Obsessive-compulsive disorder: Symptom overview and epidemiology

Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic

Volumn 62, Issue 4 SUPPL., 1998, Pages

  Pigott, Teresa A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS MEDICAL BRANCH   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANXIETY NEUROSIS; COMORBIDITY; COMPULSION; DEPRESSION; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; DISEASE COURSE; HUMAN; MENTAL DISEASE; OBSESSION; ONSET AGE; PANIC; PREVALENCE; PSYCHIATRIC DIAGNOSIS; REVIEW; SEX DIFFERENCE; SOCIAL PHOBIA; SYMPTOMATOLOGY;

BEHAVIORAL SYMPTOMS; COMORBIDITY; DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL; DISEASE PROGRESSION; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER; PREVALENCE; RISK FACTORS; WORLD HEALTH;

EID: 0031793854     PISSN: 00259284     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (102)

1. Allen, A., Leonard, H., & Swedo, S. (1995). Case study: A new infection-triggered, autoimmune subtype of pediatric OCD and Tourette's syndrome. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 34, 307-311.
2. American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed). Washington, DC: Author.
3. Antony, M., Downie, F., & Swinson, R. (1998). Diagnostic issues and epidemiology in OCD. In R. Swinson, M. Antony, S. Rachman, & M. Richter (Eds.), OCD: Theory, research, and treatment (pp. 3-32). New York: Guilford.
4. Baer, L. (1994). Factor analysis of symptom subtypes of obsessive-compulsive disorder and their relation to personality and tic disorders. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 55, 18-23.
5. Baer, L., & Jenike, M. (1992). Personality disorders in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 15, 803-812.
6. Baer, L., Jenike, M., Black, D., Treece, C., Rosenfeld, R., & Greist, J. (1992). Effect of Axis II diagnoses on treatment outcome with clomipramine in 55 patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 49, 862-866.
7. Baer, L., Jenike, M., Ricciardi, J., Holland, A., Seymour, R., Minichiello, W., & Buttolph, L. (1990). Standardized assessment of personality disorders in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 47, 826-830.
8. Baxter, L. (1992). Neuroimaging studies of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 15, 871-884.
9. Baxter, L., Schwartz, J., Bergman, K., & Szuba, M. (1992). Caudate glucose metabolic rate changes with both drug and behavior therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 49, 681-689.
10. Berman, I., Sapers, B., Change, H., Losonczy, M., Schmildler, J., & Green, A. (1995). Treatment of obsessive-compulsive symptoms in schizophrenic patients with clomipramine. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 15, 206-210.
11. Berthier, M. L., Kulisevsky, J., Gironell, A., & Heras, J. A. (1996). Obsessive-compulsive disorder associated with brain lesions: Clinical phenomenology, cognitive function, and anatomic correlates. Neurology, 47, 353-361.
12. Bhat, M., Satish Chandra, P., Ravi, V., & Khanna, S. (1993). Obsessive-compulsive symptoms in herpes simplex encephalitis. Proceedings of 45th Annual Conference of Indian Psychiatric Society, Lucknow, India.
13. Borcherding, B., Keysor, C., Rapoport, J., Elia, J., & Amass, J. (1990). Motor/vocal tics and compulsive behaviors on stimulant drugs: Is there a common vulnerability? Psychiatry Research, 33, 83-94.
14. Castle, D. J., Deale, A., & Marks, I. M. (1995). Gender differences in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 29, 114-117.
15. Chen, Y., & Dilsaver, S. (1995). Comorbidity for obsessive-compulsive disorder in bipolar and unipolar disorders. Psychiatry Research, 59, 57-64.
16. Crino, R., & Andrews, G. (1996). Obsessive-compulsive disorder and Axis I comorbidity. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 10, 37-46.
17. Croisile, B., Tourniaire, D., & Confavreux, C. (1989). Bilateral damage to the head of the caudate nuclei. Annals of Neurology, 25, 313-314.
18. Crum, R., & Anthony, J. (1993). Cocaine use and other suspected risk factors for obsessive-compulsive disorder: A prospective study with data from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area surveys. Journal of Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 31, 281-295.
19. Cummings, J. L., & Cunningham, K. (1992). Obsessive-compulsive disorder in Huntington's disease. Biological Psychiatry, 31, 263-270.
