Influences of cardiorespiratory fitness levels and other predictors on cardiovascular disease mortality in men

Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise

Volumn 30, Issue 6, 1998, Pages 899-905

  Farrell, Stephen W ^a   Kampert, James B ^b   Kohl III, Harold W ^b   Barlow, Carolyn E ^b   Macera, Caroline A ^b   Paffenbarger Jr , Ralph S ^b   Gibbons, Larry W ^b   Blair, Steven N ^b  

^a Cooper Inst for Aerobics Research ^*  (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

Coronary risk factors; Physical fitness

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; BLOOD PRESSURE; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CHOLESTEROL BLOOD LEVEL; CONTROLLED STUDY; CORONARY RISK; EXERCISE TEST; FITNESS; HEALTH STATUS; HUMAN; MALE; MORTALITY; NORMAL HUMAN; SMOKING HABIT;

ADULT; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PHYSICAL FITNESS; PROGNOSIS; RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 0031777098     PISSN: 01959131     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00005768-199806000-00019     Document Type: Article

References (31)

1. AMERICAN COLLEGE OF SPORTS MEDICINE. Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger, 1991, p. 6.
2. AMERICAN HEART ASSOCIATION. Heart and Stroke Facts: 1997 Statistical Supplement. Dallas: American Heart Association Publication 55-0524, 1997, p. 28.
3. BALKE, B., and R. WARE. An experimental study of physical fitness in Air Force personnel. U. S. Armed Forces Med. J. 10:675-688, 1959.
4. BARLOW, C. E., H. W. KOHL, L. W. GIBBONS, and S. N. BLAIR. Physical fitness, mortality, and obesity. Int. J. Obesity 19(Suppl. 4):S41-S45, 1995.
5. BJORNTORP, P., M. FAHLEN, G. GRIMBY, J. GUSTAFSON, P. RENSTROM, and T. SCHERSTEN. Carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in middleaged physically well-trained men. Metabolism 21:1037-1044, 1972.
6. BLAIR, S. N., H. W. KOHL III, R. S. PAFFENBARG ER, JR., D. G. CLARK, K. H. COOPER, and L. W. GIBBONS. Physical fitness and all-cause mortality: a prospective study of healthy men and women. JAMA 262:2395-2401, 1989.
7. BLAIR, S. N., H. W. KOHL III, N. F. GORDON, and R. S. PAFFEN-BARGER, JR. How much physical activity is good for health? Annu. Rev. Public Health 13:99-126, 1992.
8. BLAIR, S. N., H. W. KOHL III, C. E. BARLOW, R. S. PAFFENBARGER, JR., L. W. GIBBONS, and C. A. MACERA. Changes in physical fitness and all-cause mortality: a prospective study of healthy and unhealthy men. JAMA 273:1093-1098, 1995.
9. BLAIR, S. N., J. B. KAMPERT, H. W. KOHL III, C. E. BARLOW, C. A. MACERA, R. S. PAFFENBARGER, JR., and L. W. GIBBONS. Influences of cardiorespiratory fitness and other precursors on cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality in men and women. JAMA 276: 205-210, 1996.
10. CANADIAN STANDARDIZED TEST OF FITNESS. Operations Manual. 3rd Ed. Canada: Fitness and Amateur Sport, 1986, p. 14.
11. COOPER, K. H., M. L. POLLOCK, R. P. MARTIN, and S. R. WHITE. Levels of physical fitness versus selected coronary risk factors: a cross sectional study. JAMA 236:66-169, 1976.
12. Cox, D. R. Regression models and life tables (with Discussion). J. R. Stat. Soc. Series B 34:187-220, 1972.
13. DUNCAN, J. J., J. E. FARR, J. UPTON, R. D. HAGAN, M. E. OGLESBY, and S. N. BLAIR. The effects of aerobic exercise on plasma catecholamines and blood pressure in patients with mild essential hypertension. JAMA 254:2609-2613, 1985.
