; GAMMA INTERFERON; HYDROCORTISONE; INTERLEUKIN 10; INTERLEUKIN 2;

ADULT; ARTICLE; B LYMPHOCYTE; CLINICAL ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; FEMALE; FLOW CYTOMETRY; HUMAN; LEUKOCYTE; LYMPHOCYTE; MALE; PATHOGENESIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SCHIZOPHRENIA; T LYMPHOCYTE;

ACUTE DISEASE; ADULT; ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; CASE-CONTROL STUDIES; CYTOKINES; ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY; FEMALE; HUMANS; IMMUNITY, CELLULAR; INTERFERON TYPE II; INTERLEUKIN-10; INTERLEUKIN-2; LEUKOCYTE COUNT; LYMPHOCYTE SUBSETS; MALE; MATCHED-PAIR ANALYSIS; REFERENCE VALUES; SCHIZOPHRENIA;

EID: 0031803583     PISSN: 0302282X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1159/000026501     Document Type: Article

References (68)

1. Esquirol JE: Mental Maladies, a Treatise on Insanity. Philadelphia, Lea & Blanchard, 1845.
2. Bruce LC, Peebles AMS: Clinical and experimental observations an catatonia. J Ment Sci 1903;49:614-628.
3. Bruce LC, Peebles AMS: Quantitative and qualitative leukocyte counts in various forms of mental disease. J Ment Sci 1904;50:409-417.
4. Menninger KA: Psychoses association with influenza. JAMA 1919;72:235-241.
5. Menninger KA: Influenza and schizophrenia: An analysis of post influenza 'dementia praecox' as of 1918 and five years later. Am J Psychiatry 1926;5:469-529.
6. Menninger KA: The schizophrenia syndrome as a product of acute infectious disease. Arch Neurol Psychiatry 1928;20:464-481.
7. Kirch DG: Infection and autoimmunity as etiologic factors in schizophrenia: A review an reappraisal. Schizophr Bulletin 1993;19:355-370.
8. Syvälahti EKG: Biological factors in schizophrenia. Structural and functional aspects. Br J Psychiatry 1994;164(suppl 23):9-14.
9. Wright P, Gill M, Murray RM: Schizophrenia: Genetics and the maternal immune response to viral infection. Am J Med Genet 1993;48:40-46.
10. Nyland H, Naess A, Lunde H: Lymphocyte subpopulations in peripheral blood from schizophrenic patients. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1980;61:313-318.
11. Hennberg A, Riedl B, Dumke HO, Kornhuber HH: T-lymphocyte subpopulations in schizophrenic patients. Eur Arch Psychiatr Neurol Sci 1990;239:283-284.
12. Ackenheil M, Hofschuster E, Müller N: Cellular immunity and immune genetics in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 1991;29:577-580.
13. Müller N, Ackenheil M, Hofschuster E, Mempel W, Eckstein R: Cellular immunity in schizophrenic patients before and during neuroleptic treatment. Psychiatry Res 1991;37: 147-160.
14. Müller N, Hofschuster E, Ackenheil M, Eckstein R: T-cells and psychopathology in schizophrenia: Relationship to the outcome of neuroleptic therapy. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1993;87: 66-71.
15. Villemain F, Chatenoud L, Galinowski A, Homo-Delarche F, Ginestet D, Loo H, Zarifian E, Bach J-F: Aberrant T cell-mediated immunity in untreated schizophrenic patients: Deficient interleukin-2 production. Am J Psychiatry 1989;146:609-616.
16. Masserini C, Vita A, Basile R, Morselli R, Boato P, Peruzzi C, Pugnetti L, Ferrante P, Cazzullo CL: Lymphocyte subsets in schizophrenic disorders. Schizophr Res 1990;3:269-275.
17. Achiron A, Noy S, Pras E, Lereya J, Hermesh H, Laor N: T-cell subsets in acute psychotic schizophrenic patients. Biol Psychiatry 1994; 35:27-31.
18. Sasaki T, Nanko S, Fukuda R, Kawate T, Kunugi H, Kazamatsuri H: Changes in immunological functions after acute exacerbation in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 1994;35:173-178.
19. Hornberg M, Arolt V, Wilke I, Kruse A, Kirchner H: Production of interferons and lymphokines in leukocyte cultures of patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 1995;15: 237-242.
20. Wilke I, Arolt V, Rothermundt M, Weitzsch C, Hornberg M, Kirchner H: Investigations of cytokine production in whole blood cultures of paranoid and residual schizophrenic patients. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 1996;246: 273-278.
21. Kolyaskina GI: Blood lymphocytes in schizophrenia - immunological and virological aspects. Adv Biol Psychiatry 1983;12:142-149.
22. Barak V, Barak Y, Levine J, Nisman B, Roisman I: Changes in interleukin-1 beta and soluble interleukin-2 receptor levels in CSF and serum of schizophrenic patients. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 1995;6:61-69.