20. DeGroot, C., Bornstein, R., Janus, M., fit Mavissakalian, M. (1994). Patterns of obsessive compulsive symptoms in Tourette individuals are independent of severity. Anxiety, 1, 268-274.
21. Demal, U., Lenz, G., Mayrhofer, A., Zapotoczky, H., & Zitterl, W. (1993). Obsessive-compulsive disorder and depression: A retrospective study on course and interaction. Psychopathology, 26, 145-150.
22. Drummond, L. (1993). The treatment of severe, chronic, resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder: An evaluation of an inpatient programme using behavioural psychotherapy in combination with other treatments. British Journal of Psychiatry, 163,223-229.
23. Dupont, R., Rice, D., Shiraki, S., & Rowland, C. (1995). Pharmacoeconomics: Economic costs of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Medical Interface, 4, 102-109.
24. Eisen, J., Rasmussen, S., & Goodman, W. (1995). Patterns of remission and relapse: A 2-year prospective study of OCD. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychiatric Association, Miami, Florida.
25. Eisen, J., Rasmussen, S., Phillips, K., Lydiard, R., & Pigott, T. (1995). Does degree of insight in OCD predict improvement? Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychiatric Association, Miami, Florida.
26. Fenton, W., & McGlashan, T. (1990). Long-term outcome of obsessive-compulsive disorder with psychotic features. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 178, 760-761.
27. Flament, M., Whitaker, A., Rapoport, J., Davies, M., Berg, C., Kalikow, K., Sceery, W., & Shaffer, D. (1988). Obsessive-compulsive disorder in adolescence: An epidemiological study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 27, 764-771.
28. Foa, E., & Kozak, M. (1995). DSM-IV field trial: Obsessive-compulsive disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 90-96.
29. Goodman, W. K., Price, L. H., Rasmussen, S. A., Mazure, C., Delgado, P., Heninger, G. R., & Charney, D. S. (1989). The Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS): I. Development, use, and reliability. Archives of General Psychiatry, 46, 1006-1011.
30. Hantouche, E. G., Bouhassira, M., Lancrenon, S., Ravily, V., & Bourgeois, M. (1995). [Prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorders in a large French patient population in psychiatric consultation]. Encephale, 21, 571-580.
31. Hantouche, E. G., & Bourgeois, M. (1995). [Obsessive-compulsive disorders versus obsessive-compulsive syndromes: Comparative study of two surveys of the general population and of psychiatric consultants]. Annals of Medicine and Psychology of Paris, 153, 314-325.
32. Hantouche, E., Lancrenon, S., Bouhassira, M., Ravily, V., & Bourgeois, M. (1997). Repeat evaluation of impulsiveness in a cohort of 155 patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder: 12 months prospective follow-up. Encephale, 23, 83-90.
33. Hollander, E., Greenwald, S., Neville, D., Johnson, J., Hornig, C., & Weissman, M. (1996). Uncomplicated and comorbid obsessive-compulsive disorder in an epidemiologic sample. Journal of Depression and Anxiety, 4, 111-119.
34. Hollander, E., Stein, D., Kwon, J., Rowland, C., Wong, C., Broatch, J., & Himelein, C. (1998). Psychosocial function and economic costs of obsessive-compulsive disorder. CNS Spectrums, 3, 48-58.
35. Hollander, E., & Wong, C. (1995). Obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 56(Suppl. 4), 3-6.
36. Hollander, E., Wong, C., Cartwright, C., DeCaria, C., Aronowitz, B., Margolin, L., & Begasz, T. (1998). Are OCD spectrum disorders different phenotypes of OCD? Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychiatric Association, Toronto.
37. Holzer, J., Goodman, W., McDougle, C., Baer, L., Boyarsky, B., Leckman, J., & Price, L. (1994). Obsessive-compulsive disorder with or without a chronic tic disorder: A comparison of symptoms in 70 patients. British Journal of Psychiatry, 164, 469-473.
38. Insel, T. R. (1990). Phenomenology of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 51, 4-8.
39. Insel, T., & Akiskal, H. (1986). Obsessive-compulsive disorder with psychotic features: A pbenomenological analysis. American Journal of Psychiatry, 143, 1527-1533.
