Silurian trace fossils from marginal marine deposits, Lizard Creek Member of the Shawangunk Formation, Delaware Water Gap, New Jersey

Northeastern Geology and Environmental Sciences

Volumn 20, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 101-116

  Metz, Robert ^a  

^a The College of New Jersey   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

SILURIAN; TRACE FOSSIL;

USA, NEW JERSEY;

EID: 0031785742     PISSN: 01941453     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (127)

1. ALPERT, S.P., 1974, Systematic review of the genus Skolithos: Journal of Paleontology, v. 48, p. 661-669.
2. BALDWIN, C.T., 1977, The stratigraphy and fades associations of trace fossils in some Cambrian and Ordovician rocks of north western Spain, p. 9-40 in Crimes, T.P. and Harper, J.C., eds., Trace Fossils 2: Geological Journal Special Issue 9, 351 p.
3. BARWIS, J.H., 1985, Tubes of the modern polychaete Diopatra cuprea as current velocity indicators and as analogs for Skolithos-Monocraterion, p. 225-235 in Curran, H.A., ed., Biogenic Structures: Their Use in Interpreting Depositional Environments: Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists Special Publication 35, 347 p.
4. BASAN, P.B. and SCOTT, R.W., 1979, Morphology of Rhizocorallium and associated traces from the Lower Cretaceous Purgatoire Formation, Colorado: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 28, p. 5-23.
5. BAYLEY, W.S. 1941, Precambrian geology and mineral resources of the Delaware Water Gap and Eastern Quadrangles, New Jersey and Pennsylvania: United States Geological Survey Bulletin, v. 920, 98 p.
6. BENTON, M.J. 1982, Trace fossils from Lower Paleozoic ocean-floor sediments of the Southern Uplands of Scotland: Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Earth Sciences, v. 73, p. 67-87.
7. BHARGAVA, O.N., BASSI, U.K., and CHOPRA, S., 1984, Trace Fossils from the Ordo-Silurian rocks of Kirmaur, Himachal Himalaya: Journal of the Geological Society of India, v. 25, p. 175-186.
8. BJERSTEDT, T.W., 1987, Latest Devonian-earliest Mississippian nearshore trace fossil assemblages from West Virginia, Pennsylvania, and Maryland: Journal of Paleontology, v. 61, p. 865-889.
9. BRACKEN, B. and PICARD, M.D., 1984, Trace fossils from Cretaceous/Tertiary North Horn Formation in central Utah: Journal of Paleontology, v. 58, p. 477-487.
10. BROMLEY, R.G., 1996, Trace Fossils: Biology, taphonomy and applications (Second Edition). New York, NY Chapman & Hall, 361 p.
11. BROMLEY, R.G. and ASGAARD, U., 1991, Ichnofacies: a mixture of taphofacies and biofacies: Lethaia, v. 23, p. 153-163.
12. BROMLEY, R.G. and EKDALE, A.A., 1984, Chondrites: a trace fossil indicator of anoxia in sediments: Science, v. 244, p. 872-874.
13. BROMLEY, R.G. and FREY, R.W., 1974, Redescription of the trace fossil Gyrolithes and taxonomic evaluation of Thalassinoides, Ophiomorpha and Spongeliomorpha: Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark, v. 23, p. 311-335.
14. BUATOIS, L.A. and LOPEZ ANGRIMAN, A.O., 1992, The ichnology of a submarine braided channel complex: the Whisky Bay Formation, Cretaceous of James Ross Island, Antarctica: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 94, p. 119-140.
15. BUATOIS, L.A. and MÁNGANO, M.G., 1993, Trace fossils from a Carboniferous turbiditic lake: implications for the recognition of additional nonmarine ichnofacies: Ichnos, v. 2, p. 237-258.
16. CLARKE, F.W. and RUEDEMANN, R., 1912, The eurypterida of New York: New York State Museum Memoir, v. 14, 439 p.
17. CLAUS, H., 1965, Eine merkwürdige Lebensspur (Protovirgularia? sp.) aus dem oberen Muschelkalk NW-Thüringens: Senckenbergiana Lethaea, v. 46, p. 187-191.
