Enterprises, external economies, and economic development

Journal of Planning Literature

Volumn 12, Issue 3, 1998, Pages 283-302

  Feser, Edward J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE; ECONOMIC PLANNING; ECONOMIC SPILLOVER; EXTERNAL ECONOMIES; THEORY;

EID: 0031776570     PISSN: 08854122     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/088541229801200302     Document Type: Article

References (176)

1. Åberg, Yngve. 1973. Regional productivity differences in Swedish manufacturing. Regional Science and Urban Economics 3: 131-55.
2. Amin, A., and K. Robins. 1991. These are not Marshallian times. In Innovation networks: Spatial perspectives, Roberto Camagni, ed. London: Belhaven.
3. _. 1990. The re-emergence of regional economies? The mythical geography of flexible accumulation. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 8, 1: 7-34.
4. Anderson, Gary. 1994. Industry clustering for economic development. Economic Development Review 12, 2: 26-32.
5. Appold, Stephen J., and J. P. Gant. 1992. Agglomeration and plant-level technological change. Unpublished manuscript, School of Public Policy and Management, Carnegie Mellon University.
6. Beeson, Patricia. 1990. Sources of the decline of manufacturing in large metropolitan areas. Journal of Urban Economics 28, 1: 71-86.
7. _. 1987. Total factor productivity growth and agglomeration economies in manufacturing: 1959-73. Journal of Regional Science 27, 2: 183-99.
8. Beeson, Patricia E., and Steven Husted. 1989. Patterns and determinants of productive efficiency in state manufacturing. Journal of Regional Science 29, 1: 15-28.
9. Begović, B. 1991. The economic approach to optimal city size. Oxford: Pergamon.
10. Bellandi, Marco. 1989. The industrial district in Marshall. In Small firms and industrial districts in Italy, E. Goodman and J. Bamford, eds. London: Routledge.
11. Bergsman, John, Paul Greenston, and Robert Healy. 1975. A classification of economic activities based on location patterns. Journal of Urban Economics 2, 1: 1-28.
12. _. 1972. The agglomeration process in urban growth. Urban Studies 9, 3: 263-88.
13. Best, Michael. 1990. The new competition: Institutions of industrial restructuring. Cambridge: Polity Press.
14. Bohm, Peter. 1987. External economies. In The new Palgrave: A dictionary of economics, Vol. 2, John Eatwell, Murray Milgate, and Peter Newman, eds. London: Macmillan.
15. Bopp, Richard, and Peter Gordon. 1977. Agglomeration economies and industrial economic linkages: Comment. Journal of Regional Science 17, 1: 125-27.
16. Brusco, Sebastiano. 1986. Small firms and industrial districts: The experience of Italy. In New firms and regional development in Europe, David Keeble and Egbert Wever, eds. Beckenham, Kent, UK: Croom Helm.
17. _. 1982. The Emilian model: Productive decentralisation and social integration. Cambridge Journal of Economics 6, 2: 167-84.
18. Burt, David N. 1989. Managing suppliers up to speed. Harvard Business Review 67, 4: 127-35.
19. Carlino, Gerald A. 1987. Comparisons of agglomeration: Or what Chinitz really said: A reply. Urban Studies 24, 1: 75-76.
20. _. 1982. Manufacturing agglomeration economies as returns to scale, a production function approach. Papers and Proceedings of the Regional Science Association 50: 95-108.
21. _. 1980. Contrasts in agglomeration: New York and Pittsburgh reconsidered. Urban Studies 17, 3: 343-51.
22. _. 1979. Increasing returns to scale in metropolitan manufacturing. Journal of Regional Science 19, 3: 363-73.
23. _. 1978. Economies of scale in manufacturing location. Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Social Science Division.
24. Carlsson, Bo. 1996. Small business, flexible technology, and industrial dynamics. In Small business in the modern economy, P. H. Admiraal, ed. Oxford: Blackwell.
25. Carrillo, Jorge. 1995. Flexible production in the auto sector: Industrial reorganization at Ford-Mexico. World Development 23, 1: 87-101.
26. Cawthorne, Pamela M. 1995. Of networks and markets: The rise and rise of a South Indian town, the example of Tiruppur's cotton knitwear industry. World Development 23, 1: 43-56.
