The influence of training characteristics and tapering on the adaptation in highly trained individuals: A review

International Journal of Sports Medicine

Volumn 19, Issue 7, 1998, Pages 439-446

  Mujika, I ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF THE BASQUE COUNTRY UPV EHU   (Spain)

Author keywords

Detraining; Frequency; Intensity; Performance; Taper; Training; Volume

Indexed keywords

ADAPTATION; ATHLETE; EXERCISE; FITNESS; HUMAN; NORMAL HUMAN; PERFORMANCE; REVIEW; TRAINING;

ADAPTATION, PHYSIOLOGICAL; EXERCISE; HUMANS; PHYSICAL FITNESS; SPORTS; SWIMMING;

EID: 0031794746     PISSN: 01724622     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-971942     Document Type: Review

References (83)

1. Acevedo EO, Goldfarb AH. Increased training intensity effects on plasma lactate, ventilatory threshold, and endurance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1989; 21: 563-8
2. American College of Sports Medicine. The recommended quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness in healthy adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1990; 22: 265-74
3. Bouchard C, Boulay MR, Simoneau J-A, Lortie G, Pérusse L. Heredity and trainability of aerobic and anaerobic performances. An update. Sports Med 1988; 5: 69-73
4. Bouchard C, Dionne FT, Simoneau J-A, Boulay MR. Genetics of aerobic and anaerobic performances. In: Exercise and Sports Sciences Reviews. Williams Wilkins 1992: 27-58
5. Bouchard C, Lesage R, Lortie G, Simoneau J-A, Hamel P, Boulay MR, Pérusse L, Thériault G, Leblanc C. Aerobic performance in brothers, dizygotic and monozygotic twins. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1986; 18: 639-46
6. Bryntesson P, Sinning WE. The effects of training frequencies on the retention of cardiovascular fitness. Med Sci Sports 1973; 5: 29-33
7. Burke ER, Falsetti HL, Feld RD. Patton GS, Kennedy C. Blood testing to determine overtraining in swimmers. Swimming Technique 1982; 18: 29-33
8. Cavanaugh DJ, Musch KI. Arm and leg power of elite swimmers increase after taper as measured by biokinetic variable resistance machines. J Swimming Research 1989; 5: 7-10
9. Convertino VA. Blood volume: its adaptation to endurance training. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1991; 23: 1338-48
10. Convertino VA, Keil C, Greenleaf JE. Plasma volume, osmolality, vasopressin, and renin activity during graded exercise in man. J Appl Physiol 1981; 50: 123-8
11. Convertino VA, Keil C, Greenleaf JE. Plasma volume, renin and vasopressin responses to graded exercise after training. J Appl Physiol 1983; 54: 508-14
12. Costill DL. Practical problems in exercise physiology research. Res Q 1985; 56: 378-84
13. Costill DL, Fink WJ, Hargreaves M, King DS, Thoms R, Fielding R. Metabolic characteristics of skeletal muscle during detraining from competitive swimming. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1985; 17: 339-43
14. Costill DL, Flynn MG, Kirwan JP, Houmard JA, Mitchell JB, Thomas R, Park SH. Effects of repeated data of intensified training on muscle glycogen and swimming performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1988; 20: 249-54
15. Costill DL, King DS, Thomas R, Hargreaves R. Effects of reduced training on muscular power in swimmers. Physician Sportsmed 1985; 13: 94-101
16. Costill DL, Thomas R, Robergs A, Pascoe D, Lambert C, Barr S, Fink WJ. Adaptations to swimming training: influence of training volume. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1991; 23: 371-7
17. Coyle EF, Hemmert MK, Coggan AR. Effects of detraining on cardiovascular responses to exercise: role of blood volume. J Appl Physiol 1986; 60: 95-9
18. Coyle EF, Martin III WH, Bloomfield SA, Lowry OH, Holloszy JO. Effects of detraining on responses to submaximal exercise. J Appl Physiol 1985; 59: 853-9