18. CLAUSEN, C.K. and VILHJÁLMSSON, M., 1986, Substrate control of Lower Cambrian trace fossils from Bornholm, Denmark: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 56, p. 51-68.
19. CHAMBERLAIN, C.K., 1971, Morphology and ethology of trace fossils from the Ouachita Mountains, southeast Oklahoma: Journal of Paleontology, v. 45, p. 212-246.
20. COOK, G.H., 1868, Geology of New Jersey. Newark, NJ, 899 p.
21. CRIMES, T.P., 1977, Trace fossils of an Eocene deep-sea sand fan, northern Spain, p. 71-90 in Crimes, T.P. and Harper, J.C., eds., Trace Fossils 2: Geological Journal Special Issue 9, 351 P.
22. CRIMES, T.P. and ANDERSON, M.M., 1985, Trace fossils from Late Precambrian-Early Cambrian strata of southeastern Newfoundland (Canada): temporal and environmental implications: Journal of Paleontology, v. 59, p. 310-343.
23. CRIMES, T.P. and McCALL, G.J.H., 1995, A diverse ichnofauna from Eocene-Miocene rocks of the Makran Range (S.E. Iran): Ichnos, v. 3, p. 231-258.
24. D'ALESSANDRO, A., EKDALE, A.A., and SONNINO, M., 1986. Sedimentologic significance of turbidite ichnofacies in the Saraceno Formation (Eocene), southern Italy: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 56, p. 294-306.
25. DAM, G., 1990a, Taxonomy of trace fossils from the shallow marine Lower Jurassic Neill Klinter Formation, East Greenland: Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark, v. 38, p. 119-144.
26. DAM, G., 1990b, Palaeoenvironmental significance of trace fossils from the shallow marine Lower Jurassic Neill Klinter Formation, East Greenland: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 79, p. 221-248.
27. DRAKE, A.A., 1969, Precambrian and lower Paleozoic geology of the Delaware Valley, New Jersey-Pennsylvania, p. 51-131 in Subitzky, S., ed., Geology of selected areas in New Jersey and eastern Pennsylvania and guidebook of excursions. New Brunswick, NJ, Rutgers University Press, 382 p.
28. DRAKE, A.A. and EPSTEIN, J.B., 1967, The Martinsburg Formation (Middle and Upper Ordovician) in the Delaware Valley, Pennsylvania-New Jersey: United States Geological Survey Bulletin 1244-H, p. H1-H16.
29. DRAKE, A.A., EPSTEIN, J.B., and AARON, J.M., 1969, Geologic map and sections of parts of the Portland and Belvidere quadrangles, New Jersey-Pennsylvania; United States Geological Survey Miscellaneous Geologic Investigations Map I-552.
30. DROSER, M.L., 1991, Ichnofabric of the Paleozoic Skolithos ichnofacies and the nature and distribution of Skolithos piperock: Palaios, v. 6, p. 316-325.
31. EAGAR, R.M.C., BAINES, J.G., COLLINSON, J.D., HARDY, P.G., OKOLO, S.A., and POLLARD, J.E., 1985, Trace fossil assemblages and their occurrence in Silesian (Mid-Carboniferous) deltaic sediments of the Central Pennine Basin, England, p. 99-149 in Curran, HA., ed., Biogenic Structures: Their Use in Interpreting Depositional Environments: Society of Paleontologists and Mineralogists Special Publication 35, 347 p.
32. EKDALE, A.A., 1977, Abyssal trace fossils in worldwide Deep Sea Drilling Project cores, p. 163-182 in Crimes, T.P. and Harper, J.C., eds., Trace Fossils 2: Geological Journal Special Issue 9, 351 p.
33. EKDALE, A.A., 1988, Pitfalls of paleobathymetric interpretation based on trace fossil assemblages: Palaios, v. 3, p. 464-472.