40. Karno, M., Golding, J., Sorenson, S., & Burnam, M. (1988). The epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in five U.S. communities. Archives of General Psychiatry, 45, 1094-1099.
41. Kaye, W., Weltzin, T., Hsu, L., Bulik, C., McConaha, C., & Sobkiewicz, T. (1992). Patients with anorexia nervosa have elevated scores on the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 12, 57-62.
42. Kennedy, B., & Schwab, J. (1997). Utilization of medical specialists by anxiety disorder patients. Psychosomatics, 38, 109-112.
43. Kettle, P., & Marks, I. (1986). Neurological factors in obsessive-compulsive disorder: Two case reports and a review of the literature. British Journal of Psychiatry, 149, 315-319.
44. Kiessling, L., Marcotte, A., & Culpepper, L. (1994). Antineuronal antibodies: Tics and obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 15, 421-425.
45. Koizumi, H. (1985). Obsessive-compulsive symptoms following stimulants. Biological Psychiatry, 20, 1332-1333.
46. Kolada, J., Bland, R., & Newman, S. (1994). Obsessive-compulsive disorders versus obsessive-compulsive syndromes: Comparative study of two surveys of the general population and of psychiatric consultants. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 376, 24-35.
47. Koran, L., Thieneman, M., & Davenport, R. (1996). Quality of life for patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 153, 783-788.
48. Krueger, S., Zentrum, W., Braeunig, P., Hoeffler, J., & Boerner, I. (1998). Prevalence and clinical significance of OCD in schizophrenia patients. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychiatric Association, Toronto.
49. Last, C., & Strauss, C. (1989). Obsessive-compulsive disorder in childhood. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 3, 295-302.
50. Leckman, J., Grice, D., Barr, L., de-Vries, A., Martin, C., Cohen, D., McDougle, C., Goodman, W., & Rasmussen, S. (1994). Tic-related vs. non-tic-related obsessive-compulsive disorder. Anxiety, 1, 208-215.
51. Leckman, J., Grice, D., Boardman, J., Zhang, H., Vitale, A., Bondi, C., Alsobrook, J., Peterson, B., Cohen, D., Rasmussen, S., Goodman, W., McDougle, C., & Pauls, D. (1997). Symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 154, 911-917.
52. Leckman, J., Walker, D., Goodman, W., Rasmussen, S., Pauls, D., & Cohen, D. (1993). Just right perceptions associated with compulsive behavior in Tourette's syndrome and OCD. Paper presented at the 1st International OCD Conference, Capri, Italy.
53. Lenane, M., Swedo, S., Leonard, H., Pauls, D., Sceery, W., & Rapoport, J. L. (1990). Psychiatric disorders in first degree relatives of children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 29, 407-412.
54. Lensi, P., Cassano, G., Correddu, G., Ravagli, S., Kunovac, J., & Akiskal, H. S. (1996). Obsessive-compulsive disorder: Familial-developmental history, symptomatology, comorbidity and course with special reference to gender-related differences. British Journal of Psychiatry, 169, 101-107.
55. Leonard, H., Lenane, M., Swedo, S., Rettew, D., Gershon, E., & Rapoport, J. (1992). Tics and Tourette's disorder: A 2- to 7-year follow-up of 54 obsessive-compulsive disorder children. American Journal of Psychiatry, 149, 1244-1251.
56. Maia, A., Pires Campos, O., Pinto, A., Barbosa, E., Menezes, P., Prado, H., & Miguel, E. (1998). Obsessive-compulsive symptoms in patients with Parkinson's disease. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychiatric Association, Toronto.
57. McDougle, C., Price, L., Volkmar, F., Goodman, W., Ward-O'Brien, D., Nielsen, J., Bregman, J., & Cohen, D. (1992). Clomipramine in autism: Preliminary evidence of efficacy. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 31, 746-750.
58. Meghani, S., Penick, E., Nickel, E., Othmer, E., Gabrielli, W., Powell, B., & Read, M. (1998). Schizophrenia patients with and without OCD. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychiatric Association, Toronto.
59. Miguel, E., Coffey, B., Baer, L., Savage, C., Rauch, S., & Jenike, M. (1995). Phenomenology of intentional repetitive behaviors in obsessive-compulsive disorder and Tourette's disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 56, 246-255.
