Measurement of optic disc size: Equivalence of methods to correct for ocular magnification

British Journal of Ophthalmology

Volumn 82, Issue 6, 1998, Pages 643-649

  Garway Heath, D F ^a   Rudnicka, A R ^b   Lowe, T ^c   Foster, P J ^d   Fitzke, F W ^c   Hitchings, R A ^a  

^a MOORFIELDS EYE HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^b CITY UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^d SINGAPORE NATIONAL EYE CENTRE   (Singapore)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AGED; AMETROPIA; ARTICLE; BIOMETRY; CALCULATION; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED STUDY; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; ERROR; FEMALE; HUMAN; INTERMETHOD COMPARISON; KERATOMETRY; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MEASUREMENT; OPTIC DISK; OPTICS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; RETINA; TOMOGRAPHY;

EID: 0031778648     PISSN: 00071161     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1136/bjo.82.6.643     Document Type: Article

References (43)

1. Varma R, Quigley HA, Pease ME. Changes in optic disk characteristics and number of nerve fibers in experimental glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol 1992;114:554-9.
2. Teal PK, Morin JD, McCulloch C. Assessment of the normal disc. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 1972;70:164-77.
3. Bengtsson B. The variation and covariation of cup and disc diameters. Acta Ophthalmol 1976;54:804-18.
4. Britton RJ, Drance SM, Schulzer M, et al. The area of the neuroretinal rim of the optic nerve in normal eyes. Am J Ophthalmol 1987;103:497-504.
5. Caprioli J, Miller JM. Optic disc rim area is related to disc size in normal subjects. Arch Ophthalmol 1987;105:1683-5.
6. Jonas JB, Gusek GC, Naumann GOH. Optic disc, cup and neuroretinal rim size configuration and correlations in normal eyes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1988;29:1151-8.
7. Bartz-Schmidt KU, Weber J, Heimann K. Validity of two-dimensional data obtained with the Heidelberg retina tomograph as verified by direct measurements in normal optic nerve heads. Ger J Ophthalmol 1994;3:400-5.
8. Holden AL, Fitzke FW. Image size in the fundus: structural evidence for wide-field retinal magnification factor. Br J Ophthalmol 1988;72:228-30.
9. Bennett AG, Rudnicka AR, Edgar DF. Improvements on Littmann's method of determining the size of retinal features by fundus photography. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 1994;232:361-7.
10. Behrendt T, Doyle KE. Reliability of image size measurements in the new Zeiss fundus camera. Am J Ophthalmol 1965;59:896-9.
11. Pach J, Pennell DO, Romano PE. Optic disc photogrammetry: magnification factors for eye position, centration, and ametropias, refractive and axial; and their application in the diagnosis of optic nerve hypoplasia. Ann Ophthalmol 1989;21:454-62.
12. Arnold JV, Gates JWC, Taylor KM. Possible errors in the measurement of retinal lesions. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1993;34:2576-80.
13. Lotmar W. Dependence of magnification upon the camera-to-eye distance in the Zeiss fundus camera. Acta Ophthalmol 1984;62:131-4.
14. Bengtsson B, Krakau CET. Some essential optical features of the Zeiss fundus camera. Acta Ophthalmol (Kbh) 1977;55:123-31.
15. Bengtsson B, Krakau CET. Correction of optic disc measurements on fundus photographs. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 1992;230:24-8.
16. Littmann H. Zur Bestimmung der wahren Grosse eines Objektes auf dem Hintergrund des lebenden Auges. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd 1982;180:286-9.
17. Littmann H. Zur Bestimmung der wahren Grosse eines Objektes auf dem Hintergrund des lebenden Auges. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd 1988;192:66-7.