23. Gattaz WF, Dalgalarrondo P, Schröder HC: Abnormalities in serum concentrations of interleukin-2, interferon-α and interferon-γ in schizophrenia not detected. Schizophr Res 1992;6:237-241.
24. Bessler H, Levental Z, Karp L, Modai I, Djaldetti M, Weizman A: Cytokine production in drug-free and neuroleptic-treated schizophrenic patients. Biol Psychiatry 1995;38:297-302.
25. Ganguli R, Rabin BS: Increased serum interleukin-2 receptor concentration in schizophrenic and brain-damaged subjects. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1989;46:292.
26. Ganguli R, Brar JS, Solomon W, Chengappa KN, Rabin BS: Altered interleukin-2 production in schizophrenia: Association between clinical state and autoantibody production. Psychiatry Res 1992;44:113-123.
27. Ganguli R, Jaspreet SB, Chengappa KNR, DeLeo M, Yang ZW, Shurin G, Rabin BR: Mitogen-stimulated interleukin-2 production in never-medicated first episode schizophrenic patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1995;52:668-672.
28. Rothermundt M, Arolt V, Weitzsch C, Eckhoff D, Kirchner H: Production of cytokines in acute schizophrenic psychosis. Biol Psychiatry 1996;40:1294-1297.
29. Ganguli R, Rabin BS: CD5 positive lymphocytes in schizophrenia: No alteration in numbers or percentage as compared with control subjects. Psychiatry Res 1993;48:69-78.
30. McAllister CG, van Kammen DP, Rehn TJ, Miller AL, Gurklis J, Kelley ME, Yao J, Peters JL: Increases in CSF levels of interleukin-2 in schizophrenia: Effects of recurrence of psychosis and medication status. Am J Psychiatry 1995;152:1291-1297.
31. Arolt V, Weitzsch C, Wilke I, Nolte A, Pinnow M, Kirchner H: Production of interferon-gamma in families with multiple occurrence of schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 1997;66:145-151.
32. Becker D, Kritschmann E, Floru S, ShlomoDavid Y, Gotlieb-Stematsky T: Serum interferon in first psychotic attack. Br J Psychiatry 1990;157:136-138.
33. Schindler L, Leroux M, Beck J, Moises HW, Kirchner H: Studies of cellular immunity, serum interferon titers, and natural killer cell activity in schizophrenic patients. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1986:73:651-657.
34. Preble OT, Torrey EF: Serum interferon in patients with psychosis. Am J Psychiatry 1985; 142:1184-1186.
35. Katila H, Cantell K, Hirvonen S, Rimón R: Production of Interferon-α and -γ by leukocytes from patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 1989;2:361-365.
36. Moises HW, Schindler L, Leroux M, Kirchner H: Decreased production of interferon alpha and interferon gamma in leukocyte cultures of schizophrenic patients. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1985;72:45-50.
37. Inglot AD, Leszek J, Piasecki E, Sypula A: Interferon responses in schizophrenia and major depressive disorders. Biol Psychiatry 1994; 35:464-473.
38. Rapaport MH, Nelson DL, Paul SM: Elevated levels of soluble intcrleukin 2 receptors in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1989;46: 291-292.
39. Rapaport MH, Fuller Torrey E, McAllister CG, Nelson DL, Pickar D, Paul SM: Increased serum soluble interleukin-2 receptors in schizophrenic monocygotic twins. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 1993;243:7-10.
40. Rapaport MH, McAllister CG, Kim YS, Han JH, Pickar D, Nelson DL, Kirch DG, Paul SM: Increased serum soluble interleukin-2 receptors in Caucasian and korean schizophrenic patients. Biol Psychiatry 1994;35:767-771.
41. Rapaport MH, Lohr JB: Serum-soluble Interleukin-2 receptors in neuroleptic-naive schizophrenic subjects and in medicated schizophrenic subjects with and without tardive dyskinesia. Acta Psychiatry Scand 1994;90:311-315.
42. Macs M, Meltzer HY, Bosmans E: Immune-inflammatory markers in schizophrenia: Comparison to normal controls and effects of clozapine. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1994;89:346-351.
43. Macs M, Meltzer HY, Buckley P, Bosmans E: Plasma-soluble interleukin-2 and transferrin receptor in schizophrenia and major depression. Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 1995;244: 325-329.
44. Pollmächer T, Hinze-Selch D, Mullington J, Holsboer F: Clozapine-induced increase in plasma levels of soluble interleukin-2 receptors. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1995;52:877.