34. EKDALE, A.A., 1992, Muckraking and mudslinging: the joys of deposit feeding, p. 145-171 in Maples, C.G. and West, R.R., eds., Trace Fossils: The Paleontological Society Short Courses in Paleontology No. 5, 238 p.
35. EKDALE, A.A. and BROMLEY, R.G., 1983, Trace fossils and ichnofabric in the Kjø1by Gaard Marl, uppermost Cretaceous, Denmark: Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark, v. 31, p. 107-119.
36. EKDALE, A.A. and MASON, T.R., 1988, Characteristic trace fossil associations in oxygen-poor sedimentary environments: Geology, v. 16, p. 720-723.
37. EKDALE, A.A., BROMLEY, R.G., and PEMBERTON, S. G., 1984, Ichnology-the use of trace fossils in sedimentology and stratigraphy: Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists Short Course 15, 317 p.
38. EPSTEIN, J.B., 1970 ms., Geology of the Stroudsburg Quadrangle and adjacent areas, Pennsylvania-New Jersey: Columbus, OH, Ohio State University Department of Geology Ph-D. Dissertation, 339 p.
39. EPSTEIN, J.B. and EPSTEIN, A.C., 1967, Geology in the region of the Delaware to Lehigh Water Gaps, Field Conference of Pennsylvania Geological Survey, 89 p.
40. EPSTEIN, J.B. and EPSTEIN, A.G., 1969, Geology of the Valley and Ridge province between Delaware Water Gap and Lehigh Gap, Pennsylvania, p. 132-205 in Subitzky, S., ed., Geology of selected areas in New Jersey and eastern Pennsylvania and guidebook of excursions. New Brunswick, NJ, Rutgers University Press, 382 p.
41. EPSTEIN, J.B., EPSTEIN, A.C., SPINK, W.J., and JENNINGS, D.S., 1967, Upper Silurian and Lower Devonian stratigraphy of northeastern Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and southeastemmost New York: United States Geological Survey Bulletin, v. 1243, 74 p.
42. FILLION, D. and PICKERILL, R.K., 1984, Systematic ichnology of the Middle Ordovician Trenton Group, St. Lawrence Lowland, eastern Canada: Maritime Sediments and Atlantic Geology, v. 20, p. 1-41.
43. FILLION, D. and PICKERILL, R.K. 1990, Ichnology of the Upper Cambrian? to Lower Ordovician Bell Island and Wabana groups of eastern Newfoundland, Canada: Palaeontographica Canadiana, v. 7, 119 p.
44. FITZGERALD, P.G. and BARRETT, P.J., 1986, Skolithos in a Permian braided river deposit, southern Victoria Land, Antartica: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 52, p. 237-247.
45. FREY, R.W., 1970, Trace fossils of Fort Hays Limestone Member, Niobrara Chalk (Upper Cretaceous), west-central Kansas: The University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions, v. 53, p. 1-41.
46. FREY, R.W. and BROMLEY, R.G., 1985, Ichnology of American chalks: the Selma Group (Upper Cretaceous), western Alabama: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 22, p. 801-828.
47. FREY, R.W. and HOWARD, J.D., 1985, Trace fossils from the Panther Member, Star Point Formation (Upper Cretaceous), Coal Creek Canyon, Utah: Journal of Paleontology, v. 59, p. 370-404.
48. FREY, R.W. and HOWARD, J.D., 1990, Trace fossils and depositional sequences in a clastic shelf setting, Upper Cretaceous of Utah: Journal of Paleontology, v. 64, p. 803-820.
49. FREY, R.W. and MAYOU, T.V., 1971, Decapod burrows in Holocene barrier island beaches and washover fans, Georgia: Senckenbergiana Maritima, v. 3, p. 53-77.
50. FU, S., 1991, Funktion, Verhalten und Einteilung fucoider und lophocteniider Lebensspuren: Courier Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, v. 135, p. 1-79.
