The Japanese Movement to "Correct" History

Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars

Volumn 30, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 16-23

  McCormack, Gavan ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GEOPOLITICS; HISTORICAL REPRESENTATION; NATIONALISM; TEXTBOOK; WAR RESPONSIBILITY;

JAPAN;

EID: 0031782583     PISSN: 00074810     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/14672715.1998.10411039     Document Type: Article

References (67)

1. Ooka Shoheishu, Chikuma gendai bungaku taikei, Vol. 69 (Tokyo: Chikuma Shobo, 1975), p. 50.
2. Fujioka Nobukatsu, Ojoku no kin-gendaishi (Tokyo: Tokuma Shoten, 1996), p. 30.
3. Even the former Governor of Tokyo, Suzuki Shun'ichi, was rumored to be on this list. (Hasegawa Hiroshi, "Suzuki zen to-chiji mo risuto koho," Aera, 30 December 1996 to 6 January 1997, pp. 10-11. See also Joji Shingo, "Kyu Nihon-gun kankeisha Bei e nyukoku kinshi," Asahi shimbun, 23 December 1996.
4. Even the former Governor of Tokyo, Suzuki Shun'ichi, was rumored to be on this list. (Hasegawa Hiroshi, "Suzuki zen to-chiji mo risuto koho," Aera, 30 December 1996 to 6 January 1997, pp. 10-11. See also Joji Shingo, "Kyu Nihon-gun kankeisha Bei e nyukoku kinshi," Asahi shimbun, 23 December 1996.
5. The question of Washington's motives is complex. Suffice it to say here that concern for the human rights of the women was unlikely to have figured high among its priorities.
6. See my The Emptiness of Japanese Affluence (Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe, 1996), p. 275.
7. For discussion of these details see: Inoue Sumio, "Chiho gikai o arasou 'kusanone de hoshuha' no shitsunen," Shukan kinyobi, 28 March 1997, pp. 22-25; Suzuki Yuko, "'Jiyushugi shikan' tonaeru yokaitachi," Shukan kinyobi, 31 January 1997, p. 11; Nakamura Seiji, "Rekishi kyokasho kaizan ha to uyoku jinmyaku," Shukan kinyobi, 14 March 1997, pp. 22-25
8. For discussion of these details see: Inoue Sumio, "Chiho gikai o arasou 'kusanone de hoshuha' no shitsunen," Shukan kinyobi, 28 March 1997, pp. 22-25; Suzuki Yuko, "'Jiyushugi shikan' tonaeru yokaitachi," Shukan kinyobi, 31 January 1997, p. 11; Nakamura Seiji, "Rekishi kyokasho kaizan ha to uyoku jinmyaku," Shukan kinyobi, 14 March 1997, pp. 22-25
9. For discussion of these details see: Inoue Sumio, "Chiho gikai o arasou 'kusanone de hoshuha' no shitsunen," Shukan kinyobi, 28 March 1997, pp. 22-25; Suzuki Yuko, "'Jiyushugi shikan' tonaeru yokaitachi," Shukan kinyobi, 31 January 1997, p. 11; Nakamura Seiji, "Rekishi kyokasho kaizan ha to uyoku jinmyaku," Shukan kinyobi, 14 March 1997, pp. 22-25
10. Fujioka Nobukatsu, Kyokasho ga oshienai rekishi (History not taught in textbooks), 3 vols. (Tokyo: Fusosha and Sankei Shimbun, 1996-97).
11. Fujioka Nobukatsu, Ojoku no kin-gendaishi.
12. See Takahashi Shiro in Sapio, 15 January 1997, p. 97.
13. Tomoko Otake, "Row over Denial of Sex Slaves Rages," The Japan Times, 28 December 1996.
14. Kobayashi Hideo, "Ajia to kyocho shite koso han'ei ha aru," Sekai, May 1997, pp. 200-205, at p. 205.
15. From a report of the founding meeting of the group on 2 December 1996: Kajimura Taichiro, "Yurushigatai 'Nihon yuetsu shikan'," Shukan kinyobi, 13 December 1996, pp. 16-17.