27. Chinitz, Benjamin. 1961. Contrasts in agglomeration: New York and Pittsburgh. American Economic Review 51, 2: 279-89.
28. Christopherson, Susan, and Michael Storper. 1989. The effects of flexible specialization on industrial politics and the labor market: The motion picture industry. Industrial and Labor Relations Review 42, 3: 331-47.
29. Coase, R. H. 1937. The nature of the firm. Economica 4: 386-405.
30. Czamanski, Stanislaw. 1976. Study of spatial industrial complexes. Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada: Institute of Public Affairs.
31. _. 1974. Study of clustering of industries. Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada: Institute of Public Affairs.
32. _. 1971. Some empirical evidence of the strengths of linkages between groups of industries in urban regional complexes. Papers, Regional Science Association 27: 137-50.
33. Czamanski, Stanislaw, and Luis Augusto de Ablas. 1979. Identification of industrial clusters and complexes: Acomparison of methods and findings. Urban Studies 16, 1: 61-80.
34. Davidson, Kenneth M. 1992. How should the US encourage innovation? Journal of Business Strategy 13, 2: 58-61.
35. Dieperink, Hans, and Peter Nijkamp. 1988. Innovative behaviour, agglomeration economies, and R&D infrastructure. Empirical Economics 13, 1: 37-57.
36. Doeringer, Peter B., and David G. Terkla. 1995. Business strategy and cross-industry clusters. Economic Development Quarterly 9, 3: 225-37.
37. Duffy, Neal E. 1988. Returns-to-scale behavior and manufacturing agglomeration economies in U.S. urban areas. Review of Regional Studies 18, 3: 47-54.
38. Edel, Matthew. 1972. Land values and the costs of urban congestion: Measurement and distribution. In Political economy of environment: Problem of method. The Hague, the Netherlands: Mouton.
39. El-Shakhs, Salah. 1972. Development, primacy and systems of cities. Journal of Developing Areas 7, 1: 11-35.
40. Evans, Alan W. 1986. Comparisons of agglomeration: Or what Chinitz really said. Urban Studies 23, 5: 387-89.
41. Florence, P. Sargent. 1948. Investment, location, and size of plant. London: Cambridge University Press.
42. Fogarty, Michael S., and Gasper A. Garofalo. 1988. Urban spatial structure and productivity growth in the manufacturing sector of cities. Journal of Urban Economics 23, 1: 60-70.
43. _. 1978. An exploration of the real productivity effects of cities. Review of Regional Studies 8, 1: 65-82.
44. Foss, Nicolai J., and Christian Knudsen, eds. 1996. Towards a competence theory of the firm. London: Routledge.
45. Gertler, Meric S. 1993. Implementing advanced manufacturing technologies in mature industrial regions: Towards a social model of technology production. Regional Studies 27, 7: 665-80.
46. _. 1988. The limits to flexibility: Comments on the post-Fordist vision of production and its geography. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 13, 4: 419-32.
47. Gilmour, James M. 1974. External economies of scale, inter-industrial linkages and decision making in manufacturing. In Spatial perspectives on industrial organization and decision-making. See Hamilton 1974.
48. Glaeser, Edward L., Heidi D. Kallal, Jose A. Scheinkman, and Andrei Shleifer. 1992. Growth in cities. Journal of Political Economy 100, 6: 1126-52.
49. Glaeser, Edward L., Jose A. Scheinkman, and Andrei Shleifer. 1995. Economic growth in a cross-section of cities. Journal of Monetary Economics 36, 1: 117-43.
50. Gold, Bela. 1981. Changing perspectives on size, scale, and returns: An interpretive essay. Journal of Economic Literature 19, 1: 5-33.
51. Goldstein, G. S., and T. J. Gronberg. 1984. Economies of scope and economies of agglomeration. Journal of Urban Economics 16, 1: 91-104.
52. Gray, Mia, Elyse Golob, and Ann Markusen. 1996. Big firms, long arms, wide shoulders: The "hub-and-spoke" industrial district in the Seattle region. Regional Studies 30, 7: 651-66.
53. Greytak, David, and Paul Blackley. 1985. Labor productivity and local industry size: Further issues. Southern Economic Journal 51, 4: 1121-29.