60. Miguel-Filho, E. C. (1995). [Obsessive-compulsive disorder and the basal ganglia]. Arqives of Neuropsiquiatria, 53, 858-859.
61. Murphy, T., Goodman, W., Fudge, M., Williams, R., Ayoub, E., Dalai, M., Lewis, M., & Zabriskie, J. B. (1997). B lymphocyte antigen D8/17: A peripheral marker for childhood-onset obsessive-compulsive disorder and Tourette's syndrome? American Journal of Psychiatry, 154, 402-407.
62. Neziroglu, F., Anemone, R., & Yaryura-Tobias, J. (1992). Onset of obsessive-compulsive disorder in pregnancy. American Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 1131-1132.
63. Neziroglu, F., Yaryura-Tobias, J., Lemli, J., & Yaryura, R. (1994). Demographic study of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Acta Psiquiatrica Psicologica America Latina, 40, 217-223.
64. Noshirvani, H., Kasvikis, Y., Marks, I., Tsakiris, F., & Monteiro, W. (1991). Gender-divergent aetiological factors in obsessive-compulsive disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 260-263.
65. Orloff, L., Battle, M., Baer, L., Ivanjack, L., Pettit, A., Buttolph, M., & Jenike, M. (1994). Long-term follow-up of 85 patients with OCD. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 441-442.
66. Pauls, D., Alsobrook, J., Goodman, W., Rasmussen, S., & Leckman, J. (1995). A family study of obsessive-compulsive disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 76-84.
67. Pauls, D., Towbin, K., Leckman, J., Zahner, G., & Cohen, D. (1986). Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome and obsessive-compulsive disorder: Evidence supporting a genetic relationship. Archives of General Psychiatry, 43, 1180-1182.
68. Phillips, K., McElroy, S., Keck, P., Pope, H., & Hudson, J. (1993). Body dysmorphic disorder: 30 cases of imagined ugliness. American Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 302-308.
69. Pigott, T., L'Heureux, F., Dubbert, B., Bernstein, S., & Murphy, D. (1994). Obsessive-compulsive disorder: Comorbid conditions. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 55, 15-27.
70. Rapoport, J. L. (1990). The waking nightmare: An overview of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 51(11, Suppl.), 25-28.
71. Rasmussen, S., & Eisen, J. (1990). Epidemiology and clinical features of OCD. In M. Jenike, L. Baer, & W. Minichiello (Eds.), Obsessive-compulsive disorders: Theory and management (pp. 10-27). St. Louis: Mosby YearBook.
72. Rasmussen, S., & Eisen, J. (1992). The epidemiology and clinical features of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 15, 743-758.
73. Rasmussen, S., & Eisen, J. (1993). Assessment of core features, conviction and psychosocial function in OCD. Paper presented at the 1st International OCD Conference, Capri, Italy.
74. Rasmussen, S. A., & Eisen, J. L. (1994). The epidemiology and differential diagnosis of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 55, 5-10.
75. Rasmussen, S., & Tsuang, M. (1986). Clinical characteristics and family history in DSM-III obsessive-compulsive disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 143, 317-322,
76. Rauch, S., & Jenike, M. (1993). Neurobiological models of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychosomatics, 34, 20-32.
77. Rosar-Campos, M., Shavitt, R., Mercadante, M., Valle, R., & Miguel, E. (1998). Early-onset OCD: A different subtype? Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychiatric Association, Toronto.
78. Rosse, R., Fay-McCarthey, M., Collins, J., Risher-Flowers, D., Alim, T., & Deutsch, S. (1993). Transient compulsive foraging behavior associated with crack cocaine use. American Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 155-156.
79. Rothenberg, A. (1986). Eating disorder as a modern obsessive-compulsive syndrome. Psychiatry, 49, 45-53.
80. Rubenstein, C., Pigott, T., L'Heureux, F., Hill, J., & Murphy, D. (1992). A preliminary investigation of the lifetime prevalence rate of anorexia and bulimia nervosa in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 53, 309-314.
81. Ruiz, I., Alonso, E., Macias, R., Yescas, P., Suastegui, R., & Ochoa, A. (1998). OCD in patients with Huntington's disease. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychiatric Association, Toronto.