16. Fujioka Nobukatsu, Ojoku no kin-gendaishi, p. 30.
17. Fujioka Nobukatsu, "Han-Nichi kyoiku Satian dasshutsu no ki," Shincho, July 1996, quoted in Hayashi Miyayuki, '"Jiyushugi shikan' tojo no haikei to sono keifu," Tsukuru, March 1997, pp. 90-99, at p. 90.
18. Fujioka Nobukatsu, "Han-Nichi kyoiku Satian dasshutsu no ki," Shincho, July 1996, quoted in Hayashi Miyayuki, '"Jiyushugi shikan' tojo no haikei to sono keifu," Tsukuru, March 1997, pp. 90-99, at p. 90.
19. Fujioka Nobukatsu, "Sex Slave Issue Is a Scandal Invented to Bash Japan," Asahi Evening News, 26 January 1997.
20. Fujioka Nobukatsu, "Ianfu kyosei renko kyoko no shomei," Part 1, Gendai kyoikugaku, November 1996, quoted in Suzuki, "'Jiyushugi shikan' tonaeru yokaitachi," p. 11.
21. Fujioka Nobukatsu, "Ianfu kyosei renko kyoko no shomei," Part 1, Gendai kyoikugaku, November 1996, quoted in Suzuki, "'Jiyushugi shikan' tonaeru yokaitachi," p. 11.
22. Fujioka Nobukatsu, "Sex Slave Issue." The adjectives he uses repeatedly in his Japanese texts are: "koshoku, inran, guretsu," more directly translated as "lascivious, depraved, idiotic." Fujioka Nobukatsu, Ojoku no kin-gendaishi, p. 27.
23. Fujioka Nobukatsu, "Sex Slave Issue." The adjectives he uses repeatedly in his Japanese texts are: "koshoku, inran, guretsu," more directly translated as "lascivious, depraved, idiotic." Fujioka Nobukatsu, Ojoku no kin-gendaishi, p. 27.
24. Hata Ikuhiko, "Iwayuru 'sampa' ha ikanishite ianfu o seiiki to kashita no ka?" Sapio, 15 January 1997, pp. 87-89.
25. Hata Ikuhiko, "Jugun ianfu mondai de kuni no hoteki sekinin ha toenai," in Sekai, May 1997, pp. 322-25, at p. 325. Hata, Iike Fujioka, seems to have undergone a transformation in his thinking, because he is on record in 1985 as holding the view that 70 to 80 percent of the women were "called up" in a way "approximating to forced labour, but without written records because they were supernumeraries." (Nihon rikungun no hon: Ssokaisetsu, quoted in Tawara Yoshifumi, "Fujioka Nobukatsu shi no kyokasho kogeki no sajutsu o abaku." Shukan kinyobi, 9 May 1997, pp. 30-33, at p. 31.
26. Hata Ikuhiko, "Jugun ianfu mondai de kuni no hoteki sekinin ha toenai," in Sekai, May 1997, pp. 322-25, at p. 325. Hata, Iike Fujioka, seems to have undergone a transformation in his thinking, because he is on record in 1985 as holding the view that 70 to 80 percent of the women were "called up" in a way "approximating to forced labour, but without written records because they were supernumeraries." (Nihon rikungun no hon: Ssokaisetsu, quoted in Tawara Yoshifumi, "Fujioka Nobukatsu shi no kyokasho kogeki no sajutsu o abaku." Shukan kinyobi, 9 May 1997, pp. 30-33, at p. 31.
27. Fujioka Nobukatsu, "Ajia no ianfu mondai no kyoko: Indonesia genchi chosa hoka kara aburidasu," Sapio, 11 December 1996, pp. 102-105, at p. 104.
28. Fujioka, Ojoku, pp. 25-26; also his "Mombu daijin e no kokai shokan," Voice, October 1996, pp. 72-81, at p. 76. The analogy is repeated in Hata Ikuhiko, "Ianfu 'minouebanashi' o tettei kensho suru," in Shokun, December 1996, pp. 54-69, at p. 55.