19. Coyle EF, Martin III WH, Sinacore DR, Joyner MJ, Hagberg JM, Holloszy JO. Time course of loss of adaptations after stopping prolonged intense endurance training. J Appl Physiol 1984; 57: 1857-64
20. Cunningham DA, McCrimmon D, Vlach LF. Cardiovascular response to interval and continuous training in women. Eur J Appl Physiol 1979; 41: 187-97
21. D'Acquisto LJ, Bone M, Takahasi S, Langhans G, Barzdukas AP, Troup JP. Changes in aerobic power and swimming economy as a result of reduced training volume. In: Swimming Science VI. London: EFN Spon 1992: 201-5
22. Davies CTM, Kibbs AV. The training stimulus. The effects of intensity, duration and frequency of effort on maximum aerobic power output. Int Z Angew Physiol 1971; 29: 299-305
23. Denis C, Fouquet R, Poty P, Geyssant A, Lacour JR. Effect of 40 weeks of endurance training on the anaerobic threshold. Int J Sports Med 1982; 3: 208-14
24. Dudley GA, Abraham WM, Terjung RL. Influence of exercise intensity and duration on biochemical adaptations in skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol 1982; 53: 844-50
25. Ekblom B. Effect of physical training on oxygen transport system in man. Acta Physiol Scand 1969; 328 Supplement: 44-5
26. Faria JE. Cardiovascular response to exercise as influenced by training of various intensities. Res Q 1970; 41: 44-50
27. Fox EL, Bartels RL, Billings CE, O'Brien R, Bason R, Mathews DK. Frequency and duration of interval training programs and changes in aerobic power. J Appl Physiol 1975; 38: 481-4
28. Gaesser GA, Rich RG. Effects of high and low intensity training on aerobic capacity and blood lipids. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1984; 16: 269-74
29. Gibala MJ, MacDougall JD, Sale DG. The effects of tapering on strength performance in trained athletes. Int J Sports Med 1994; 15: 492-97
30. Gorostiaga EM, Walter CB, Foster C, Hickson RC. Uniqueness of interval and continuous training at the same maintained exercise intensity. Eur J Appl Physiol 1991; 63: 101-7
31. Graves JE, Pollock ML, Legett SH, Braith RW, Carpenter DM, Bishop LE. Effect of reduced training frequency on muscular strength. Int J Sports Med 1988; 9: 316-9
32. Green HJ, Jones LL, Hughson RL, Painter DC, Farrance BW. Training induced hypervolumia: lack of an effect on oxygen utilization during exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1987; 19: 202-6
33. Hagan RD, Smith MG, Gettman LR. Marathon performance in relation to maximal aerobic power and training indices. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1981; 13: 185-9
34. Häkkinen K, Komi PV. Electromyographic changes during strength training and detraining. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1983; 15: 455-60
35. Hamel P, Simoneau J-A, Lortie G, Boulay MR, Bochard C. Heredity and muscle adaptation to endurance training. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1986; 18: 690-6
36. Harms SJ, Hickson RC. Skeletal muscle mitochondria and myoglobin, endurance and intensity of training. J Appl Physiol 1983; 54: 798-802
37. Hickson RC, Bomze HA, Holloszy JO. Linear increase in aerobic power induced by a strenuous program of endurance exercise. J Appl Physiol 1977; 42: 372-6
38. Hickson RC, Foster C, Pollock ML, Galassi TM, Rich S. Reduced training intensities and loss of aerobic power, endurance, and cardiac growth. J Appl Physiol 1985; 58: 492-9
39. Hickson RC, Hagberg JM, Ehsani AA, Holloszy JO. Time course of the adaptative responses of aerobic power and heart rate to training. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1981; 13: 17-20
40. Hickson RC, Kanakis JC, Davis JR, Moore AM, Rich S. Reduced training duration effects on aerobic power, endurance and cardiac growth. J Appl Physiol 1982; 53: 255-9