51. FÜRSICH, F.T., 1975, Trace fossils as environmental indicators in the Corallian of England and Normandy: Lethaia, v. 8, p. 151-172.
52. FÜRSICH, FT. and SCHMIDT-KITTLER, N., 1980, Biofacies analysis of Upper Jurassic marginally marine environments of Portugal, I, The carbonate dominated facies at Cabo Espichel, Estremadura: Geologische Rundschau, v. 69, p. 943-981.
53. GIERLOWSKI-KORDESCH, E., 1991, Ichnology of an ephemeral lacustrine/alluvial plain system: Jurassic East Berlin Formation, Hartford Basin, USA: Ichnos, v. 1, p. 221-232.
54. GOLDRING, R., 1962, The trace fossils of the Baggy Beds (Upper Devonian) of North Devon, England: Paläontologische Zeitschrift, v. 36, p. 232-251.
55. GOODWIN, P.W. and ANDERSON, E.J., 1974, Structures of a Cambrian tidal sand body: Journal of Geology, v. 82, p. 779-799.
56. GRABAU, A.W., 1909, The Medina and Shawangunk problems in Pennsylvania (abstract): Science, v. 30, p. 415.
57. GRABAU, A.W., 1913, Early Paleozoic delta deposits of North America: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 24, p. 399-528.
58. GREINER, H., 1972, Arthropod trace fossils in the Lower Devonian Jacquet River Formation of New Brunswick: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 9, p. 1772-1777.
59. GÜMBEL, C.W., 1879, Geognostische Beschreibung de Fichtelgebirges mit dem Frankenwalde und dem westlichen Vorlande. 3, Gotha, J. Perthes, 698 p.
60. HAKES, W.G., 1976, Trace fossils and depositional environment of four clastic units, Upper Pennsylvanian megacyclothems, northeast Kansas: University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions, v. 63, p. 1-46.
61. HALL, J., 1843, Geology of New York, Part 4, Survey of the Fourth Geological District. Albany, NY, Carroll and Cook, 683 p.
62. HAN, Y. and PICKERILL, R.K., 1994. Taxonomic reassessment of Protovirgularia M'Coy 1850 with new examples from the Paleozoic of New Brunswick, eastern Canada: Ichnos, v. 3, p. 203-212.
63. HAN, Y. and PICKERILL, R.K., 1995, Taxonomic review of the ichnogenus Helminthopsis Heer 1877 with a statistical analysis of selected ichnospecies: Ichnos, v. 4, p. 83-118.
64. HÄNTZSCHEL, W., 1962, Trace fossils and problematica, p. W177-245 in Moore, R.C., ed., Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. New York, NY and Lawrence, KN, Geological Society of America and Kansas University Press.
65. HÄNTZSCHEL, W., 1975, Trace fossils and problematica, p. W1-269 in Teichert, C., ed., Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. New York, NY, and Lawrence, KN, Geological Society of America and Kansas University Press.
66. HEINBERG, C. and BIRKELUND, T., 1984, Trace fossil assemblages and basin evolution of the Vardekløft Formation (Middle Jurassic, central East Greenland): Journal of Paleontology, v. 58, p. 362-397.
67. HOWARD, J.D., 1966, Characteristic trace fossils in Upper Cretaceous sandstones of the Book Cliffs and Wasatch Plateau: Bulletin of the Utah Geological and Mineralogical Survey, v. 80, p. 35-53.
68. HOWARD, H.D. and FREY, R.W., 1975, Estuaries of the Georgia coast, U.S.A.: sedimentology and biology. II. Regional animal-sediment characteristics of the Georgia estuaries: Senckenbergiana Maritima, v. 7, p. 33-103.
69. HOWARD, J.D. and FREY, R.W., 1984, Characteristic trace fossils in nearshore-to-offshore sequences: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 21, p. 200-219.