29. Fujioka, Ojoku, pp. 25-26; also his "Mombu daijin e no kokai shokan," Voice, October 1996, pp. 72-81, at p. 76. The analogy is repeated in Hata Ikuhiko, "Ianfu 'minouebanashi' o tettei kensho suru," in Shokun, December 1996, pp. 54-69, at p. 55.
30. Fujioka, Ojoku, pp. 25-26; also his "Mombu daijin e no kokai shokan," Voice, October 1996, pp. 72-81, at p. 76. The analogy is repeated in Hata Ikuhiko, "Ianfu 'minouebanashi' o tettei kensho suru," in Shokun, December 1996, pp. 54-69, at p. 55.
31. Hata, "Iwayuru 'sampa' ha ikanishite ianfu o seiiki to kashita no ka?"
32. Nishio Kanji and Fujioka Nobukatsu, Kokumin no yudan (Tokyo: PHP, 1996), p. 150.
33. Nishio Kanji, "Waitsuzekka wa seija janai," Ronza, November 1995, and "Kotonaru higeki" Bungei shunju, 1994, quoted in Kajimura Taichiro, "Rekishi kaizanshugi ha chisei e no botoku de aru," Sekai, July 1997, pp. 72-84, at p. 80.
34. Nishio Kanji, "Waitsuzekka wa seija janai," Ronza, November 1995, and "Kotonaru higeki" Bungei shunju, 1994, quoted in Kajimura Taichiro, "Rekishi kaizanshugi ha chisei e no botoku de aru," Sekai, July 1997, pp. 72-84, at p. 80.
35. Nishio Kanji, "Waitsuzekka wa seija janai," Ronza, November 1995, and "Kotonaru higeki" Bungei shunju, 1994, quoted in Kajimura Taichiro, "Rekishi kaizanshugi ha chisei e no botoku de aru," Sekai, July 1997, pp. 72-84, at p. 80.
36. Fujioka Nobukatsu in Sankei shimbun, 27 September 1996, quoted in Suzuki, "'Jiyushugi shikan' tonaeru yokaitachi," p. 11.
37. Fujioka Nobukatsu in Sankei shimbun, 27 September 1996, quoted in Suzuki, "'Jiyushugi shikan' tonaeru yokaitachi," p. 11.
38. On the eugenics, see Kaneko-Martin, "Nazi Doitsu to tennosei Nihon ga kokuji sum chi no shinwa to kokka shiso," Shukan kinyobi, 14 February 1997, pp. 26-29.
39. Kajimura, "Rekishi kaizanshugi ha chisei e no botoku de aru," p. 80.
40. The Communist Party-affiliated "Minsei," not the "New Left." See Fujioka, Ojoku, p. 91.
41. Fujioka Nobukatsu, "Ikkoku heiwashugi no moto de sodatta watashi ga...genba no tondemonai kiki ni ki ga shimasu," Sapio, 9 October 1996, pp. 104-107.
42. For interesting comments on Fujioka's career by his Tokyo University sempai and by Horio Teruhisa, current president of the Nihon Kyoiku Gakkai, see the interview with Horio in Shukan kinyobi, 31 January 1997, pp. 15-19.
43. Michael Walzer, Just and Unjust Wars (London: Allen Lane, 1978).
44. Richard Minear, Victor's Justice (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1971).
45. Fujioka, Ojoku, pp. 96-97, and, for his brief discussion with Minear, pp. 101-107.
46. Ishibashi in his journal Toyo Keizai, 1921 (quoted in Sakamoto Tatsuhiko, "Meiji Taisho no shimbun ni arawareta 'shinryaku'," Shukan kinyobi, 4 April 1997, pp. 24-27, at p. 26); on Shiba, see Kunihiro Masao, "Nihon kareobana ron no naka de saku 'jiyushugi shikan' to iu adabana," Shukan kinyobi, 14 February 1997, pp. 22-24, at p. 23 (and sources cited there).
47. Ishibashi in his journal Toyo Keizai, 1921 (quoted in Sakamoto Tatsuhiko, "Meiji Taisho no shimbun ni arawareta 'shinryaku'," Shukan kinyobi, 4 April 1997, pp. 24-27, at p. 26); on Shiba, see Kunihiro Masao, "Nihon kareobana ron no naka de saku 'jiyushugi shikan' to iu adabana," Shukan kinyobi, 14 February 1997, pp. 22-24, at p. 23 (and sources cited there).