45. Pollmächter T, Hinze-Selch D, Mullington J: Effects of clozapine on plasma cytokine and soluble cytokine receptor levels. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1996;16:403-409.
46. Smith RS, Maes M: The macrophage-T-lymphocyte theory of schizophrenia: Additional evidence. Med Hypotheses 1995;45:135-141.
47. Maes M, Bosmans E, Ranjan R, Vandoolaeghe E, Meltzer HY, De Ley M, Berghmans R, Stands G, Desnyder R: Lower plasma CC16, a natural anti-inflammatory protein, and increased plasma interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in schizophrenia: Effects of antipsychotic drugs. Schizophr Res 1996;21:39-50.
48. Tarazona R, Gonzalez-Garcia A, Zamzani N, Marchetti P, Frechin N, Gonzalo JA, Ruiz-Gayo M, van Rooijen N, Martinez-A C, Kromer G: Chlorpromazine amplifies macrophage-dependent IL-10 production in vivo. J Immunol 1995;154:861-870.
49. Calvelli T, Denny TN, Paxton H, Gelman R, Kagan J: Guideline for flow cytometric immunophenotyping. A report from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Division of AIDS. Cytometry 1993;14:702-715.
50. McCoy JP, Overton WR: Quality control in flow cytometry for diagnostic pathology: II. A conspectus of reference ranges for lymphocyte immunophenotyping. Cytometry 1994; 18:129-139.
51. Nicholson JKA, McDougal JS, Hearn TL, Collins CL, Velleca WM, Jones WK, Gerber AR: 1994 revised guidelines for the performance of CD4+ T-cell determinations in persons with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections. MMWR 1994;43:1-21.
52. Kirchner H, Kleinicke C, Digel W: The whole-blood technique for testing production of human interferon by leukocytes. J Immunol Methods 1982;48:213-219.
53. Nikkilä H, Müller K, Ahokas A, Miettinen K, Andersson LC, Rimón R: Abnormal distributions of T-lymphocyte subsets in the cérebrospinal fluid of patients with acute schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 1995;14:215-221.
54. DeLisi LE, Ortaldo JR, Maluish AE, Wyatt RJ: Deficient natural killer cell (NK) activity and macrophage functioning in schizophrenic patients. J Neural Transm 1983;58:96-106.
55. Abdeljaber MH, Nair MPN, Schork MA, Schwartz SA: Depressed natural killer cell activity in schizophrenic patients. Immunol Invest 1994;23:259-268.
56. McDaniel JS, Jewart RD, Eccard MB, Pollard WE, Caudle J, Stipetic M, Risby ED, Lewine R, Risch SC: Natural killer cell activity in schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder: A pilot study. Schizophr Res 1992;8:125-128.
57. Ghosh N, Chattopadhyay U: Enhancement of immune response by phenothiazine administration in vivo. In Vivo 1993;7:435-440.
58. McAllister CG, Rapaport MH, Pickar D, Podruchny TA, Christison G, Alphs LD, Paul SM: Increased numbers of CD5+ B lymphocytes in schizophrenic patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1989;46:890-894.
59. Rapaport MH, McAllister CG, Kirch DG, Pickar D: The effects of typical and atypical neuroleptics on mitogen-induced T lymphocyte responsiveness. Biol Psychiatry 1991;29: 715-717.
60. Rogozhnikova OA, et al: Changes in B-cell immunity in the course of treatment of newly diagnosed schizophrenics. Zh Nevropatol Psichiatr Imeni 1993;93:65-68.
61. Kita M, Shiozawa S, Yamaji M, Kitoh I, Kishida T: Production of human a- and g-interferon is dependent on age and sex and is decreased in rheumatoid arthritis: A simple method for a large-scale assay. J Clin Lab Anal 1991;5:238-241.
62. Kroemer G, Wick G: The role of interleukin 2 in autoimmunity. Immunol Today 1989;10: 246-251.
63. Mosmann TR, Moore KW: The role of IL-10 in cross-regulation of TH1 and TH2 responses. Immunoparasitol Today 1991;12:149-153.
64. Romagnani S: Human TH1 and TH2 subsets: Doubt no more. Immunol Today 1991;12:256-257.
65. Romagnani S: Induction of TH1 and TH2 responses: A key role for the 'natural' immune response. Immunol Today 1992;13:379-381.
66. Scott P, Kaufmann SHE: The role of T-cell subsets and cytokines in the regulation of infection. Immunol Today 1991;12:346-348.
67. Zlotnik A, Moore KW: Interleukin 10. Cytokine 1991;3:366-371.
68. Monteleone P, Valente B, Maj M, Kemali D: Reduced lymphocyte response to PHA and OKT3 in drug-free and neuroleptic-treated chronic schizophrenics. Biol Psychiatry 1991; 30:201-204.