70. JAMES, J.F., 1885, Fucoids of the Cincinnati Group: Cincinnati Society of Natural History Journal, v. 7, p. 151-166.
71. KEIGHLEY, D.G., 1996 ms, The stratigraphy, sedimentology, and ichnology of Mabou Group and Cumberland Group strata (middle Carboniferous) of western Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, eastern Canada: Fredicton, Canada, University of New Brunswick Department of Geology Ph.D. Dissertation, 704 p.
72. KEIGHLEY, D.G. and PICKERILL, R.K., 1995, Commentary: the ichnotaxa Palaeophycus and Planolites, historical perspectives and recommendations: Ichnos, v. 3, p. 301-309.
73. KEIGHLEY, D.G. and PICKERILL, R.K., in press, Systematic ichnology of the Mabou and Cumberland Groups (Carboniferous) of western Cape Breton Island, eastern Canada, 1: Burrows, pits, trails, and coprolites: Atlantic Geology.
74. KENNEDY, W.J., 1970, Trace-fossils in the chalk environment, p. 263-282 in Crimes, T.P. and Harper, J.C., eds., Trace Fossils: Geological Journal Special Issue 3: Liverpool, Seel House Press, 547 p.
75. KSIAŻKIEWICZ, M., 1977, Trace fossils from the flysch of the Polish Carpathians: Palaeontologica Polonica, v. 36, p. 1-208.
76. LEGG, I.C., 1985, Trace fossils from a Middle Cambrian deltaic sequence, north Spain, p. 151-165 in Curran, H.A., ed., Biogenic Structures: Their Use in Interpreting Depositional Environments: Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists Special Publication 35, 347 p.
77. MACEACHERN, J.A. and PEMBERTON, S.G., 1992, Ichnological aspects of Cretaceous shoreface successions and shoreface variability in the Western Interior Seaway of North America, p. 57-84 in Pemberton, S.G., ed., Application of Ichnology to Petroleum Exploration: Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists Core Workshop 17, 429 p.
78. MACNAUGHTON, R.B. and PICKERILL, R.K., 1995, Invertebrate ichnology of the nonmarine Lepreau Formation (Triassic), southern New Brunswick, eastern Canada: Journal of Paleontology, v. 69, p. 160-171.
79. MARINTSCH, E.J. and FINKS, R.M., 1982, Lower Devonian ichnofacies at Highland Mills, New York and their gradual replacement across environmental gradients: Journal of Paleontology, v. 56, p. 1050-1078.
80. MARTINO, R.L. and ZAPECZA, O.S., 1978, Rusophycus in the Late Silurian High Falls Formation of northwestern New Jersey: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 48, p. 185-192.
81. MCCARTHY, B., 1979, Trace fossils from a Permian shoreface-foreshore environment, Eastern Australia: Journal of Paleontology, v. 53, p. 345-366.
82. M'COY, F., 1850, On some genera and species of Silurian Radiata in the collection of the University of Cambridge: Annals and Magazine of Natural History series 2, v. 6, p. 270-290.
83. MATHER, W.W., 1840, Report of the first geological district of the State of New York: New York Geological Survey Annual Report 4, p. 209-258.
84. METZ, R., 1992, Trace fossils from the Lower Jurassic nonmarine Towaco Formation, New Jersey: Northeastern Geology, v. 14, p. 29-34.
85. METZ, R., 1996, Newark basin ichnology: the Late Triassic Perkasie Member of the Passaic Formation, Sanatoga, Pennsylvania: Northeastern Geology and Environmental Sciences, v. 18, p. 118-129.
86. MILLER, M.F., 1979, Palaeoenvironmental distribution of trace fossils in the Catskill deltaic complex. New York State: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 28, p. 117-141.
87. MILLER, W. III., 1993, Trace fossils zonation in Cretaceous turbidite facies, northern California: Ichnos, v. 3, p. 11-28.
88. MILLER, M.F. and KNOX, L.W., 1985, Biogenic structures and depositional environments of a Lower Pennsylvanian coal-bearing sequence, northern Cumberland Plateau, Tennessee, U.S.A., p. 67-97 in Curran, H.A., ed., Biogenic Structures: Their Use in Interpreting Depositional Environments: Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists Special Publication 35, 347 p.