82. Santangelo, S., Pauls, D., Goldstein, J., Faraone, S., Tsuang, M., & Leckman, J. F. (1994). Tourette's syndrome: What are the influences of gender and comorbid obsessive-compulsive disorder? Journal of the American Academy of the Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 33, 795-804.
83. Stein, M., Forde, D., Anderson, G., & Walker, J. (1997). Obsessive-compulsive disorder in the community: An epidemiologic survey with clinical reappraisal. American Journal of Psychiatry, 154, 1120-1126.
84. Steketee, G. (1990). Personality traits and disorders in obsessive-compulsives. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 4, 351-364.
85. Steketee, G. (1993). Treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. New York: Guilford.
86. Steketee, G., Eisen, J., Dyck, I., Warshaw, M., & Rasmussen, S. (1997). Course of illness in OCD. In L. Dickstein, M. Riba, & J. Oldham (Eds.), Review of Psychiatry (Vol. 16, pp. 73-95). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
87. Steketee, G., Quay, S., & White, K. (1991). Religion and guilt in OCD patients. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 5, 359-367.
88. Summerfeldt, L., Antony, M., Downie, F., Richter, M., & Swinson, R. (1997). Prevalence of particular obsessions and compulsions in a clinic sample. In R. Swinson, M. Antony, S. Rachman, & M. Richter (Eds.), OCD: Theory, research, and treatment (pp. 7-8). New York: Guilford.
89. Summerfeldt, L., Huta, V., & Swinson, R. (1998). Personality and obsessive-compulsive disorder. In R. Swinson, M. Antony, S. Rachman, & M. Richter (Eds.), OCD: Theory, research, and treatment (pp. 79-119). New York: Guilford.
90. Summerfeldt, L., & Richter, M. (1998). Symptom subtypes and family history in OCD. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychiatric Association, Toronto.
91. Swedo, S., Kilpatrick, K., Schapiro, M., Leonard, H., Cheslow, D., & Rapoport, J. (1991). Antineuronal antibodies in Sydenham's chorea and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Pediatric Research, 29, 364A.
92. Swedo, S., Leonard, H., Mittleman, B., Alien, A., Rapoport, J., Dow, S., Kanter, M., Chapman, F., &. Zabriskie, J. (1997). Identification of children with pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections by a marker associated with rheumatic fever. American Journal of Psychiatry, 154, 110-112.
93. Swedo, S., Rapoport, J., Cheslow, D., Leonard, H., Ayoub, E., Hosier, D., & Wald, E. (1989). High prevalence of obsessive-compulsive symptoms in patients with Sydenham's chorea. American Journal of Psychiatry, 146, 246-249.
94. Swedo, S., Rapoport, J., Leonard, H., Lenane, M., & Cheslow, D. (1989). Obsessive-compulsive disorder in children and adolescents: Clinical phenomenology of 70 consecutive cases. Archives of General Psychiatry, 46, 335-341.
95. Thomsen, P. (1995). Obsessive-compulsive disorder in children and adolescents: Predictors in childhood for long-term phenomenological course. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 92, 255-259.
96. Vitiello, B., Spreat, S., & Behar, D. (1989). Obsessive-compulsive disorder in mentally retarded patients. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 177, 232-236.
97. Weiss, M., Baerg, E., Wisebord, S., & Temple, J. (1995). The influence of gonadal hormones on periodicity of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 40, 205-207.
98. Weissman, M., Bland, R., Canino, G., Greenwald, S., Hwu, H., Lee, C., Newman, S., Oakley-Browne, M., Rubio-Stipec, M., Wickramaratne, P., Wittchen, H., & Yeh, E. (1994). The cross-national epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 55, 5-10.
99. Williams, K., & Koran, L. (1997). Obsessive-compulsive disorder in pregnancy, the puerperium, and the premenstruum. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 58, 330-334.
100. World Health Organization. (1992). International classification of diseases, 10th revision. Geneva, Switzerland: Author.
101. Yaryura-Tobias, J., Todaro, J., Grunes, M., McKay, D., Stockman, R., & Neziroglu, F. (1996). Comorbidity versus continuum of Axis I disorders in OCD. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy, New York.
102. Zohar, J. (1998). OCD and schizophrenia: Diagnostic and treatment considerations. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychiatric Association, Toronto.