Subpopulations of early separation anxiety: Relevance to risk of adult anxiety disorders

Journal of Affective Disorders

Volumn 48, Issue 2-3, 1998, Pages 181-190

  Manicavasagar, Vijaya ^a   Silove, Derrick ^b   Hadzi Pavlovic, Dusan ^b  

^a SYDNEY SOUTH WEST AREA HEALTH SERVICE   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES   (Australia)

Author keywords

Anxiety; Attachment; Panic disorder; Separation anxiety

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ANALYTIC METHOD; ANXIETY NEUROSIS; ARTICLE; FEMALE; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; PANIC; POPULATION RESEARCH; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RETROSPECTIVE STUDY; RISK ASSESSMENT; SAMPLING; SEPARATION ANXIETY; STATISTICAL ANALYSIS; THEORY;

ADULT; AGORAPHOBIA; ANXIETY DISORDERS; ANXIETY, SEPARATION; CHI-SQUARE DISTRIBUTION; COMORBIDITY; FEMALE; HUMANS; LIKELIHOOD FUNCTIONS; LOGISTIC MODELS; MALE; NEW SOUTH WALES; ODDS RATIO; PANIC DISORDER; PHOBIC DISORDERS; RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES; RISK FACTORS; SAMPLING STUDIES;

EID: 0031780520     PISSN: 01650327     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0165-0327(97)00170-5     Document Type: Article

References (47)