89. MYERS, A. C., 1970, Some palaeoichnological observations on the tube of Diopatra cuprea (Bosc.): Polychaeta, Onuphidae, p. 331-334 in Crimes, T.P. and Harper, J.C., eds., Trace Fossils: Geological Journal Special Issue 3: Liverpool, Seel House Press, 547 p.
90. NARA, M., 1995, Rosselia socialis: a dwelling structure of a probable terebellid polychaete: Lethaia, v. 28, p. 171-178.
91. ORR, P.J. and PICKERILL, R. K., 1995, Trace fossils from early Silurian flysch of the Waterville Formation, Maine, U.S.A.: Northeastern Geology and Environmental Sciences, v. 17, p. 394-414.
92. OSGOOD, R. G., 1970, Trace fossils of the Cincinnati area: Palaeontographica Americana, v. 6, p. 281-444.
93. PEMBERTON, S. G. and FREY. R.W., 1982, Trace fossil nomenclature and the Planolites-Palaeophycus dilemma: Journal of Paleontology, v. 56, p. 843-881.
94. PEMBERTON, S.G. and RISK, M.J., 1982, Middle Silurian trace fossils in the Hamilton, Ontario region: their identification, abundance and significance: Northeastern Geology, v. 4, p. 98-104.
95. PEMBERTON, S.G., VAN WAGONER, J.C., and WACH, G.D., 1992, Ichnofacies of a wave-dominated shoreline, p. 339-382 in Pemberton, S.G., ed., Application of Ichnology to Petroleum Exploration: Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists Core Workshop 17, 429 p.
96. PIEŃKOWSKI, G., 1985, Early Liassic trace fossil assemblages from the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland: their distribution in continental and marginal marine environments, p. 37-51 in Curran, H.A., ed., Biogenic Structures: Their Use Interpreting Depositional Environments: Society of Economic Paleontologists Mineralogists Special Publication 35, 347 p.
97. PICKERILL, R.K., 1992, Carboniferous nonmarine invertebrate ichnocoenoses from southern New Brunswick, eastern Canada: Ichnos, v. 2, p. 21-35.
98. PICKERILL, R.K. and PEEL, J.S., 1990, Trace fossils from the Lower Cambrian Bastion Formation of North-East Greenland: Groønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse Rapport, v. 147, p. 5-43.
99. PICKERILL, R.K., ROMANO, M., and MELÉNDEZ, B., 1984, Arenig trace fossils from the Salamanca area, western Spain: Geological Journal, v. 19, p. 249-269.
100. PICKERILL, R.K., PILLION, D., and BRENCHLEY, P.J., 1991, A note on the occurrence of Arthrophycus in the Bell Island Group of eastern Newfoundland: Atlantic Geology, v. 27, p. 73-77.
101. PROTHERO, D.R. and SCHWAB, F., 1996, Sedimentary Geology. New York, NY, W. W. Freeman and Company, 575 p.
102. REINECK, H.-E. and SINGH, I.B., 1980, Depositional Sedimentary Environments, Heidelberg, Springer-Verlag, 549 p.
103. RICHTER, R., 1941, Marken und Spuren im Hunsrücksschiefer. 3. Fährten als Zeugnisse des Lebens auf dem Meeres-Grunde: Senkenbergiana, v. 23, p. 218-260.
104. SARLE, C.T., 1906, Arthrophycus and Daedalus of burrow origin: Proceedings of the Rochester Academy of Science, v. 4, p. 203-210.
105. SCHÄFER, W., 1972, Ecology and Paleoecology of Marine Environments. Chicago, IL, University of Chicago Press, 568 P.
106. SCHUCHERT, C., 1916, Silurian formations of southeastern New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 27, p. 531-554.