14. FLETCHER, G. F., S. N. BLAIR, J. BLUMENTHAL, et al. AHA medical/ scientific statement on exercise: benefits and recommendations for physical activity programs for all Americans. Circulation 86:340-344, 1992.
15. GETTMAN, L., M. POLLOCK, L. DURSTINE, A. WARD, J. AYRES, and A. LINNERUD. Physiological responses of men to 1, 3, and 5 d, and 5 day per week training programs. Research Q. 47:638-646, 1976.
16. KELLEY, G., and P. MCCLELLAN. Antihypertensive effects of aerobic exercise; a brief meta-analytic review of randomized controlled trials. Am. J. Hypertens. 7:115-119, 1994.
17. KOHL, H. W., N. F. GORDON, J. A. VILLEGAS, and S. N. BLAIR. Cardiorespiratory fitness, glycemic status, and mortality risk in men. Diabetes Care 15:184-192, 1992.
18. KROTKIEWSKI, M., K. MANDROUKAS, L. SJOSTRO, L. SULLIVAN, H. WETTERQVIST, and P. BJORNTORP. Effects of long term physical training on body fat, metabolism, and blood pressure in obesity. Metabolism 28:650-658, 1979.
19. LEON, A. S., and J. NORSTROM. Evidence of the role of physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness in the prevention of coronary heart disease. Quest 47:311-319, 1995.
20. MITTLEMAN, M. A., M. CACLURE, G. H. TOFLER, G. H. SHERWOOD, R. J. GOLDBERG, and J. E. MULLER. Triggering of acute myocardial infarction by heavy physical exeition: protection by regular exertion. N. Engl. J. Med. 329:1677-1683, 1993.
21. MORRIS, J. N., A. HEADY, P. A. RAFFLE, C. G. ROBERTS, and J. W. PARKS. Coronary heart disease and physical activity at work, Lancet 265:1111-1120, 1953.
22. PAFFENBARGER, R. S., JR., A. S. GIMA, M. E. LAUGHLIN, and R. A. BLACK. Characteristics of longshoremen related to fatal coronary heart disease and stroke. Am. J. Public Health 61:1362-1370, 1971.
23. PAFFENBARGER, R. S., R. T. HYDE, A. L. WING, I. M. JUNG, D. L. JUNG, and J. B. KAMPERT. The association of changes in PA level and other lifestyle characteristics with mortality among men. N. Engl. J. Med. 328:538-545, 1993.
24. PATE, R. R., M. E. PRATT, S. N. BLAIR, ET AL. Physical activity and public health: a recommendation from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American College of Sports Medicine. JAMA 273:402-407, 1995.
25. POLLOCK, M. L., R. L. BOHANNON, K. H. COOPER, J. J. AYRES, A. WARD, and S. R. WHITE. A comparative analysis of four protocols for maximal treadmill stress testing. Am. Heart J. 92:39-46, 1976.
26. SALTIN, B., F. LINDGARDE, M. HOUSTON, R. HORLIN, E. NYGAARD, and P. GAD. Physical training and glucose tolerance in middle aged men with chemical diabetes. Diabetes 28(Suppl. l):30-32, 1979.
27. SEALS, D. R., J. M. HAGBERG, W. K. ALLEN, B. F. HURLEY, G. P. DALSKY, A. A. EHSANI, and J. O. HOLLOSZY. Glucose tolerance in young and older athletes and sedentary men. J. Appl. Physiol. 56:1521-1525, 1984.
28. SEALS, D. R., J. M. HAGBERG, B. F. HURLEY, A. A. EHSANI, and J. O. HOLLOSZY. Effects of endurance training on glucose tolerance and plasma lipid levels in older men and women. JAMA 252:645-649, 1984.
29. TROVATI, M., Q. CARTA, F. CAVALOT, ET AL. Influence of physical training on blood glucose control, glucose tolerance, insulin secretion, and insulin action in non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 7:416-420, 1984.
30. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES. Physical Activity and Health; A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, 1996.
31. WOOD, P. D., W. L. HASKELL, M. P. STERN, S. LEWIS, and C. PERRY. Plasma lipoprotein distributions in male and female runners. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 301:748-763, 1977.