1. Agha M., Ibrahim M.T. Algorithm AS 203. Maximum likelihood estimation of mixtures of distributions. Appl. Stat. 33:1984;327-332.
2. Ainsworth, M., Wittig, V., 1969. Attachment and exploratory behaviour of one-year-olds in a strange situation. In: Foss, B. (Ed.), Determinants of Infant Behaviour IV. Methuen and Co. Ltd., London. pp. 111-136.
3. Ainsworth, M., Blehar, M., Waters, E., Wall, S., 1978. Review of strange situation studies of two- and four-year-olds. In: Schaffer, H. (Ed.), Patterns of Attachment: A Psychological Study of the Strange Situation. Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale, N.J., pp. 198-216.
4. Ainsworth, M., Blehar, M., Waters, E., Wall, S., 1978. Individual differences in light of contrasting paradigms. In: Schaffer, H. (Ed.), Patterns of Attachment: A Psychological Study of the Strange Situation. Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale, N.J., pp. 285-309.
5. Battaglia M., Bertella S., Politi E., Bernardeschi L., Perna G., Gabriele A., Bellodi L. Age at onset of panic disorder: Influence of familial liability to the disease and of childhood separation anxiety disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry. 152(9):1995;1362-1364.
6. Bowlby, J., 1969. Attachment and Loss. Volume I. Attachment. Penguin Books, London.
7. Bowlby, J., 1973. Attachment and Loss. Volume II. Separation: Anxiety and Anger. Basic Books, New York.
8. Brown T.A., Barlow D.H. Comorbidity among anxiety disorders: implications for treatment and DSM-IV. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 60(6):1992;835-844.
9. Brown G.W., Harris T.O. Aetiology of anxiety and depressive disorders in an inner-city population. 1. Early adversity. Psychol. Med. 23:1993;143-154.
10. Brown G.W., Harris T.O., Eales M.J. Aetiology of anxiety and depressive disorders in an inner-city population. 2. Comorbidity and adversity. Psychol. Med. 23:1993;155-165.
11. Buglass D., Clarke J., Henderson A., Kreitman N., Presley A. A study of agoraphobic housewives. Psychol. Med. 7:1977;73-86.
12. Coolidge J., Brodie R., Feeney B. A ten-year follow-up study of sixty-six school-phobic children. Am. J. Orthopsychiatry. 34:1964;675-684.
13. Daniel D.G., Goldberg T.E., Gibbons R.D., Weinberger D.R. Lack of a bimodal distribution of ventricular size in schizophrenia: a Gaussian mixture analysis of 1056 cases and controls. Biol. Psychiatry. 30(9):1991;887-903.
14. Day N.E. Estimating the components in a mixture of normal distributions. Biometrika. 56:1969;463-474.
15. de Ruiter C., van Ijzendoorn M. Agoraphobia and anxious-ambivalent attachment: an integrative review. J. Anxiety Disord. 6:1992;365-381.
16. Gibbons, R.D., 1983. Identifying biological subtypes in psychiatric research. In: Gibbons, R.D.D, Dysken, M. (Eds.), Statistical and Methodological Advances in Psychiatric Research. Spectrum Publishers Inc., New York.
17. Gibbons R.D., Davis J.M. Consistent evidence for a biological subtype of depression characterized by low CSF monoamine levels. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 74(1):1986;8-12.
18. Gibbons R.D., Dorus E., Ostrow D.G., Pandey G.N., Davis J.M., Levy D.L. Mixture distributions in psychiatric research. Biol. Psychiatry. 19(7):1984;935-961.
19. Gittelman R., Klein D. Relationship between separation anxiety and panic and agoraphobic disorders. Psychopathology. 7:1984;56-65.
20. Goldstein A., Chambless D. A reanalysis of agoraphobia. Behaviour Therapy. 9:1978;47-59.
21. Hallam R.S. Agoraphobia: a critical review of the concept. Br. J. Psychiatry. 133:1978;314-319.
22. Heller R., O'Connell D., Roberts D., Allen J., Knapp J., Steele P., Silove D. Lifestyle factors in monozygotic and dizygotic twins. Genet. Epidemiol. 5:1988;311-321.
23. Klein D. Anxiety reconceptualized. Early experience with Imipramine and anxiety. Compr. Psychiatry. 21:1980;411-427.
24. Klein D. Respiration disorders in panic attacks. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 274(19):1995;1504.
25. Klein D.F. False suffocation alarms, spontaneous panics, and related conditions. An integrative hypothesis. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 50(4):1993;306-317.
26. Klein, M., 1948. Contributions to Psychoanalysis 1921-1945. Hogarth, London.
27. Last C., Strauss C. School refusal in anxiety-disordered children and adolescents. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry. 29:1990;31-35.
28. Last C.G., Francis G., Hersen M., Kazdin A.E., Strauss C.C. Separation anxiety and school phobia: a comparison using DSM-III criteria. Am. J. Psychiatry. 144(5):1987;653-657.
29. Lipsitz J.D., Martin L.Y., Mannuzza S., Chapman T.F., Liebowitz M.R., Klein D.F., Fyer A.J. Childhood separation anxiety disorder in patients with adult anxiety disorders. Am. J. Psychiatry. 151(6):1994;927-929.
30. Mahler, M., 1969. On human symbiosis and the vicissitudes of individuation. In: Infantile Psychosis, Vol. 1. International Universities Press, New York.
31. Manicavasagar V., Silove D. Is there an adult form of separation anxiety disorder? A brief clinical report. Aust. N.Z. J. Psychiatry. 31:1997;299-303.
32. Manicavasagar V., Silove D., Curtis J. Separation anxiety in adulthood: A phenomenological investigation. Compr. Psychiatry. 38:1997;274-282.
33. McLachlan, G.J., Basford, K.E., 1987. Mixture Models: Inference and Applications to Clustering. Marcel Dekker, New York.
34. Pandey G.N., Fawcett J., Gibbons R., Clark D.C. Platelet monoamine oxidase in alcoholism. Biol. Psychiatry. 24(1988):1988;15-24.
35. Robertson J., Robertson J. Young children in brief separations: a fresh look. Psychoanal. Study Child. 26:1971;262-315.
36. Robins L., Helzer J., Croughan J., Ratcliff K. National Institute of Mental Health Diagnostic Interview Schedule. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 38:1981;381-389.
37. Sanderson W.C., DiNardo P.A., Rapee R.M., Barlow D.H. Syndrome comorbidity in patients diagnosed with a DSM-III-R anxiety disorder. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 99(3):1990;308-312.
38. Seeman P., Ulpian C., Bergeron C., Riederer P., Jellinger K., Gabriel E., Reynolds G.P., Tourtellotte W.W. Bimodal distribution of dopamine receptor densities in brains of schizophrenics. Science. 225(4663):1984;728-731.
39. Silove D., Parker G., Hadzi-Pavlovic D., Manicavasagar V., Blaszczynski A. Parental representations of patients with panic disorder and generalised anxiety disorder. Br. J. Psychiatry. 159:1991;835-841.
40. Silove D., Manicavasagar V. Adults who feared school: is early separation anxiety specific to the pathogenesis of panic disorder. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 88:1993;385-390.
41. Silove D., Harris M., Morgan A., Boyce P., Manicavasagar V., Hadzi-Pavlovic D., Wilhelm K. Is early separation anxiety a specific precursor of panic disorder-agoraphobia?: a community study. Psychol. Med. 25:1995;405-411.
42. Silove D., Manicavasagar V., Curtis J., Blaszczynski A. Is early separation anxiety a risk factor to adult panic disorder?: A critical review. Compr. Psychiatry. 37:1996;1-14.
43. Silove D., Manicavasagar V., O'Connell D., Blaszczynski A., Wagner R., Henry J. Reported early separation anxiety symptoms in patients with Panic and Generalized Anxiety Disorders. Aust. N.Z. J. Psychiatry. 27(3):1993;489-494.
44. Silove D., Manicavasagar V., O'Connell D., Blaszczynski A., Wagner R., Henry J. The Development of the Separation Anxiety Symptom Inventory (SASI). Aust. N.Z. J. Psychiatry. 27(3):1993;477-488.
45. Sweeney J.A. Mixture analysis of pursuit eye-tracking dysfunction in schizophrenia. Biol. Psychiatry. 34(5):1993;331-340.
46. Thyer B., Nesse R., Curtis G., Cameron O. Panic disorder: a test of the separation anxiety hypothesis. Behav. Res. Ther. 24:1986;209-211.
47. Waldron S. The significance of childhood neurosis for adult mental health: a follow-up study. Am. J. Psychiatry. 133:1976;532-538.