48. Ishibashi in his journal Toyo Keizai, 1921 (quoted in Sakamoto Tatsuhiko, "Meiji Taisho no shimbun ni arawareta 'shinryaku'," Shukan kinyobi, 4 April 1997, pp. 24-27, at p. 26); on Shiba, see Kunihiro Masao, "Nihon kareobana ron no naka de saku 'jiyushugi shikan' to iu adabana," Shukan kinyobi, 14 February 1997, pp. 22-24, at p. 23 (and sources cited there).
49. Nakamura Masanori, Kin gendaishi o do miruka: Shiba shikan o tou (Tokyo: Iwanami, 1997), Iwanami Bukkuretto, no. 427, p. 51.
50. Horio's assessment in Shukan kinyobi, 31 January 1997, p. 18.
51. Sato Akira, "Kore ga uyoku no kogeki to kyohaku no itoguchi da," Shukan kinyobi, 21 March 1997, pp. 26-29, at p. 26.
52. "Okayama kengikai ga saitaku," Asahi shimbun, 18 December 1996.
53. Inoue, "Chiho gikai o arasou 'kusanone de hoshuha' no shitsunen," pp. 22-25.
54. Suzuki, "'Jiyushugi shikan' tonaeru yokaitachi," p. 11.
55. Quoted in Pierre Vidal-Naquet,Assassins of Memory: Essays on the Denial of the Holocaust (New York: Columbia University Press, 1992), p. xiii.
56. See the interesting discussion by the social psychologist Miyaji Shinji, "Seijuku shakai ni shinkuro dekizu kyoko no rekishi ni sugaru oyaji," Asahi shimbun, 27 March 1997.
57. Nishio Kanji, on "Asamade" late-night television, TV Asahi, 1 February 1997. (See comments by Nakamura Seiji, "Rekishi kyokasho kaizanha to uyoku jinmyaku," Shukan kinyobi, 14 March 1997, pp. 22-25, at p. 25.)
58. Nishio Kanji, on "Asamade" late-night television, TV Asahi, 1 February 1997. (See comments by Nakamura Seiji, "Rekishi kyokasho kaizanha to uyoku jinmyaku," Shukan kinyobi, 14 March 1997, pp. 22-25, at p. 25.)
59. Nakamura Masanori, "'Nihon kaiki' yondome no nami," Mainichi shimbun, 4 February 1997. (English translation by John Morris, on "H-Japan" [Internet], 14 February 1997).
60. Nakamura Masanori, "'Nihon kaiki' yondome no nami," Mainichi shimbun, 4 February 1997. (English translation by John Morris, on "H-Japan" [Internet], 14 February 1997).
61. Sato Manabu, "Taiwa no kairo o tozashita rekishikan o do kokufuku sum ka" (Zadandai discussion with various others), Sekai, May 1997, pp. 185-199, at p. 186
62. Ishida Takeshi, interviewed by Utsumi Aiko, "Ishitsu na tasha no shiteno fumaete rekishi o miru," Gekkan Oruta, March 1997, pp. 15-19. (English translation as "Looking at History through the Eyes of the Other," inAmpo: Japan-Asia Quarterly Review 27, no. 4 [1997]: 32-37).
63. Ishida Takeshi, interviewed by Utsumi Aiko, "Ishitsu na tasha no shiteno fumaete rekishi o miru," Gekkan Oruta, March 1997, pp. 15-19. (English translation as "Looking at History through the Eyes of the Other," inAmpo: Japan-Asia Quarterly Review 27, no. 4 [1997]: 32-37).
64. Soh Kyong-sik, "Jiyushugishi gurupu ni hangeki suru," Shukan kinyobi, 7 February 1997, p. 26.
65. Kunihiro, "Nihon kareobana ran no naka de saku 'jiyushugi shikan' to iu adabana," p. 23.
66. Foundation statement of the "Society for the Making of New School Textbooks in History," 2 December 1996. See Nishio Kanji, "Atarashii rekishi kyokasho no arasoi," Voice, February 1997,pp. 108-27, at pp. 110-11.
67. Quoted in John Vachon, "Text Uses Whitewash to Turn History into Propaganda," Asahi Evening News, 8 December 1996.