54. Griliches, Zui. 1992. The search for R&D spillovers. Scandinavian Journal of Economics 94, Supplement: S29-S47.
55. Guthrie, John A. 1955. Economies of scale and regional development. Papers and Proceedings of the Regional Science Association 1: J1-J10.
56. Hamilton, F. E. Ian, ed. 1974. Spatial perspectives on industrial organization and decision-making. London: Wiley.
57. Hansen, Eric R. 1990. Agglomeration economies and industrial decentralization: The wage-productivity trade-offs. Journal of Urban Economics 28, 2: 140-59.
58. Hansen, Niles. 1991. Factories in Danish fields: How high-wage, flexible production has succeeded in peripheral Jutland. International Regional Science Review 14, 2: 109-32.
59. Harrison, Bennett. 1992. Industrial districts: Old wine in new bottles? Regional Studies 26, 5: 469-83.
60. Held, James R. 1996. Clusters as an economic development tool: Beyond the pitfalls. Economic Development Quarterly 10, 3: 249-61.
61. Helper, Susan R. 1994. Three steps forward, two steps back in automotive supplier relations. Technovation 14, 10: 633-40.
62. _. 1991a. How much has really changed between U.S. automakers and their suppliers? Sloan Management Review 32, 4: 15-28.
63. _. 1991b. Strategy and irreversibility in supplier relations: The case of the U.S. automobile industry. Business History Review 65, 4: 781-824.
64. Henderson, J. Vernon. 1996. Ways to think about urban concentration: Neoclassical urban systems versus the new economic geography. International Regional Science Review 19, 1&2: 31-36.
65. _. 1986. Efficiency of resource usage and city size. Journal of Urban Economics 19: 47-70.
66. Henderson, Vernon, Ari Kuncoro, and Matt Turner. 1995. Industrial development in cities. Journal of Political Economy 103, 5: 1067-85.
67. Hirschman, Albert O. 1987. Linkages. In The new Palgrave: A dictionary of economics, Vol. 3, John Eatwell, Murray Milgate, and Peter Newman, eds. London: Macmillan.
68. _. 1958. The strategy of economic development. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
69. Holmes, J. 1986. The organization and locational structure of production subcontracting. In Production, work, territory, Allen J. Scott and Michael Storper, eds. Boston: Allen and Unwin.
70. Hoover, Edgar M. 1937. Location theory and the shoe and leather industries. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
71. Humphrey, John. 1995. Introduction. World Development 23, 1: 1-7.
72. Imrie, R., and J. Morris. 1992. A review of recent changes in buyer-supplier relations. Omega 20, 5/6: 641-52.
73. Isard, Walter. 1956. Location and space economy. New York: John Wiley.
74. Isserman, Andrew M. 1996. "It's obvious, it's wrong, anyway they said it years ago?" International Regional Science Review 19, 1&2: 37-48.
75. Jacobs, Jane. 1969. The economy of cities. New York: Random House.
76. Juoro, Umar. 1989. The determinants of agglomeration economies in Indonesia and the Philippines. Philippine Review of Economics and Business 26, 11: 141-71.
77. Justman, Moshe. 1995. Infrastructure, growth and the dimensions of industrial policy. Review of Economic Studies 62, 1: 131-57.
78. Kanemoto, Yoshitsugu. 1990. Optimal cities with indivisibility in production and interactions between firms. Journal of Urban Economics 27, 1: 46-59.
79. Karaska, Gerald J. 1969. Manufacturing linkages and the Philadelphia economy: Some evidence of external agglomeration forces. Geographical Analysis 1, 4: 354-69.
80. Kawashima, Tatshuhiko. 1975. Urban agglomeration economies in manufacturing industries. Papers and Proceedings of the Regional Science Association 43: 157-75.
81. Ke, Shanzi. 1995. Beyond capital and labor: The contributions of technology and regional milieu to production and productivity growth. New York: Garland.
82. Keeble, David E. 1969. Local linkage and manufacturing growth in outer London. Town Planning Review 40: 163-88.
83. Klier, Thomas H. 1994. The impact of lean manufacturing on sourcing relationships. Economic Perspectives 18, 4: 8-18.
84. Knudsen, Christian. 1996. The competence perspective: A historical review. In Towards a competence theory of the firm. See Foss and Knudsen 1996.