18. Wilms KH. Zur Struktur einfacher Programme zur Berechnung von absoluten Grossen des Augenhintergrundes. Optometrie 1986;4:204-6.
19. Schelenz J, Kammann J. Comparison of contact and immersion techniques for axial length measurement and implant power calculation. J Cataract Refract Surg 1989;15: 425-8.
20. Shammas HJ. A comparison of immersion and contact techniques for axial length measurement. J Am Intra Ocular Implant Soc 1984;10:444-7.
21. Olsen T, Nielsen PJ. Immersion versus contact technique in the measurement of axial length by ultrasound. Acta Ophthalmol 1989;61:101-2.
22. Foster PJ, Alsbirk PH, Baasanhu J, et al. Anterior chamber depth in Mongolians. Variation with age, sex and method of measurement. Am J Ophthalmol 1997;124:53-60.
23. Bennett AG, Rabbetts RB. The schematic eye. Clinical visual optics. 2nd ed. London: Butterworths, 1989:249-74.
24. Olsen T. On the calculation of power from curvature of the cornea. Br J Ophthalmol 1986;70:152-4.
25. Bland JM, Altman DG. Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement. Lancet 1986;i:307-10.
26. Rudnicka AR, Edgar DF, Bennett AG. Construction of a model eye and its applications. Ophthal Physiol Opt 1992;12:485-90.
27. Bennett AG. A method of determining the equivalent powers of the eye and its crystalline lens without resort to phakometry. Ophthal Physiol Opt 1988;8:53-9.
28. Littmann H. Determination of the true size of an object on the fundus of the living eye. By Littmann H, from the original article, "Zur Bestimmung der wahren Grosse eines Objektes auf dem Hintergrund des lebenden Auges," which originally appeared in Klinisches Monatsblatter fur Augenheilkunde 1982;180:286-9.
29. Translated by TD Williams [classical article]. Optom Vis Sci 1992;69:717-20.
30. Barr DB. An appraisal of the accuracy of Littmann's method of determining the real dimension of a retinal object. Acta Ophthalmol Scand Suppl 1995;216:1-12.
31. Sorsby A, Benjamin B, Davey JB, et al. Emmetropia and its aberrations. London: Medical Research Council, 1957.
32. Van Alphen GWHM. On emmetropia and ametropia. Ophthalmologica 1961;142(Suppl):1-92.
33. Rudnicka AR, Steele CF, Crabb DP, et al. Repeatability, reproducibility and intersession variability of the Allergan Humphrey ultrasonic biometer. Acta Ophthalmol 1992;70: 327-34.
34. Zadnik K, Mutti DO, Adams AJ. The repeatability of measurements of the ocular components. Invest Opthalmol Vis Sci 1992;33:2325-33.
35. Butcher JM, O'Brien C. The reproducibility of biometry and keratometry measurements. Eye 1991;5:708-11.
36. Jansson F. Measurement of intraocular distances by ultrasound and comparison between optical and ultrasonic determinations of the depth of the anterior chamber. Acta Ophthalmol 1963;41:25-61.
37. Olsen T. Theoretical approach to intraocular lens calculation using Gaussian optics. J Cataract Refract Surg 1987;13: 141-5.
38. Olsen T, Andersen CU, Plesner HJ. Computerised intraocular lens calculation: clinical results and predictability. Br J Ophthalmol 1989;73:220-4.
39. Olsen T, Thim K, Corydon L. Theoretical versus SRK I and SRK II calculation of intraocular lens power. J Cataract Refract Surg 1990;16:217-25.
40. Olsen T. Sources of error in intraocular lens power calculation. J Cataract Refract Surg 1992;18:125-9.
41. Olsen T, Corydon L, Gimbel H. Intraocular lens power calculation with an improved anterior chamber depth prediction algorithm. J Cataract Refract Surg 1995;21:313-9.
42. Mansour AM. Measuring fundus landmarks. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1990;31:41-2.
43. Jonas JB, Gusek GC, Guggenmoos-Holzmann I, et al. Variability of the real dimensions of normal human optic discs. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 1988;226:332-6.