107. SEILACHER, A., 1955, Spuren und Fazies im Unterkambrium, p. 373-399 in Schindewolf, O.H. and Seilacher, A., eds., Beitrage zur Kenntnis des Kambriums in der Salt Range (Pakistan): Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur zu Mainz, mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Klasse, Abhandlungen 10.
108. SEILACHER, A., 1967, Bathymetry of trace fossils: Marine Geology, v. 5, p. 413-428.
109. SEILACHER, A., 1990, Aberrations in bivalve evolution related to photo-and chemosymbiosis: Historical Biology, v. 3, p. 289-311.
110. SEILACHER, A. and SEILACHER, E., 1994, Bivalvian trace fossils: a lesson from actuopaleontology: Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, v. 169, p. 5-15.
111. SIMPSON. S., 1957, On the trace fossil Chondrites: Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, v. 107, p. 475-499.
112. SMITH, N.D., 1967a ms., A stratigraphic and sedimentologic analysis of some Lower and Middle Silurian clastic rocks of the north-central Appalachians: Providence, RI, Brown University Department of Geology Ph.D. Dissertation, 195 p.
113. SMITH, N.D., 1967b, Lower and Middle Silurian fluvial sedimentation of the north-central Appalachians (abstract): Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, p. 57-58.
114. SMITH, N.D. and SAUNDERS, R.S., 1970, Paleoenvironments and their control of acritarch distribution: Silurian of east-central Pennsylvania: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 40, p. 324-333.
115. SUGANUMA, K., OMORI, M., HIRAKOSO, S., and RYUUGASAKI COLLABORATIVE RESEARCH GROUP, 1994, On the ichnogen. Rosselia, fossil burrows found from the Kamiiwahashi Formation, in the district of Tokizaki, Edosakimachi, Ryuugasaki City, Ibaraki Prefecture: Journal of Fossil Research, v. 26, p. 61-68.
116. SWARTZ, F.M., 1948, Late Ordovician and Silurian facies, conditions of deposition and paleogeography in north-central Appalachians (abstract): American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 32, p. 2160.
117. SWARTZ, C.K. and SWARTZ, F.M., 1930, Age of the Shawangunk conglomerate of eastern New York: American Journal of Science, v. 20, p. 467-474.
118. SWARTZ, C.K. and SWARTZ, F.M., 1931, Early Silurian formations of southeastern Pennsylvania; Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 42, p. 621-662.
119. SWINBANKS, D.D. and SHIRAYAMA, Y., 1984, Burrow stratigraphy in relation to maganese diagenesis in modern deep-sea carbonates: Deep-Sea Research, v. 31, p. 1197-1223.
120. TUNIS, G. and UCHMAN, A., 1996, Ichnology of Eocene flysch deposits of the Istria Peninsula, Croatia and Slovenia: Ichnos, v. 5, p. 1-22.
121. TURNER, B. R. and BENTON, M.J., 1983, Paleozoic trace fossils from the Kufra Basin, Libya: Journal of Paleontology, v. 57, p. 447-460.
122. UCHMAN, A., 1991, Diverse tiering patterns in Paleogene flysch trace fossils, Magura nappe, Carpathian Mountains, Poland: Ichnos, v. 1, p. 287-292.
123. VOLK, M., 1961, Protovirgularia nereitarum (Reinhard Richter), eine Lebensspur dem Devon Thüringen: Senckenbergiana Lethaea, v. 42, p. 69-75.
124. VOSSLER, S.M. and PEMBERTON, S.G., 1989, Ichnology and paleoecology of offshore siliciclastic deposits in the Cardium Formation (Turonian, Alberta, Canada): Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 74, p. 217-239.
125. WELLER, S., 1903, Report on Paleontology, v. III. The Paleozoic faunas: New Jersey Geological Survey, 462 p.
126. WILLARD, B., 1928, The age and origin of the Shawangunk Formation: Journal of Paleontology, v. 1, p. 255-258.
127. YEAKEL, L.S., JR., 1962, Tuscarora, Juniata, and Bald Eagle paleocurrents and paleogeography in the central Appalachians: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 73, p. 1515-1540.