85. Kohn, Meir, and Nancy Marion. 1992. The implications of knowledge-based growth for the optimality of open capital markets. Canadian Journal of Economics 25, 4: 865-83.
86. Krugman, Paul. 1991. Geography and trade. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
87. Lazerson, Mark. 1988. Organizational growth of small firms: An outcome of markets and hierarchies? American Sociological Review 53: 330-42.
88. Lever, William F. 1974. Manufacturing linkages and the search for supplies and markets. In Spatial perspectives on industrial organization and decision-making. See Hamilton 1974.
89. _. 1972. Industrial movement, spatial association and functional linkages. Regional Studies 6, 4: 371-84.
90. Lichtenberg, Robert M. 1960. One-tenth of a nation. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
91. Lucas, Robert E., Jr. 1988. On the mechanics of economic development. Journal of Monetary Economics 22, 1: 3-42.
92. Luria, Daniel, Roland J. Cole, and Alan Baum, with Edith Wiardia, Cary Treado, and Martin Grueber. 1994. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 13, 3: 571-80.
93. Marcus, Matityahu. 1965. Agglomeration economies: A suggested approach. Land Economics 41, 3: 279-84.
94. Markusen, Ann. 1996a. Interaction between regional and industrial policies: Evidence from four countries. International Regional Science Review 19, 1&2: 49-77.
95. _. 1996b. Sticky places in slippery space: A typology of industrial districts. Economic Geography 72, 3: 293-313.
96. Marshall, Alfred. [1890] 1961. Principles of economics: An introductory volume. 9th ed. London: Macmillan.
97. Martin, Ron. 1990. Flexible futures and post-Fordist places. Environment and Planning A 22, 10: 1276-80.
98. Martin, Ron, and Peter Sunley. 1996. Paul Krugman's geographical economics and its implications for regional development theory: A critical assessment. Economic Geography 72, 3: 259-92.
99. Mera, Koichi. 1973. On urban agglomeration and economic efficiency. Economic Development and Cultural Change 21, 2: 309-37.
100. Meyer, David R. 1977. Agglomeration economies and urban-industrial growth: Clarification and review of concepts. Regional Science Perspectives 7: 80-91.
101. Moomaw, Ronald L. 1988. Agglomeration economies: Localization or urbanization? Urban Studies 25, 2: 150-61.
102. _. 1986. Have changes in localization economies been responsible for declining productivity advantages in large cities? Journal of Regional Science 26, 1: 19-32.
103. _. 1985. Firm location and city size, reduced productivity advantages as a factor in the decline of manufacturing in urban areas. Journal of Urban Economics 17, 1: 73-89.
104. _. 1983. Spatial productivity variations in manufacturing: A critical survey of cross-sectional analysis. International Regional Science Review 8, 1: 1-22.
105. _. 1981a. Productive efficiency and region. Southern Economic Journal 48, 2: 344-57.
106. _. 1981b. Productivity and city size, a critique of the evidence. Quarterly Journal of Economics 96, 4: 675-88.
107. Moomaw, Ronald L., and Martin Williams. 1991. Total factor productivity in manufacturing: Further evidence from the states, Journal of Regional Science 31, 1: 17-34.
108. Morfessis, Ioanna T. 1994. A cluster-analytic approach to identifying and developing state target industries: The case of Arizona. Economic Development Review 12, 2: 33-37.
109. Murray, F. 1987. Flexible specialisation in the Third Italy. Capital and Class 33: 84-95.
110. Nakamura, Ryohei. 1985. Agglomeration economies in urban manufacturing industries, a case of Japanese cities. Journal of Urban Economics 17, 1: 108-24.
111. Newman, R. G. 1989. Single sourcing: Short-term savings versus long-term problems. Journal of Purchasing and Materials Management 25, 2: 20-25.
112. Nicholson, Norman. 1978. Differences in industrial production efficiency between urban and rural markets. Urban Studies 15, 1: 91-95.
113. Nourse, Hugh O. 1968. Regional economics: A study of the economic structure, stability, and growth of regions. New York: McGraw-Hill.
114. Ohlin, Bertil. 1933. Interregional and international trade. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
115. ÓhUallacháin, Breandan. 1989. Agglomeration of services in American metropolitan areas. Growth and Change 20, 3: 34-49.