41. Hickson RC, Rosenkoetter MA. Reduced training frequencies and maintenance of increased aerobic power. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1981; 13: 13-6
42. Hooper SL, Traeger Makinnon L, Gordon RD, Bachman AW. Hormonal responses to elite swimmers to overtraining. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1993; 25: 741-7
43. Hotobágyi T, Houmard JA, Stevenson JR, Fraser DD, Johns RA, Israel RC. The effects of detraining on power athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1993; 25: 929-35
44. Houmard JA. Impact of reduced training on performance in endurance athletes. Sports Med 1991; 12: 380-93
45. Houmard JA, Costill DL, Mitchell JB, Park SH, Hickner RC, Roemmich JN. Reduced training maintains performance in distance runners. Int J Sports Med 1990; 11: 46-52
46. Houmard JA, Costill DL, Mitchell JB, Park SH, Fink WJ, Burns JM. Testosterone, cortisol, and creatine kinase levels in male distance runners during reduced training. Int J Sports Med 1990; 11: 41-5
47. Houmard JA, Johns RA. Effects of taper on swim performance. Practical implications. Sports Med 1994; 14: 224-32
48. Houmard JA, Kirwan JP, Flynn MG, Mitchell JB. Effect of the reduced training on submaximal and maximal running responses. Int J Sports Med 1989; 10: 30-3
49. Houmard JA, Scott BK, Justice CL, Chenier TC. The effects of taper on performance in distance runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1994; 26: 624-31
50. Houston ME, Bentzen H, Larsen H. Interrelationships between skeletal muscle adaptations and performance as studied by detraining and retraining. Acta Physiol Scand 1979; 105: 163-70
51. Hurley BF, Seals DR, Ehsani AA, Cartier L-J, Dalsky GP, Hagberg JM, Holloszy JO. Effects of hign-intensity strength training on cardiovascular function. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1984; 16: 483-8
52. Johns RA, Houmard JA, Kobe RW, Horotbágyi T, Bruno NJ, Wells JM, Shinebarger MH. Effects of taper on swim power, stroke distance and performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1992; 24: 1141-6
53. Kearney JT, Stull GA, Ewing JL jr, Stein JW. Cardiorespiratory responses of sedentary college women as a function of training intensity. J Appl Physiol 1976; 41: 822-5
54. Kirwan JP, Costill DL, Flynn MG, Mithcell JB, Fink WJ, Neufer PD, Houmard JA. Physiological responses to successive days of intense training in competitive swimmers. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1988; 20: 255-9
55. Klausen K, Andersen LB, Pelle I. Adaptative changes in work capacity, skeletal muscle capillarization and enzyme levels during training and detraining. Acta Physiol Scand 1981; 113: 9-16
56. Marti B, Abelin T, Mindr CE. Relationship of training and life-style to 16 km running time of 4000 joggers. The '84 Berne "Grand Prix" study. Int J Sports Med 1988; 9: 85-91
57. Martin DE, Vroon DH, May DF, Pilbeam SP. Physiological changes in elite male distance runners training for Olympic competition. Physician Sportsmed 1986; 14: 152-71
58. Martin DT, Scifre JC, Zimmerman SD, Wilkinson JG. Effect of interval training and a taper on cycling performance and isokinetic leg strength. Int J Sports Med 1994; 15: 485-91
59. Mikesell KA, Dudley GA. Influence of intense endurance training on aerobic power of competitive distance runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1984; 16: 371-5
60. Mujika I, Busso T, Lacoste L, Barale F, Geyssant A, Chatard J-C. Modeled responses to training and taper in competitive swimmers. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1996; 28: 251-8
61. Mujika I, Chatard J-C, Busso T, Geyssant A, Barale F, Lacoste L. Effects of training in performance in competitive swimmers. Can J Appl Physiol 1995; 20: 395-406