116. ÓhUallacháin, Breandan, and Mark A. Satterthwaite. 1992. Sectoral growth patterns at the metropolitan level: An evaluation of economic development incentives. Journal of Urban Economics 31, 1: 25-58.
117. Panzar, John C., and Robert D. Willig. 1981. Economies of scope. Papers and Proceedings of the American Economic Association 71: 268-72.
118. Park, S. O. 1997. Dynamics of new industrial districts and regional economic development. Paper presented at the 1997 International Symposium on Industrial Park Development and Management, Taipei, Taiwan.
119. Park, S. O., and Ann Markusen. 1995. Generalizing new industrial districts: A theoretical agenda and an application from a non-Western economy. Environment and Planning A 27, 1: 81-104.
120. Petrakos, George C. 1992. Urban concentration and agglomeration economies: Re-examining the relationship. Urban Studies 29, 8: 1219-30.
121. Petrakos, George, and Josef Brada. 1989. Metropolitan concentration in developing countries. Kyklos 42, 4: 557-78.
122. Piore, Michael J., and Charles F. Sabel. 1984. The second industrial divide. New York: Basic Books.
123. Poliert, A. 1988. Dismantling flexibility. Capital and Class 34: 42-75.
124. Porter, Michael E. 1996. Competitive advantage, agglomeration economies, and regional policy. International Regional Science Review 19, 1&2: 85-90.
125. _. 1990. The competitive advantage of nations. New York: Free Press.
126. Pratten, Clifford. 1991. The competitiveness of small firms. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
127. Rabellotti, Roberta. 1995. Is there an "industrial district model"? Footwear districts in Italy and Mexico compared. World Development 23, 1: 29-41.
128. _. 1993. Industrial districts in Mexico - The case of the footwear industry. Small Enterprise Development 4: 26-36.
129. Redman, John M. 1994. Understanding state economies through industry studies. Washington, DC: Council of Governors' Policy Advisors.
130. Rees, John. 1989. Regional development and policy. Progress in Human Geography 13: 576-88.
131. Richardson, Harry W. 1974. Empirical aspects of regional growth in the United States. Annals of Regional Science 8, 2: 8-23.
132. _. 1973. Regional growth theory. London: Macmillan.
133. Richter, Charles E. 1969. The impact of industrial linkages on geographic association. Journal of Regional Science 9, 1: 19-28.
134. Robinson, Edwin A. G. [1931] 1958. The structure of competitive industry. Digswell Place: James Nisbet.
135. Rocca, Carlos A. 1970. Productivity in Brazilian manufacturing. In Brazil: Industrialization and trade policies, Joel Bergsman, ed. Cambridge: Oxford University Press.
136. Rosenfeld, Stuart. 1996. Business clusters that work: Prospects for regional development. Chapel Hill, NC: Regional Technology Strategies.
137. _. 1995. Industrial strength strategies: Regional business clusters and public policy. Washington, DC: Aspen Institute.
138. _. 1994. Making mountains out of molehills or go with the flow: Industrial clusters and public policy. Draft. Chapel Hill, NC: Regional Technology Strategies.
139. _. 1992. Competitive manufacturing: New strategies for regional development. New Brunswick, NJ: Center for Urban Policy Research.
140. Russo, Margherita. 1985. Technical change and the industrial district: The role of inter-firm relations in the growth and transformation of ceramic tile production in Italy. Research Policy 14: 329-43.
141. Sabel, Charles F. 1982. Work and politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
142. Saxenian, AnnaLee. 1994. Regional advantage: Culture and competition in Silicon Valley and Route 128. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
143. Sayer, Andrew. 1990. Post-Fordism in question. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 13, 4: 666-95.
144. Schmitz, Hubert. 1995. Small shoemakers and Fordist giants: Tale of a supercluster. World Development 23, 1: 9-28.
145. Schoenberger, E. 1988. From Fordism to flexible accumulation: Technology, competitive strategies, and international location. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 6, 3: 245-62.
146. Scitovsky, Tiber, 1954. Two concepts of external economies. Journal of Political Economy 62, 2: 70-82.
147. Scott, Allen J. 1992. The collective order of flexible production agglomerations: Lessons for local economic development policy and strategic choice. Economic Geography 68, 3: 219-33.
148. _. 1988. Metropolis: From the division of labor to urban form. Berkeley: University of California Press.
149. _. 1986. Industrial organization and location: Division of labor, the firm, and spatial process. Economic Geography 63, 3: 215-31.
150. Scott, Allen J., and E. C. Kwok. 1989. Inter-firm subcontracting and locational agglomeration: A case study of the printed circuits industry in southern California. Regional Studies 23, 5: 405-16.
151. Scott, A. J., and A. S. Paul. 1990. Collective order and economic coordination in industrial agglomerations: The technopoles of Southern California. Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 8: 179-93.
152. Scott, Allen J., and Michael Storper. 1987. High technology industry and regional development: A theoretical critique and reconstruction. International Social Science Journal 39, 2: 215-32.
153. Segal, David. 1976. Are there returns to scale in city size? Review of Economics & Statistics 58, 3: 339-50.
154. Shefer, Daniel. 1973. Localization economies in SMSAs: A production function analysis. Journal of Regional Science 13, 1: 55-64.
155. Smith, Adam. [1776] 1966. An inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations. New York: A. M. Kelley.
156. Smith, Donald F., and Richard Florida. 1994. Agglomeration and industrial location: An econometric analysis of Japanese-affiliated manufacturing establishments in automotive-related industries. Journal of Urban Economics 36, 1: 23-41.
157. Solinas, Giovanni. 1982. Labour market segmentation and workers' careers: The case of the Italian knitwear industry. Cambridge Journal of Economics 6, 4: 331-52.
158. Stigler, George J. 1951. The division of labour is limited by the extent of the market. Journal of Political Economy 59, 3: 185-93.
159. Storper, Michael. 1992. The limits to globalization: Technology districts and international trade. Economic Geography 68: 60-93.
160. Storper, Michael, and Bennett Harrison. 1991. Flexibility, hierarchy and regional development: The changing structure of industrial production systems and their forms of governance in the 1990s. Research Policy 20: 407-22.
161. Streit, M. E. 1977. Agglomeration economies and industrial linkage: A reply. Journal of Regional Science 17, 1: 129-30.
162. _. 1969. Spatial associations and economic linkages between industries. Journal of Regional Science 9, 2: 177-88.
163. Sveikauskas, Leo. 1975. The productivity of cities. Quarterly Journal of Economics 89, 3: 393-413.
164. Sveikauskas, Leo, John Gowdy, and Michael Funk. 1988. Urban productivity: City size or industry size. Journal of Regional Science 28, 2: 185-202.
165. Sveikauskas, Leo, Peter Townroe, and Eric Hansen. 1985. Intraregional productivity differences in São Paulo state manufacturing plants. Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv 121, 4: 721-40.
166. Tabuchi, Takatoshi. 1986. Urban agglomeration, capital augmenting technology, and labor market equilibrium. Journal of Urban Economics 20, 2: 211-28.
167. Taylor, M. J. 1973. Local linkage, external economies and the ironfoundry industry of West Midlands and East Lancashire conurbations. Regional Studies 7, 4: 387-400.
168. Tremblay, Gérald. D. 1993. Moving towards a value-added society: Quebec's new economic development strategy. Economic Development Review 11, 1: 18-20.
169. Waits, M. J. 1995. Preparing for global competition through "industrial clusters." Spectrum Summer: 34-37.
170. Weber, Alfred. 1929. Theory of the location of industries. Trans. C. J. Friedrich. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
171. Wheaton, William, and Hisanobu Shishido. 1981. Urban concentration, agglomeration economies, and the level of economic development. Economic Development and Cultural Change 30, 1: 17-30.
172. Wheeler, David, and Ashoka Mody. 1992. International investment location decisions: The case of U.S. firms. Journal of International Economics 33, 1&2: 57-76.
173. Williamson, Oliver. 1985. The economic institutions of capitalism. New York: Free Press.
174. _. 1975. Markets and hierarchies. New York: Free Press.
175. Wilson, Patricia A. 1990. The new Maquiladoras: Flexible production in low-wage regions. In The Maquiladora industry: Economic solution or problem, Khosrow Fatemi, ed. New York: Praeger.
176. Young, Allyn. 1928. Increasing returns and economic progress. Economic Journal 38: 527-42.