62. Muijka I, Chatard J-C, Geyssant A. Effects of training and taper on blood leucocyte populations in competitive swimmers: relationships with cortisol and performance. Int J Sports Med 1996; 17: 213-7
63. Muijka I, Chatard J-C, Padilla S, Guezennec CY, Geyssant A. Hormonal responses to training and its tapering off in competitive swimmers: relationships with performance. Eur J Appl Physiol 1996; 74: 361-6
64. Muijka I, Padilla S, Geyssant A, Chatard J-C. Hermatological responses to training and taper in competitive swimmers: relationships with performance. Arch Physiol Biochem 1997; 105: 1-7
65. Neary JP, Martin TP, Reid DC, Burnham R, Quinney HA. The effect of a reduced exercise during taper programme on performance and muscle enzymes of endurance cyclists. Eur J Appl Physiol 1992; 65: 30-6
66. Neufer PD. The effect of detraining and reduced training on the physiological adaptations to aerobic exercise training. Sports Med 1989; 8: 302-21
67. Neufer PD, Costill DL, Fielding RA, Flynn MG, Kirwan JP. Effect of reduced training on muscular strength and endurance in competitive swimmers. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1987; 19: 486-90
68. Pollock ML. The quantification of endurance training programs. Exerc Sports Sci Rev 1973; 1: 155-88
69. Rowell LB. Human cardiovascular adjustments to exercise and thermal stress. Physiol Rev 1974; 54: 75-159
70. Rushall BS, Busch JD. Hematological responses to training in elite swimmers. Can J Appl Sport Sci 1980; 5: 164-9
71. Rusko H. The effect of training on aerobic power characteristics of young cross-country skiers. J Sports Sci 1987; 5: 273-86
72. Rusko H, Rahkila P. Effect of increased intensity of training on maximum oxygen uptake and muscular performance of young female cross-country skiers. Med Sport 1981; 14: 187-94
73. Sharkey BJ. Intensity and duration of training and the development of cardiorespiratory endurance. Med Sci Sports 1970; 2: 197-202
74. Shephard RJ. Intensity, duration and frequency of exercise as determinants of the response to a training regime. Int Z Angew Physiol 1968; 26: 272-8
75. Shepley B, MacDougall JD, Cipriano N, Sutton JR, Tarnopolsky MA, Coates G. Physiological effects of tapering in highly trained athletes. J Appl Physiol 1992; 72: 706-11
76. Simoneau JA, Lortie G, Boulay MR, Marcotte M, Thibault MC, Bochard C. Inheritance of human skeletal muscle and anaerobic capacity adaptation to high-intensify intermittent training. Int J Sports Med 1986; 7: 167-71
77. Suter E, Hoppeler H, Claassen H, Billeter R, Aebi U, Horber F, Jaeger P, Marti B. Ultrastructural modification of human skeletal muscle tissue with 6 month moderate-intensity exercise training. Int J Sports Med 1995; 16: 160-6
78. Van Handel PJ, Katz A, Troup JP, Daniels JT, Bradley PW. Oxygen consumption and blood lactic acid response to training and taper. In: Swimming and Science V. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics 1988: 269-75
79. Wade CH, Claybaugh JR. Plasma renin activity, vasopressin concentration, and urinary excretory responses to exercise in men. J Appl Physiol 1980; 49: 930-6
80. Wenger HA, Bell GJ. The interactions of intensity, frequency and duration of exercise training in altering cardiorespiratory fitness. Sports Med 1986; 3: 346-56
81. Wilmore JH, Royce J, Girandola RN, Katch FI, Katch VL. Physiological alterations resulting from a 10-week program of jogging. Med Sci Sports 1970; 2: 7-14
82. Yamamoto Y, Mutoh Y, Miyashita M. Hematological and biochemical indices during the tapering period of competitive swimmers. In: Swimming and Science V. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics 1988: 243-9
83. Zarkadas PC, Carter JB, Banister EW. Taper increases performance and aerobic power in triathletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1994; 26: 34